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Fats and oils irrespective of their application field are usually used as emulsions — disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifier. One of the main indicators for emulsions is effective viscosity, which characterizes behavior of liquid in flow. This indicator is also important for optimization of production processes, application and storage of emulsions. It was found that fat of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae is close to coconut and palm oil by its qualitative and quantitative composition, which makes it one of the promising alternative sources of fats for the industry. Based on this fact, the aim of the study was to determine effective viscosity of lecithin solutions and fat emulsions of black soldier fly larvae depending on the lecithin content of 0.5-2.5 weight%. It was found that consistency of the lecithin solutions increased when its concentration increased from 0.5 to 2 weight%. The lecithin solutions with concentrations of 1.0-2.0 weight% demonstrated weak pseudoplastic behavior and those with the lecithin content of 2.5 weight% dilettante. Emulsions with fat of black soldier fly larvae showed twofold lower consistency compared to the lecithin solutions of the same concentration and weak pseudoplastic behavior, which manifestation did not depend on the lecithin concentration.

The review is devoted to photochemical transformations of ruthenium nitrosyl complexes in various media and their potential applications in the context of these transformations. Reversible photoisomerization reactions of the nitrosyl group into metastable linkage isomers in solids are considered along with the methods to study these transformations. Photolysis reactions of nitrosyl complexes in solutions are discussed.

The [RuNO(3-CNPy)2Cl3] complex is obtained in the reaction of K2[RuNOCl5] with 3-cyanopyridine. The compound is characterized by the elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy; its crystal structure is investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic data are: Р21/c, a = 8.1487(3) A, b = 14.8118(6) A, c = 13.0364(5) A, α = 90°, β = 101.966(1)°, γ = 90°, V = 1539.26(10) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0256. The complex is obtained as a facial isomer where chlorine atoms occupy one of the faces of a distorted {RuN3Сl3} octahedron. Photochemical isomerization (λ = 445 nm, 100 mW) at 80 K leads to the formation of a bond isomer with occupancy of 17% and coordination of the nitrosyl group through an oxygen atom. At temperatures above 170 K in the absence of radiation a reverse reaction occurs with the formation of a main isomer with coordination of the nitrosyl group through the nitrogen atom. Activation parameters of this process are determined by IR spectroscopy: Ea= 46.5(1.7) kJ/mol and lgk0 = 10.8(1.0).

Two new complexes trans-(H3O)[RuNO(NH3)4F](NO3)1.5F1.5·0.5H2O (I) and trans-[RuNO(NH3)4F](ClO4)Cl (II) are synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The complexes crystallized in the centrosymmetric space groups I4/m and P21/n due to specific intermolecular interactions; the strongest ones are represented by N–H⋯O contacts. The irradiation of the complexes in the blue-light range induces the formation of Ru–ON isomers (MS1), determined by IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The subsequent excitation of MS1 by infrared light induces the formation of Ru–(η2-(NO)) (MS2) isomers, confirmed by the same techniques. Using combined IR and DSC analysis, the activation barriers (Ea) and frequency factors (lg k0) of the MS1 → GS and MS2 → GS reactions are determined. According to the kinetic parameters, the calculated lifetimes (k−1) of MS1 at 300 K are 33 and 178 min for I and II, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the thermal stability of MS1 in II is the highest among known related complexes. The thermal stability of MS2 was found to be lower (the lifetimes are 0.12 and 0.02 s at 300 K for I and II, respectively), which is characteristic of these states. The high thermal stability of MS1 can be applied for the design of photochromic materials and to generally facilitate the investigation of the states.

