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Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) have potential effects on the anaerobic digestion of excess sludge. The effects of different concentrations of Fe3O4 NPs (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L) on enzymes and microorganisms in anaerobic digestion were studied to explore the mechanism of the effect of Fe3O4 NPs on anaerobic digestion. The results showed that 100, 200 and 400 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs could promote anaerobic digestion, and 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs had the most obvious promoting effect. The activities of protease, cellulase, dehydrogenase, acetic kinase and coenzyme F420 in the 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs group reached 120 U/mg VS, 71.75 U/g VS, 135 U/mL, 94 mol/L, 1.37 umol/g VSS, respectively, which were 3.8 times, 1.5 times, 1.2 times, 1.2 times and 1.6 times of the blank group, respectively. However, when the concentration of Fe3O4 NPs reached 600 mg/L, the activities of cellulase, dehydrogenase and acetic kinase were lower than those of the blank group, and anaerobic digestion was inhibited. The above conclusions can also be confirmed by high-throughput sequencing. The abundance of longilinea and ornatilina in the 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs group was 8.8% and 4.1% respectively, and methanthrix abundance was 69%, which was more conducive to decomposition acetic acid into CH4.

In view of the high cost and complex operation of the traditional chemical method for the determination of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process, this study investigated the feasibility of using electrochemistry analysis to determine the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) on the AD process. The quantity of electric charge of Fe3O4 NPs modified graphite electrode in sodium acetate electrolyte was higher than that of graphite electrode. The addition of Fe3O4 NPs was beneficial to improve the electrochemical activity of the electrode. On this basis, enzymes and microorganisms were extracted from anaerobic reactors containing different concentrations of Fe3O4 NPs to make electrodes respectively to further investigate the effects of Fe3O4 NPs on enzyme and microbial activities in AD. The electrochemical analysis results of the enzyme electrodes and microbial electrodes showed that the quantity of electric charge produced by the group of 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs was the highest. The cumulative biogas production of 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs was 809 mL/g VS, and better than other groups. These results showed that 200 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs was the best dosage, and the electrochemical analysis has higher sensitivity in the AD detection.

Selective chemical detection of aniline vapor from benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) is still a challenge. Here, we deliberately design a hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorods nanobiomaterial modifying on the quartz crystal microbalance transducer for highly efficient detection of aniline from aniline/BTEX mixture. Besides, at room temperature, HAP nanorods perform excellent sensitivity of aniline, and the corresponding detection limit can reach down to 5 part per billion (ppb). The stability of HAP nanorods in the sensing process is also satisfactory. The sensing mechanism, as unveiled by the theoretical basis and the enthalpy extraction experiment, is due to the moderate acid–base absorptive interaction between aniline molecule and the HAP structure. The molecular formula of hydrate C6H7N·βH2O existing in wet air (with 50–90% relative humidity) can be obtained as C6H7N·1.36∼1.93H2O based on quantitatively measurement data.

Recently, an advanced stem cell and tissue engineering approach has been recognized as an emerging and fascinating strategy to promote neural repair in spinal cord injury (SCI). Hydrogels can be properly engineered to encapsulate cells, enhance cell viability and neural differentiation, and provide the advantage of flexible adaptation to irregular defects. In this study, a dual-enzymatically cross-linked gelatin hydrogel with hydrogen horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and galactose oxidase (GalOx) was proposed to combine human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) for facilitating nerve regeneration post-SCI. In vitro, hUC-MSCs in this 3D gelatin hydrogel displayed good viability, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. To further evaluate the neural regeneration effect of hUC-MSCs loaded into gelatin hydrogels in vivo, a clinically-relevant and force-controlled contusion model of mouse spinal cords was established. We found that implantation of a hydrogel loaded with hUC-MSCs significantly promoted the motor function recovery evaluated by Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and footprint tests. Further histological analysis showed that the hydrogel and hUC-MSC combined transplantation dramatically decreased inflammation, inhibited apoptosis and promoted neurogenesis. Overall, implantation of this dual-enzymatically cross-linked and MSC-laden 3D gelatin hydrogel is a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI treatment.

