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Anaerobic digestion of common rural wastes (human feces (HF), food waste (FW) and lawn grass (LG)) were studied considering the specific methane yield, process parameters and microbial characteristics (mainly microbial community and pathogenic bacteria). The results showed that co-digestion of multiple substrates obtained high digestion performance when the total solid (TS) was 4%. The optimal co-digestion ratio of HF, FW, and LG was 33–56%, 21–38% and 20–40%, respectively. The digestion system containing HF underwent ammonia inhibition, which leads to the succession of the methanogenesis pathway from the acetoclastic pathway to the hydrogenotrophic pathway. Simultaneously, the dominant methanogenic archaea changed from Methanosaeta to Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina. Co-digestion reduced Salmonella's absolute concentration. The recovered energy and nitrogen could meet 52–109 % energy demand of rural community and all nitrogen demand in lawn fertilization, respectively. The main rural organic wastes could be recycled by anaerobic digestion, considering the flexibility of substrate ratio.

N-Glycosylation is one of the most ubiquitous protein modifications. However, the qualitative analysis of N-glycoproteome during leaf senescence has not been studied yet. In this study, N-glycoproteins were identified in senescent flag leaf of rice through hydrophilic interaction chromatography enrichment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry strategy. A total of 381 N-glycoproteins and 479 N-glycosylated sites were identified. In which, 40% of glycoproteins contained signal peptide and 40% had transmembrane domain. Meanwhile, α helix and coil/loop accounted for 1.5% and 98.5% of all N-glycosylated sites. Motif-X analysis suggested that [NxT], [NxS] and [NS] were significantly conserved and enriched. During leaf senescence, proteolysis-related proteins were predominately N-glycosylated by gene ontology analysis. Meanwhile, most identified glycoproteins were enriched in photosynthesis and N-glycan biosynthesis pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Protein–protein interaction analysis showed that N-glycoproteins formed interaction networks to function in the metabolism process of energy substances (carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids), the proteolysis process, and the protein glycosylation process. Among 381 N-glycoproteins, 183 proteins were involved in various and famous senescence-related biological processes including energy substance metabolism (70), proteolysis (44), photosynthesis (17), protein glycosylation (24), reactive oxygen species scavenging (14), transcriptional regulation (6), senescence-associated genes (2) and hormone response (6), suggesting the important role of protein N-glycosylation in leaf senescence. Additionally, ten glycoproteins were found to have been well-studied in senescent process of rice. The results provided a novel insight into the significant involvement of protein N-glycosylation in leaf senescence.

Global warming-associated increases in temperature, particularly at nighttime, are detrimental to rice yield and quality. Metabolomic profiling was used to examine and compare the short-term extreme high nighttime temperature-induced molecular perturbations in rice ( Oryza sativa) coisogenic strains with contrasting heat-tolerances at the first stage of seed ripening. Compared to the heat-sensitive strain, antioxidant molecules were higher in abundance in the heat-tolerant strain, whereas the abundances of molecules involved in photosynthesis, nucleotide catabolism, and the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle varied only slightly. Thus, we proposed that the high abundance of antioxidant molecules in the heat-tolerant strain alleviated cellular oxidative stress, which protected photosynthesis, nucleotide catabolism, and the SAM cycle, leading to good grain filling.

RUNX3 is one of the suppressor gene in ovarian cancer, it is not clear whether the expression of RUNX3 is regulated by its promoter methylation or the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. We carried out methylation — specific PCR (MSP) to investigate the methylation status of RUNX3 promoter region in human ovarian cancer cell line 3AO, KOV3 and normal ovarian epithelial cell NOEC. The methylation of RUNX3 promoter was found in tumor cells but not in NOEC. When treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, the methylation was induced or completely reversed, the growth of tumor cells were notably inhibited, however, the agent did not affect the growth of NOEC. In conclusion, methylation of RUNX3 may be involved in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer and may serve as a predictive biomarker. The reversion of methylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine offers a novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.