Heptacoordinated metal complexes with a pentadentate ligand 2,6-diacetylpyridine-bis(thiosemicarbazone) (H2daptsc) were used for the first time ever as building blocks to create polynuclear multifunctional molecular materials. Reactions of the paramagnetic [Mn(II)(H2daptsc)(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and [Mn(II)(H2daptsc)Cl2] complexes with photochromic sodium nitroprusside Na2[Fe(II)(CN)5NO].2H2O were studied. As a result, six polynuclear phases were obtained: {Mn(H2daptsc)Fe(CN)5NO}n·0.5n(MeOH)·0.5n(H2O) (1), {Mn(H2daptsc)Fe(CN)5NO}3n·8n(MeOH) (2), {Mn(H2daptsc)Fe(CN)5NO}2n·n(MeOH)·n(H2O) (3), [Mn(H2daptsc)Cl]2[Fe(CN)5NO] (4), {Mn(H2daptsc)Fe(CN)5NO}n·2n(H2O) (5) and {Mn(H2daptsc)Fe(CN)5NO}n·n(EtOH) (6). The crystal structures of the phases as well as the magnetic and photochromic properties of 1 and 4 were studied.

A new solvate of a powerful explosive 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and liquid oxidizer N2 O4 has been synthesized. When stored at room temperature, the white crystals turn yellowish brown, which indicates partial dissociation of N2 O4 with the formation of a stable NO2 free radical, which is confirmed by ESR spectroscopy. The resulting solvate was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, IR-spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The vapor pressure of NO2 above the solvate crystals is similar to the pressure above common hydrates. The presence of the NO2 radical does not affect the thermal stability of CL-20. However, under closed conditions, NO2 increases the rate of the autocatalytic decomposition reaction. The kinetics of this reaction at the surface temperature determine the burning rate of the solvate. The novel solvate has a high density (1.98 g cm-3 ), a high predicted detonation velocity and pressure, and sensitivity to impact slightly higher to that of ϵ-CL-20.

Comprehensive physical and technological studies on the creation of mesastripe structures with a channel in the substrate and subsequent burying of the structure with a layer of zinc selenide are carry out. Planarity of heterointerfaces between the substrate and epitaxial layers is studied by electron microscopy. The atomic structure of epitaxial layers GaInAsP/InP is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The profiles of epitaxial layers of the heterostructure are analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Layers with required composition of In0.78Ga0.22As0.68P0.32 corresponding to a laser wavelength of 1.3 μm are obtained. A technique for creating laser diodes with a channel in the substrate, including etching of mesastripe structure and burying with a layer of zinc selenide, is developed for the first time. This technique makes it possible to create laser diodes both with an optical confinement of laser emission and with a confinement of the current flow along the laser strip. Etching of p–n junction layers between laser strips and burying with zinc selenide on the surface of etched structure are developed for the first time. This technique made it possible to create heterostructures for laser diodes operating in the microwave range up to 10 GHz by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). The ability to create and operate laser diodes in this design and technology is shown. The current–voltage characteristics, watt–ampere characteristics, and spectral characteristics of laser diodes are investigated. Russian technology for the creation of a microwave laser diode on a heterostructure with a channel in the substrate and repeated burying with zinc selenide is proposed. The prospects of using laser diodes of mesastripe structure with a channel in the substrate and buried with a layer of zinc selenide to create fast-response devices are shown.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are not only side products of chemical reactions, but participants in various cellular processes as well. ROS and RNS are involved in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms (H2O2, HOCl, ONOO–, $${\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }},$$ and OH•), fertilization (H2O2), cell division $$\left( {{\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}} \right),$$ apoptosis (H2O2), regeneration (H2O2), coordination of a direction of the cellular movement, regulation of the vascular tone (NO•), etc. A balance between the production and the removal of ROS and RNS results in an intracellular homeostasis, whereas their overproduction causes cell damage and most probably leads to changes in the cellular metabolism. ROS and RNS can act as intracellular messengers, i.e., change the intracellular oxidative–reductive state and/or structure and function of a protein by means of a modification of amino acid residues (mainly cysteines), and the red-ox state of a number of proteins can affect the cellular metabolism. Hydrogen peroxide is the main form of ROS which participates in oxidative–reductive transduction of signals in eukaryotes. Alterations in antioxidant systems contribute to aging and a development of the age-related diseases. Primarily, aging is associated with an increased level of oxidative stress, various types of macromolecular changes, and an accumulation of DNA damage. Ageing can, to some extent, be a consequence of disorders in the proteostasis regulation and changes in the proteome functioning, because proteins are responsible for most of the cellular functions. Moreover, not all the cellular proteins can be resynthesized due to the age-related DNA damage. Thus, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are permanently generated in an organism are important participants in regulatory mechanisms in a cell, but also a reason for several pathological states, including cancers. ROSs are known to regulate the metabolism of signal molecules which are necessary for the cell cycle. Moreover, ROSs are able to change the activity of the iron-containing proteins. The aging that is associated with an ineffective functioning of the antioxidant defense is connected with the oxidative stress, various changes in cellular structures and macromolecules, an accumulation of metabolic products which can have a negative effect, the DNA damage (for example, owing to mistakes during a replication by DNA polymerases), and disorders in functioning of reparation systems.