Three-dimensional porous carbon network (3D-C) was used as the substrate for the in situ growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) through a wet chemistry method. The obtained 3D-C@MoS2 nanocomposite exhibited a porous structure, high surface area and good electrical conductivity. By using the 3D-C@MoS2 nanocomposite as a novel electrode modifier, the electrochemical oxidation peak current of bisphenol A (BPA) was greatly enhanced with a lowered background current. The improved sensitivity benefits from adsorption of BPA onto MoS2 surface, the large surface area and good conductivity of the 3D-C@MoS2 nanohybrid. By using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), we observed a good linearity with BPA levels in the range of 0.001–10 μM, with a detection limit estimated to be 0.5 nM (S/N = 3). The 3D-C@MoS2 modified electrode could be reused for several times in spite of the accumulation of BPA, and the fabrication reproducibility is excellent. The prepared 3D-C@MoS2 modified electrode showed higher selectivity to BPA than several other phenolic compounds due to their different electrochemical oxidation potentials and the enhanced accumulation property of BPA at the 3D-C@MoS2 surface. The BPA contents in plastic product and environmental water samples were determined with the proposed method.

A novel and efficient approach to the synthesis of benzimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoline derivatives has been developed through an addition/cyclization/intramolecular oxidative C–H functionalization process...

This work reports a superhydrophobic divinylbenzene polymer with hierarchical porous structure as sensing material to modify the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to detect benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) vapor. Notably, sensing results toward toluene vapor in different relative humidities indicates that this superhydrophobic polymer has favorable toluene/water selective detection performance. Besides, the limit of detection toward toluene is lower than 1 ppm.

A novel one-pot approach for the synthesis of multi-substituted 2-imidazolylimidazoles, 2-pyrazolylimidazoles and 2-indazolylimidazoles was developed through a domino addition/A3 coupling/cyclization process under copper catalysis. A variety of aminoethyl- or hydroxylethyl-tethered 2-azolylimidazole derivatives were conveniently and efficiently assembled in one pot using N-propargylcarbodiimides, azoles, paraformaldehyde and secondary amines as starting materials. The products containing an o-iodoaryl group could be further converted to imidazo[1,2-c]imidazo[1,2-a]quinazoline derivatives through a copper-catalyzed intramolecular C-H arylation.

Ballast fouling is a major factor that contributes to the reduction of shear strength of railway ballast, which can further affect the stability of railway supporting structure. The major sources of ballast fouling include infiltration of foreign fines into the ballast material and ballast degradation induced by train movement on the supported tracks. In this paper, a discrete element model is developed and used to simulate the shear stress–strain response of fouled ballast assembly subjected to direct shear loading. A simplified computational approach is then proposed to model the induced ballast fouling and capture the mechanical response of the ballast at various levels of contamination. The approach is based on the assumption that fine particles comprising the fouling material will not only change the interparticle friction angle, but also the contact stiffness between the ballast particles. Therefore, both the interparticle friction coefficient and effective modulus are adjusted based on a fouled ballast model that is validated using experimental results. The effect of ballast degradation is also investigated by gradually changing the particle size distribution of the ballast assembly in the discrete element model to account for the increased range of particle sizes. Using the developed model, the effect of ballast degradation on the shear strength is then evaluated. Conclusions are made to highlight the suitability of these approximate approaches in efficiently modeling ballast assemblies under shear loading conditions.

Solid AlPO-5 and La doped AlPO-5 (La/AlPO-5) were synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment followed by crystallization and calcination. The ammonia (NH3) sensing properties of AlPO-5 and La/AlPO-5 were evaluated by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) platform to work out the enhanced effect of La doping treatment. La/AlPO-5 possessed a higher response to NH3 than that of AlPO-5 with same concentration. In addition to the favorable sensitivity, La/AlPO-5 based sensor also showed prominent repeatability and selectivity. We also explored the thermodynamics and humidity-enhanced effect in the NH3 sensing process.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important cause of heritable vision loss. Mutations affecting mitochondrial bioenergetics may lead to isolated vision loss or life-threatening systemic disease, depending on a mutation's severity. Primary optic nerve atrophy resulting from death of retinal ganglion cells is the most prominent ocular manifestation of mitochondrial disease. However, dysfunction of other retinal cell types has also been described, sometimes leading to a loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium that manifests clinically as pigmentary retinopathy. A popular mouse model of mitochondrial disease that lacks NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (NDUFS4), a subunit of mitochondrial complex I, phenocopies many traits of the human disease Leigh syndrome, including the development of optic atrophy. It has also been reported that ndufs4(−/−) mice display diminished light responses at the level of photoreceptors or bipolar cells. By conducting electroretinography (ERG) recordings in live ndufs4(−/−) mice, we now demonstrate that this defect occurs at the level of retinal photoreceptors. We found that this deficit does not arise from retinal developmental anomalies, photoreceptor degeneration, or impaired regeneration of visual pigment. Strikingly, the impairment of ndufs4(−/−) photoreceptor function was not observed in ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated retinas, indicating that photoreceptors with complex I deficiency are intrinsically capable of normal signaling. The difference in electrophysiological phenotypes in vivo and ex vivo suggests that the energy deprivation associated with severe mitochondrial impairment in the outer retina renders ndufs4(−/−) photoreceptors unable to maintain the homeostatic conditions required to operate at their normal capacity.

Gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) sensing is indispensable because HCHO is hazardous to health and widely exists in newly decorated house and newly painted furniture. Multitudinous HCHO sensors based on various platforms, such as semiconductor sensor, electrochemical sensor, surface acoustic wave sensor (SAW), fluorescent sensor, have been fabricated over the last few years. Except these sensors, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors have received increasing attention because of their high sensitivity, convenient operation, low energy consumption, and excellent modifiable property. Recently, based on QCM, many efforts have been made to design chemical sensing materials to detect HCHO gas sensitively and selectively. In this review, we summary the scientific researches of gaseous HCHO detection based on QCM platform, and introduce the related works of sensing HCHO carried out by our group as well as the exploration of sensing mechanism.

Although many humidity sensing materials have satisfactory properties based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducer, their synthesis processes are complex. Herein, we report an effective and facile method to modify porous polypropylene microfiltration membrane (PPMM) evenly via the deposition of N-rich functional polymer (PDA-PEI), which was easily synthesized by crosslinking polydopamine (PDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The PDA-PEI modified PPMM well retained the pore structure and was first employed to detect relative humidity based on QCM featured with rapid response, satisfactory repeatability and stability. Compared with PDA modified PPMM, the humidity sensing performance of PDA-PEI modified PPMM is improved considerably. Furthermore, the sensing mechanism study based on Gaussian 09 software reveals that the interaction between PDA-PEI and water molecules belongs to weak chemical adsorption. Such a comprehensive research foresees the potential application of PDA-PEI modified PPMM for fast detection of humidity indoor and outdoor.

Recently, in situ formed injectable hydrogels have shown great potential in biomedical applications as therapeutic implants or carriers in tissue repair and regeneration. They can seal or fill the damaged tissue to function as cell/drug delivery vehicle perfectly through a minimally invasive surgical procedure. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) is functionalized with tyramine to produce an injectable hydrogel dual-enzymatically crosslinked by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and galactose oxidase (GalOX). This new tyramine-modified HA (HT) hydrogel exhibited good injectability, favorable cytocompatibility to mice bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and low inflammatory response verified by cytotoxicity assay in vitro and an in situ subcutaneous injection study in vivo. In addition, the gelation time, swelling behavior, and degradation rate of the HT hydrogel could be adjusted through varying the concentrations of HT and GalOX in a certain range. These encouraging results suggest that such biocompatible HT hydrogels might have potential application in three-dimensional stem cell culture and tissue engineering.

A new 3D metal–organic framework Ca-SBF based on a zigzag-shaped tetranuclear calcium oxocluster and 9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,2′,7,7′-tetracarboxylic acid was obtained and exhibited flu topology. Ca-SBF underwent a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation to form Ca-SBF-1 with a slight structure shrinkage. Activated Ca-SBF showed permanent porosity and CO2 adsorption properties. A Ca-SBF-modified quartz crystal microbalance sensor demonstrated selective response to toluene vapor.

To avoid false response caused by increase of environmental humidity is important for hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) based QCM formaldehyde sensor. In order to achieve this purpose, superhydrophobic polymerized n -octadecylsiloxane (PODS) nanostructure is used to cover the surface of PDA film to prevent false response from happening. Compared with pristine PDA based QCM sensor, the sensor based on PODS-PDA composite sensing material shows satisfactory performance on avoiding false response and long-term stable formaldehyde sensing properties. This novel strategy offers a new method to reduce probability of false response resulted from humidity change.

A novel copper metal–organic framework (MOF) [Cu3L2(H2O)2.75]·0.75H2O·1.75DMA (H3L = 4-(2-carboxyphenoxy)-isophthalic acid, DMA = dimethylacetamide) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 shows a three-dimensional architecture with a sqc topology net where the [Cu2(COO)4] unit was viewed as a node. Magnetic studies indicate that strong antiferromagnetic coupling with J = −159.0(9) cm–1 dominates in the compound. As a sensor, the compound based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) exhibits good linearity humidity sensing properties after being exposed to various relative humidity environments at room temperature. The resulting sensitivity is about 28.7 Hz/%RH with a good linearity coefficient of 0.993.