New methods is described for assessing the resistance of packaging and other materials to destruction caused by the action of various factors (such as mechanical stress, moisture, and the vital activity of microorganisms etc.). This method include comparing the strength of samples of the studied materials (SSM), determined before and after 9-day incubation of SSM in liquid nutrient medium (NM) with and without test microorganisms (TM) by day-to-day replacement of 40 vol. % NM on steril medium. Resistance to various types of degradation of a number of new polymer materials based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with the addition of 0 to 30 mass. % starch, pectin, polyhydroxybutyrate and bentonite was investigated by the method described. The effect of SSM on the growth and metabolic activity in liquid NM of Lactobacillus acidophilus was also studied (according to the dynamics of changes in the elastic light scattering intensity, pH, and electrical conductivity of NM during the first 9 hours of its incubation in the presence of SSM and TM). As a result, it was shown that if it is necessary to increase the overall degradability of such materials (including biodegradability), it is better to use from 5 to 10 mass. % starch as additives to their PVC base. If it is necessary to increase the biodegradability of such materials, it is better to use from 5 to 10 mass. % polyhydroxybutyrate as additives to their PVC base. Аnd if it is necessary to increase the biostability of constructed PVC-materials, it is better to use from 5 to 15 mass .% bentonite as additives to their PVC base.

The basic regularities and ways of optimizing the production of welded joints of Ti – TiB alloy plates and 12Х18Н10Т steel were studied. The ways to achieve the necessary mechanical characteristics of welded structures from elements with a thickness of 10 mm obtained by electron beam welding were found out. It was determined that electron beam welding of Ti – TiB alloy compounds with 12Х18Н10Т steel is effective when using a double strip of niobium and 10Г2 steel. It was found that in order to obtain welded joints of the Ti – TiB alloy with Nb electron beam welding, it is necessary to ensure the melting of the Ti – TiB alloy, conditions for wetting niobium with the obtained melt, and to prevent the formation of an intermetallic layer in the weld. It is shown that the welded joint Ті-TiB - Nb - 10Г2 - 12Х18Н10Т obtained by electron beam welding allows to achieve a strength level of at least σв = 260 MPa.

Using high power space transportation systems equipped with electric propulsion requires development and qualification of electric thrusters with power equal to tens of kW. The optimal specific impulse of such systems designed for deep space missions should be very high (6000…8000 s). Elements for electric propulsion systems are developing at Keldysh Research Center (KeRC). This paper presents qualification status of IT-500 35-kW ion thruster and FCU-500 flow control unit. 2000-hours lifetime test of the IT-500 and FCU-500 was performed as a part of qualification. The ion thruster accomplished 2018 hours of operation for the most part at input power of 17,8 kW, utilized 40 kg of xenon. Magnetic field and ion optics improvement and graphite grids development status are also described in this paper.

Rheoreaction and concentration of thyroid hormones in blood of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is studied during starvation (12 days). It is found that starvation predominantly stimulates downstream migration of fish and decreases the concentration of total triiodothyronine in the blood. The concentration of total triiodothyronine decreases to a lesser degree in fish moving predominantly upstream. The concentrations of free triiodothyronine and total thyroxine do not change during starvation. The level of total triiodothyronine in fish’s blood is an indicator of their migratory activity.

A reaction of nitric acid with [RuNO(Py)2(NO2)2OH] without heating is shown to result in the complete substitution of nitro and hydroxo ligands with the formation of [RuNO(Py)2(NO3)3] (1). The high lability of nitrate ligands allows their subsequent substitution with the formation of [RuNO(Py)3(NO3)(OH)](NO3) complex (2). The compounds are characterized by the elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Their crystal structures are determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic data for complex 1 are: a = 8.9174(4) A, b = 12.2822(5) A, c = 15.9104(6) A, β = 94.4160(10)°, space group P21/c, Z = 4, R = 0.0468 [I > 2σ(I)]; for complex 2: a = 10.8147(4) A, b = 12.6004(5) A, c = 14.2201(5) A, β = 101.5750(10)°, space group Cc, Z = 4, R = 0.0174. Complex 1 is obtained as a facial isomer. Oxygen atoms of coordinated nitrate ligands occupy one of the faces of a distorted RuN3O3 octahedron. In complex 2, the hydroxo ligand is coordinated in the trans-position to the nitroso group. The equatorial positions in the octahedral ruthenium environment are occupied by three nitrogen atoms of pyridine ligands and the oxygen atom of the nitrate ligand.

The perchlorate series of nitrosyl ruthenium tetrapyridine-cations trans-[RuNOPy4X]n+ (where X = OH, Cl, and H2O) were synthesized. The exchange of the anion in an excess of sodium perchlorate results in the formation of the hydroxo complex, with perchlorate as a counter-anion. The protonation of the coordinated hydroxyl resulted in the formation of the aqua complex in acidic media. The outcome of the protonation depends on the choice of the acid. The use of non-coordinating perchloric acid leads to the aqua complex as the product. The ruthenium nitrosyl complex with a coordinated chloride anion was a result of the interaction of the hydroxo complex with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The crystal structures were determined using X-ray single crystal analysis. The 445 nm irradiation promotes electron transfer from the metal orbital to the antibonding orbital of the nitrosyl group. In the solid phase, this metal-to-ligand charge transfer results in the formation of the metastable states with Ru–ON coordination. These photoinduced linkage isomers for each complex were monitored by IR-spectra and their stability was measured using the temperature sweep method described in an earlier study.

Second-order phase transformation in double complex salt (DCS) [Pd(NH3)4][RuNO(NO2)4OH] was examined by DSC, single-crystal diffraction and powder diffraction. All data confirm the reversible “order–disorder” phase transition without an experimentally detected sharp volume change in the temperature range of 343–363 K. At low temperature, the less symmetric triclinic phase (P) is stable, while the monoclinic phase (P2/m) is stable at high temperature. The main difference between crystal structures is the disorder of the ruthenium anion in the monoclinic phase due to the presence of the ruthenium atom in a special position. The additional symmetry plane in the P2/m phase includes ON–Ru–O atoms, resulting in the rotational disorder of NO2 groups. The entropy of transformation determined by differential scanning calorimetry corresponds to order–disorder transformation with a 3-fold increase in microstate number.

This article provides a literature overview of biochemical basics and the clinical application of positron emission tomography, one of the most promising technologies of nuclear imaging in oncology. In the first part we discuss the biokinetics of metabolic radiopharmaceuticals, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, radiolabeled markers of lipid metabolism 11C- and 18F-choline, 11C-acetate, as well as amino acids analogues – 18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 11C-methionine, 18F-fluoroe thyltyrosine, 11C-tryptophan, 18F-flucyclovine. This article includes results of scientific researches, that studied radiopharmaceuticals’ effectiveness in oncological practice. The main indications for use, as well as promising scientific developments in this industry are presented.