The work designs a novel hydrophobic organic dry-gel named diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) urea for selectively detecting formaldehyde in air. It is synthesized by using octadecylisothiocyanate and diamino diphenyl sulfone as reactants in tetrahydrofuran solution at 70 °C. The dry-gel is obtained by freezing drying. Sulfanilamide urea dry-gel acts as the contrastive material which is synthesized in a similar condition. The dry-gel coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor exhibits a rapid and reversible selective response towards formaldehyde gas. Repeated measurement results show high sensitivity and low detection limit (1 ppm) for formaldehyde detection. The gas sensing and contact angle tests indicate its stability under different humidity conditions. Based on the adsorption isotherm experiments, it reveals that adsorption enthalpy change between DDS urea dry-gel and HCHO molecules locates the range of chemical adsorption, endowing the sensor satisfactory selectivity and reversibility. Sensing mechanism of formaldehyde sensor has been proved by a simulation calculation based on a quantum chemistry software Gaussian though comparing the interaction between amine group or carbamido and formaldehyde. The calculation results reveal that Schiff base interaction between the amine group and aldehyde group is more responsible for formaldehyde sensing instead of hydrogen bond interaction between carbamido and aldehyde group.

Nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanostructures have been considered as promising bifunctional electrocatalyst materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolyte. However, the activity of these materials toward overall water splitting is still unsatisfactory because a larger voltage is needed to drive the reactions. This study shows that more-efficient bifunctional catalysts based on NiCo2O4 materials can be obtained by adopting an integrated composite electrode with robust hollow structures. This novel electrode is constructed by the growth of hollow Ni@NiCo2O4 nanorod arrays on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foam. The interlayer of Ni hollow nanorods is conformally covered by NiCo2O4 nanosheets, providing large surface area and fast electron transport. Benefiting from these integrated characteristics, the hollow Ni@NiCo2O4 electrode as an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst can deliver a low overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and present excellent electrochemical durability. Meanwhile, the HER performance also impressive, with an overpotential of about 87 mV at 10 mA cm−2. As a result, the hollow Ni@NiCo2O4 electrode as a bifunctional catalyst can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a voltage of only 1.58 V, showing promise for high performance yet cheap electrocatalysts for the overall water splitting reactions.

This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of free and bound bioactive extracts from naked oat on amylase and glucosidase activity. The free compound extract mainly included kaempferol-3-O-galactoside-6″-rhamnoside-3‴-rha, hesperetin-7-O-neohesperidoside, ginsenoside Re and soyasaponin Ba. Ten substances were detected in the bound compound extract, including ferulic acid, oxyacanthine, and trans-4-coumaric acid. The free and bound compound extracts showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase; the inhibition of α-amylase was reversible anti-competitive inhibition, and the inhibition of α-glucosidase was reversible linear mixed inhibition. The saponin ginsenoside Re had poor inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase; the saponin soyasaponin Ba had a poor inhibitory effect on α-amylase but a good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. After adding the extracts to the different starches, the hydrolysis rates all decreased significantly (p

In order to construct highly sensitive and stable QCM gas sensor, we present an innovative strategy. Firstly, we employ a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method to coat a thin layer of copper on the surface of QCM silver electrode. Then, a novel metal complex as sensing material, [Cu(DDS) 2 (Cl) 2 (MeOH) 2 ], is grown in-situ on the copper layer to ensure a strong coupling between metal complex sensing materials and QCM electrode. The sensing material is characterized through following instruments: elemental analysis, single crystal XRD, SEM, PXRD, IR spectra and TGA. The sensing test results indicate that the QCM sensor exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity toward gaseous formaldehyde because of a reversible interaction between amino group and HCHO molecule. The detection limit reaches down to 50 ppb. This implies the facile-fabricated sensor has a great potential in the area of rapid, stable, sensitive, and selective formaldehyde on-site detection. Based on the temperature-varying micro-gravimetric experiment, enthalpy change is quantitatively obtained, which indicates that the interaction between the complex and HCHO molecules belongs to chemical adsorption. The values of ΔH calculated by Gaussian 09 indicate that chemical adsorption between NH 2 group and aldehyde group play a leading role in detecting selectively formaldehyde gas.

The present study investigated the effects of proteins, lipids and β-glucan in naked oat flour (NOF) on the in vitro digestibility of starch. The content of rapidly digested starch (RDS) increased, and the content of resistant starch (RS) decreased in NOF after removing the non-starch constituents. The estimated glycemic index (eGI) of starch in NOF increased after the removal of the non-starch constituents, with a decreasing order of naked oat starch (NOS) > de-β-glucan flour > de-proteins flour > de-lipids flour > NOF. NOS was found to have an A-type crystalline pattern, but the removal of proteins or β-glucan rendered NOS a V-type crystalline pattern. The relative crystallinity decreased after removing non-starch constituents. The in vitro digestibility was positively correlated with the short-range molecular order and negatively correlated with the relative crystallinity. These results clearly illustrate the effects of non-starch constituents on the low digestibility of naked oat.