Photoinduced NO-linkage isomers were investigated in the solid state of labelled trans-[Ru(14/15NO)(py4)F](ClO4)2 complex by combined IR-spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Based on the experimental data and the DFT calculations of this isotopically labelled 14/15NO nitrosyl compound, we present a complete assignment of the vibrational bands of three nitrosyl linkage isomers in a range from 4000 to 200 cm-1. The calculated IR-spectra match well with the experimental data allowing reliable assignment of the vibrational bands. The structural change from the Ru-NO (GS) to the Ru-ON (MS1) and Ru-η2-(NO) (MS2) linkage configuration leads to the downshift of the ν(NO) and ν(Ru-(NO)) bands, and a corresponding increase of the energy of the ν(Ru-F) band. The shift of the bands corresponds to the change of the Ru-(NO) and Ru-F bond lengths: increase of the Ru-(NO) bond length leads to the decrease of the energy of the ν(Ru-(NO)) band; decrease of the Ru-F bond length leads to the increase of the energy of the ν(Ru-F) band. These observations can be extrapolated to the family of related nitrosyl complexes and therefore be used for the qualitative prediction of the Ru-(NO) and Ru-Ltrans-to-NO bond lengths of different linkage isomers in the framework of one complex. While the formation of linkage isomers is a reversible process, long-time irradiation sometimes induces irreversible reactions such as the release of NO. Here, we show that the photolysis of trans-[Ru(14/15NO)(py4)F](ClO4)2 in KBr pellets may lead to the release of nitrous oxide N2O, conceivably through the formation of a {Ru-(κ2-ONNO)} intermediate.

Infill drilling is a proved strategy to improve hydrocarbon recovery from reservoirs to increase production and maximize field value. Infill drilling projects address the following questions: 1) Where should the wells be drilled? 2) What should be their optimum trajectories? 3) What are the realistic ranges of incremental production of the infill wells? Answering these questions is important yet challenging as it requires the evaluation of multiple scenarios which is laborious and time intensive. This study presents an integrated workflow that allows the optimization of drilling locations using an automated approach that comprises cutting-edge optimization algorithms coupled to reservoir simulation. This workflow concurrently evaluates multiple scenarios until they are narrowed down to an optimum range according to pre-set objectives and honoring pre-established well design constraints. The simultaneous nature of the workflow makes it possible to differentiate between acceleration and real incremental recovery linked to proposed locations. In addition, the technology enables the optimization of all the elements that are relevant to the selection of drilling candidates, such as location, trajectory, inclination, and perforation interval. The well location optimization workflow was applied to a real carbonate large field; heavily faulted; with a well count of +400 active wells and subject to waterflooding. Hence the need for an automated way of finding new optimal drilling locations enabling testing of many locations. Also due to the significant full field model size; sector modelling capability was used such that the optimization, i.e. running many scenarios; could be carried out across smaller scale models within a reasonable time frame. Using powerful hardware and a fully parallelized simulation engine were also important elements in allowing the efficient evaluation of ranges of possible solutions while getting deeper insights into the field and wells responses. As a result of the study, 8 out of the original 9 well locations were moved to more optimal locations. The proposed optimized locations generate an incremental oil recovery increase of more than 70% compared to the original location (pre-optimization). In addition, the project was completed within 2 weeks of equivalent computational time which is a significant acceleration compared to a manual approach of running optimization on a full field model and it is significantly more straight forward than the conventional location selection process. The novelty of the project is introduced by customized python scripts. These scripts allow to achieve practical ways for placing the well locations to explore the solution space and at the same time, honor well design constraints, such as maximum well length, maximum step-out from the surface well-pad, and well perforation interval. Such in-built flexibility combined with automation and highly advanced optimization algorithms helped to achieve the project goals much easier and faster.

The synthetic approaches for the preparation of trans(NO,OH)-cis(NO2,NO2)-[RuNO(L)2(NO2)2OH], where L = ethyl nicotinate (I) and methyl nicotinate (II), are reported. The structures of the complexes are characterized by X-ray diffraction and analyzed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Both compounds show a nitric oxide release reaction under 445 or 532 nm irradiation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions, which is studied by combined ultraviolet-visible- (UV-vis), infrared- (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The charge transfer from the OH–Ru–NO chain and nitrite ligands to the antibonding orbitals of Ru–NO is responsible for the photo-cleavage of the ruthenium–nitrosyl bond. The elimination of NO leads to a side reaction, namely the protonation of the parent hydroxyl compound. The cytotoxicity and photo-induced cytotoxicity investigations of both compounds on the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 reveal that (I) and (II) are cytotoxic with IC50 values of 27.5 ± 2.8 μM and 23.3 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. Moreover, (I) shows an increase of the toxicity after light irradiation by 7 times (IC50 = 4.1 ± 0.1), which makes it a prominent target for deeper biological investigations.

Semiconductor devices of quantum electronics based on InP/GaInAsP heterostructures require the creation of non-defective chips for emitting devices and photodetectors. The production of such chips is impossible without a thorough technological study of the growth processes of epitaxial structures. One of the important problems in relation to the growth of such structures is the growth defects associated with the process of dissociation of indium phosphide on the surface during their growth. The aim of the work was the investigation of the process and mechanism of destruction (dissociation) of the surface of indium phosphide substrates in the range of growth temperatures of structures, as well as the study of methods andtechniques that allow minimize the process of dissociation of surface of indium phosphide.The work provides studies of the growth processes of InP/GaInAsP heterostructures, from the liquid phase, taking into account the degradation processes of the growth surface and the mechanisms for the formation of dissociation defects.The schemes of the dissociation process of the InP on the surface of the substrate and the formation of the defective surface of the substrate were analysed. At the same time, technological methods allowing to minimize the dissociation of the surface compound during the process of liquid-phase epitaxy were shown. The original design of a graphite cassette allowing to minimize the dissociation of the indium phosphide substrate in the process of liquid-phase epitaxy was proposed

Profound immunological dysfunction is the key factor determining the development of infectious complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The aim of this work is to assess the features of the subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes (T-helpers (Th), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tcyt), T regulatory cells (Treg), T-NK cells, naive Th, Th-memory, activated T-lymphocytes, TCRγδ cells) and NK cells in peripheral blood of patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and receiving ibrutinib therapy. Hematological and immunophenotypic studies have been performed in 30 patients with previously untreated CLL, 122 patients on ibrutinib therapy and 20 healthy donors. The subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes (Th, Tcyt, Treg, T-NK, naive T-helpers, memory T-helpers, TCRγδ cells, activated T-lymphocytes) and NK cells has been assessed on flow cytometer (FACSCanto II (BD)) using the following panel of monoclonal antibodies: CD45, CD19, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, TCRγδ, CD127, CD16, CD56, CD57 CD45RA, CD45R0, HLA-DR, CD25. Compared to controls all CLL samples were found to have higher the absolute number of T-lymphocytes, NK cells and their subpopulations, T-helpers (especially of memory T-cells), cytotoxic T-cells, regulatory T-cells, TCRγδ T-cells, activated T-lymphocytes, increased cytotoxic potential of NK cells in previously untreated CLL patients. Patients who received ibrutinib therapy have registered a positive trend towards recovery of the subpopulation composition of T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. CLL patients have been found to have quantitative and functional changes in the subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and NK cells, indicating dysregulation of the immune response, and a high risk of developing infections. Monitoring of immunological parameters for ibrutinib therapy make possible to estimate impact of ibrutinib on the adaptive anti-CLL immune response.

The title complex, which is crystallized in a noncentrosymmetric space group due to specific intermolecular interactions, exhibits reversible light-induced nitrosyl linkage isomerism; thus, it is of interest for studying combined Ru–NO ↔ Ru–ON isomerization with non-linear optical properties.