The detection of hexanal vapor in ppb (part per billion) concentration is an unresolved and indispensable issue. Here we report a polydopamine-polyethyleneimine (PDA-PEI) copolymer film with rich imino groups to sense 50 ppb hexanal vapor through the formation of the reversible hydrogen bonds with hexanal. We found that the water-resistance could be further improved by attaching superhydrophobic n-octadecylsiloxane (PODS) onto the surface of PDA-PEI film. The chemical adsorption mode and the core role of imino group for the hexanal detection have been validated by combining experiment methods with theory calculations. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) platform modified with this film was employed as a hexanal vapor sensor under ambient conditions, which possessed several advantages including the high response of 34.8 Hz to 250 ppb hexanal, low detection limit of 50 ppb hexanal at 25 °C, and good water-resistance.

Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensing platform, modifying functional groups was usually used to improve the performance of sensing materials. In this work, we reported a novel sensing material, carboxyl functionalized carbon nanocoil by acidification treatment. It was found that carboxyl functionalized carbon nanocoil had excellent reversible response to ammonia (NH3), and the response to 50 ppm NH3 was as high as 8.1 Hz. As a contrast, pristine carbon nanocoil had only 2 Hz response to 50 ppm NH3. The enhanced response should be ascribed to the hydrogen bond adsorption between carboxyl gropus and NH3 molecules. These results demonstrated that carboxyl functionalization could improve the NH3 sensing performance of carbon nanocoil, which has potential in monitoring NH3 in the future.

Stem cell-based tissue engineering shows enormous potential for regenerative medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture is the most basic aspect of tissue engineering. However, achievement of a perfect scaffold for highly efficient 3D cell culture is currently still limited. Herein, a new hyaluronic acid hydrogel dual-enzymatically crosslinked by horseradish peroxidase and choline oxidase is developed as a 3D stem cell culture system. This hydrogel possesses superior stability over two months, controllable biodegradability with hyaluronidases, a high swelling ratio exceeding 6000%, and excellent cytocompatibility in vitro and biocompatibility in vivo. More importantly, a long-time and highly cellular activity 3D culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was achieved in vitro over 20 days. All these encouraging results highlight the great potential of this new hydrogel for 3D culture and tissue engineering.

In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted incredible chemical and material research interests because of their prominent properties and charming structures. The reliable production of a wide variety of MOFs materials and MOF derivatives, such as MOF-metal nanoparticles composites and MOFs-polymers hybrids, offers many possibilities to develop MOF-based applied materials. Although MOFs have many unique features, including abundant pore structures and multiple functional ligands, their applied performance is limited by intrinsic fragility and powdered crystalline state, as well as unsatisfied stability and processability. By this, MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels have achieved unparalleled results, outperforming ungelated MOFs materials in many aspects. This review presents current developments of MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels with emphasis on the specific categories and the synergistic effects of MOF-derived aerogels between MOFs and additional materials. Particular emphasis is placed on discussing the advantages of MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels in applications such as sensors, batteries, supercapacitors, adsorbents, catalysts etc. MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels can provide valuable guidance for the investigation of MOFs towards practical applications with processability, stability, and easy handling. Specifically, we will summary recent progress of pure MOF hydrogels, MOF@biology derived organic macromolecules hydrogels, MOF@biocompatible hydrogels, MOF@ graphene hydrogels, pure MOF aerogels, MOF@silica aerogel composites, MOF@ graphene aerogel composites, MOF@cellulose aerogel composites, and aerogel composites containing MOFs-derived materials. In addition, their applications are also discussed. We hope that this review will be helpful for those who want quick access to valuable references about MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels and their applications.

Functionalized N-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs/sulfur (N-PCNF/S) composites are first proposed as the cathode materials for an advanced lithium–sulfur battery. The functionalized N-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs (N-PCNF) with an appropriate N doping (4.32 wt %) are synthesized by a facile approach, which consists of pyrolyzation of polypyrrole nanofiber and a subsequent KOH activation. Instrumental analysis shows that N-PCNF possesses a large specific surface area (2642 m2 g–1) and a high inner pore volume (1.31 cm3 g–1). When evaluating its electrochemical properties in a lithium–sulfur battery, the N-PCNF/S composite with 77.01 wt % sulfur content displays an excellent electrochemical performance. The specific discharge capacity still reaches 749.8 mAh g–1 after 180 cycles at 0.2 C. At a higher rate of 1 C, the capacity stabilizes at 666.0 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles. This work demonstrates that combining the favorable aspects of N doping modification and one-dimensional nanostructure in the carbo...