New complexes of ruthenium nitrosyl with ethyl isonicotinate and pyrazine were prepared in the reaction of [RuNO(NO2)2(H2O)3]+ with corresponding ligands. With the ligand excess the reaction results in cis-[RuNOL2(NO2)2OH] with good yields (78% for I L = inicEt, 35% for II L = Pyz). The dimeric complex [(RuNO(Pyz)(NО2)(μ-NO2))2μ-O] (III) forms in a small yield when less than 2 molar equivalents of pyrazine are taken for the reaction. Crystal structures of all three complexes were determined by single crystal XRD. Upon blue light irradiation complexes I and II undergo isomerization from Ru–NO (ground state, GS) to Ru-ON (metastable state, MS1) group. Reverse thermal transformation MS1 – GS was studied by IR and DSC techniques, activation parameters of MS1 – GS transition are: I - Ea = 53.4(4.0) kJ mol−1, lg k0 = 10.6(4); II – Ea = 58.9(4.3) kJ mol−1, lg k0 = 13.5(0.4).

In experiments, the characteristics of a non-self-sustained arc discharge in pure vapors of monocrystalline zirconium were investigated. The minimum ignition power of the discharge in zirconium vapor was determined for experimental conditions. Also the main characteristics of the generated plasma streams were measured. The growth rates of zirconium films have been determined for various modes of the discharge operation. It is proved that the plasma stream generated by the arc discharge in zirconium vapor has a compensated volume charge and can be used to created metal films and coatings on the substrates of different materials. The coefficients of plasma streams ionization are determined and the possibility of their controlled change is shown. This capability can be used for the targeted control of the properties of the films and coatings.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of zeolite on plant life processes for the development of methods to increase their productivity and stability in difficult growing conditions. A tendency to phosphorus of soil was revealed at intensive technology of tomato cultivation in greenhouses. Studies, conducted at two test sites (in the Lower Volga region and the Western Caspian area) showed that as a result of systematic and unbalanced fertilization during the cultivation of greenhouse tomato, the content of mobile phosphorus increases to 302.7 mg/kg. Under conditions of elevated chlorides and sulphates, this worsens the growth of plant, contributes to the development and spread of infectious diseases (verticillosis - 0.23%, fusarium - 0.24%, late blight - 0.19%, tobacco mosaic virus - 0.05%). Studies have shown that tomato hybrids, containing new genetic constructs of resistance to the main fungal diseases and tobacco mosaic virus, do not provide absolute protection of organisms. The spread of diseases in the planting of hybrids is only lower by 5.7-7.8%. The positive effect of zeolite was revealed when appling into the soil at tomato cultivation. The scope of zeolite’s application in plant growing is expanding every year due to the unique properties of this natural mineral. It possesses not only the adsorbing ability, but also contains a complex of trace elements, which is necessary for the mineral nutrition of plants, improves the structure of the soil. However, an impact of zeolites on plant life processes is poorly understood. This direction opens up new opportunities in the development of technological methods for improving the mineral nutrition of hybrid plant forms in crop production. The use of zeolite in the normal 15 kg/m2 of greenhouse soil, the productivity of tomato increases to 12.1-19.3%.

Previous data showed that myelin-reactive autoantibodies found in patients with multiple sclerosis and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis recognize and hydrolyze various fragments of myelin basic protein (MBP). Moreover, antibody-mediated cleavage of the encephalithogenic fragment MBP81-103 flanked with two fluorescent proteins can serve as a new biomarker of multiple sclerosis. Here we describe creation of the next generation of this biomarker based on antibody-dependent degradation of a new chemically synthesized fluorescent substrate with resonance energy transfer that contains fluorophore Cy5 and quencher QXL680 separated by MBP81-99 protein (Cy5-MBP81-99-QXL680). This substrate is degraded during incubation with purified antibodies and B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, but not healthy volunteers.

The process of obtaining and micronization of polymeric materials using an original method of nonisothermal polymerization in the medium of supercritical fluid is investigated. Polystyrene microparticles and fibers are synthesized. The influence of the conditions of the microdispersion process on the morphology of the isolated product is evaluated.

Regulation of angiogenesis in the utero-placental bed determines adequate trophoblast invasion, placenta formation and development, as well as successful course of pregnancy. Natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and trophoblast have the most significant effect on angiogenesis. To date, the functions of cells participating in placenta formation have been described in detail, both individually (in vitrо) and in tissues (in situ). However, no models have yet been created that reflect the interactions of NK cells, trophoblast and endothelium during angiogenesis. It remains unclear, how each cell population contributes to placental angiogenesis regulation, and to the cross-regulation of participating cell functions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study contact and distant effects of NK cells upon formation of tube-like structures through co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells influenced by various cytokines (bFGF, VEGF, PlGF, TGF-β, IL-8, IFNγ and IL-1β). Introduction of NK cells to the co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells under conditions of both contact and distance-dependent culturing did not change the length of tube-like structures formed by endothelial cells. During contact-dependent culturing of NK cells with co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells in presence of IL-1β, the length of tubule-like structures remained unchanged, compared with the length of tube-like structures formed under the same culturing conditions, but without the cytokine added. During distant culturing of NK cells with co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells in the presence of IL-1β, the length of tube-like structures increased as compared with those formed under the same culturing conditions but without the cytokine. During contact-dependent (but not distant) culturing of NK cells with the co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells in the presence of VEGF, the length of tube-like structures was greater than those formed under the same culturing conditions but without the cytokine. When used in a three-component cell system, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγhad no effect upon angiogenesis. During distant (but not contact-dependent) culturing of NK cells with co-culture of endothelial and trophoblast cells in the presence of TGF-β, the length of tube-like structures was less than the length of tube-like structures formed under the same culturing conditions but without the cytokine. Under conditions of distant culturing, TGF-βtriggered a signal in NK cells that inhibited angiogenesis. Decreased length of tube-like structures under conditions of a three-component cell co-culture in the presence of the following pro-angiogenic factors was revealed: IL-8, PlGF (during contact-dependent culturing only) and bFGF (during both contact-dependent and distant culturing). Thus, the effects of cytokines upon angiogenesis in a three-component co-culture (NK cells, trophoblast and endothelium) differed from those revealed previously in single-component (endothelium only) and two-component (co-culture of endothelium and trophoblast) cell models. The results of these experiments indicated that regulation of placental cell interactions involved both cellular contacts and effects produced by cytokines.

Long-term disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) in the environment could change the geochemistry of soils and surface waters of adjacent territories. Aiming to evaluate the environmental impact of CCR we investigated soils and surface waters (12 and 18 sampling points, respectively) in the vicinity of the aged settling pond of the Cherepetskaya Thermal Power Plant in the Tula Region (Russia). The research reports and discusses changes in the composition of readily soluble salts in sod-podzolic soils (Retisols) as well as the content of carbonates and the distribution of potentially hazardous elements (Ni, Cr, V, Sr, Pb, Zn) in soil profiles. The mineralization of surface waters was also measured. For performing analyses, methods of HPLC, XRF, ICP-AES, and ICP-MS were used. The research revealed that the introduction of technogenic material into soils had 1.5–3 times increased the content of readily soluble salts compared to natural Retisols and changed the composition of ions. Carbonates in amounts of up to 1.9% were determined in all Retisols with introduced CCR which is never observed in natural acid soils. Differentiation in the content of V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Sr, Pb in soil profiles corresponded to leaching patterns of these elements from the CCR stated by the other researchers. Their concentrations in soils generally did not exceed the standards stated in the Russian Federation. Natural waters and waters with technogenic impact had the well-defined differentiation in the ratio of sodium and potassium in total cations. The study showed that the area of the environmental footprint of the settling pond with CCR differed in soils and surface waters. Changes in the geochemistry of surface waters were noticeable at greater distances and probably reflected the transformation of the geochemistry of groundwater. Changes in the geochemistry of soils were very local and were observed at a distance of fewer than 200 m from the settling pond.