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The study aimed to evaluate the potential use of dried or ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves as roughage source for ruminants. Paulownia tree leaves were collected from one-year-old hybrid (C-125, CAR, and TF-33 clones) trees. Dried paulownia leaves of the clones were different in dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NfE) and similar in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL); however, these values (except EE and ADL) of ensiled leaves were significantly different among the clones. Mean CP, CA, and condensed tannin contents in dried leaves were 15.36, 9.21, and 1.75%, respectively; NDF, ADF, and ADL contents were 38.35, 35.49, and 12.08%, respectively. Mean total volatile fatty acids, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) value in dried leaves were 95.26 mmol/L, 76.34%, and 10.77 MJ/kg, respectively, whereas, CO2 and CH4 production were 54.66 and 29.78 mmol/L, respectively. Buffering capacity and water-soluble carbohydrates varied among the pre-ensiled paulownia leaves, although their means were 395.66 mEq/kg DM and 86.63 g/kg DM, respectively. In ensiled leaves, the pH, lactic acid ratio, and acetic acid ratio were 4.98, 11.23, and 2.56%, respectively, and butyric acid was not detected in any of the silages. Mean values of IVOMD and ME in ensiled leaves were 72.30% and 9.93 MJ/kg, respectively. Dried paulownia leaves are a high-quality alternative forage and the ensiled form is of medium quality. Therefore, paulownia leaves could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminants., TUBITAK-1002 Short Term R&D Funding Program [118O461], This study was supported by the TUBITAK-1002 Short Term R&D Funding Program (project number 118O461). Researchers extend their special thanks to TUBITAK (Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu) and Salih Ertan for their assistance in obtaining the paulownia leaves.

In the present study, 199 pre-selected Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) and sulfatases were assessed, either alone or in combination, to evaluate their capacity to disrupt Laminaria digitata cell wall, with the consequent release of interesting nutritional compounds. A previously characterized individual alginate lyase, belonging to the family 7 of polysaccharide lyases (PL7) and produced by Saccharophagus degradans, was shown to be the most efficient in the in vitro degradation of L. digitata cell wall. The alginate lyase treatment, compared to the control, released up to 7.11 g/L of reducing sugars (p p p = 0.001). The hydrolysis of gel-forming polymer alginate by the alginate lyase treatment could prevent the trapping of fatty acids and release beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 18:1c9 (p p > 0.170) or pigments (p > 0.070) was observed. Overall, these results show the ability of an individual alginate lyase, from PL7 family, to partially degrade L. digitata cell wall under physiological conditions. Therefore, this CAZyme can potentially improve the bioavailability of L. digitata bioactive compounds for monogastric diets, with further application in feed industry.

The aim of the study was to compare three types of meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat in relation to their nutrients content including fat, fatty acids, heme iron, and peptides, like anserine and carnosine, from which human health may potentially benefit. Dry meat samples were produced, from one type of muscle, obtained from ostrich (m. ambiens), beef (m. semimembranosus), and broiler chicken meat (m. pectoralis major). The composition of dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat, with and without spices was compared. We show that meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat were characterized by high concentration of nutrients including proteins, minerals (heme iron especially in ostrich, than in beef), biologically active peptides (carnosine—in beef, anserine—in ostrich then in chicken meat). The, beneficial to human health, n-3 fatty acids levels differed significantly between species. Moreover, ostrich jerky contained four times less fat as compared to beef and half of that in chicken. In conclusion we can say that dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat could be a good source of nutritional components.

Biorefinery of rubber seeds can generate additional income for farmers, who already grow rubber trees for latex production. The aim of this study was to find the best method for protein and oil production from rubber seed kernel, with focus on protein recovery. Different pre-treatments and oil separation methods were tested, and alkaline conditions were used to extract protein. Next to processes with subsequent oil and protein recovery, a one-step combined oil and protein extraction was tested. Our study showed that oil separation is not necessary to obtain high protein recovery, however most of the extracted oil is present as an emulsion. The origin of the seeds and their treatment on the plantation before processing were most important for high oil and protein recoveries, and in all cases tested had more influence on recoveries than its subsequent method of processing. Pressing the rubber seed kernel to separate the oil fraction followed by protein extraction from the press cake gives the highest protein recovery with satisfactory recovery for oil.

During processing of pet foods, the Maillard reaction (MR) can occur, which reduces the bioavailability of essential amino acids like lysine and results in the formation of advanced Maillard reaction products (MRPs). This study examined the effect of conditioning temperature (65 and 90 °C) and die hole length (ø 5 × 45, 65, and 80 mm) during pelleting processing of a standard dry dog food on selected indicators of the MR (total lysine, reactive lysine, fructoselysine, ¿-N-carboxymethyllysine, (5-hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, lysinoalanine), browning development and CIE-Lab color. Steam pelleting variables did not cause a significant loss of lysine or change in color and absorbance values. Analyzing the unprocessed ingredient mix suggests that the choice of the ingredients used in the ingredient mix, rather than the pelleting process applied, is responsible for the RL/TL ratio observed in the dry standard dog food used in this study. MRP content increased during steam pelleting (fructoselysine: 366.2 to 538.8 mg/kg DM; ¿-N-carboxymethyllysine: 12.6 to 14.8 mg/kg DM; lysinoalanine: 5.7 to 7.7 mg/kg DM; P

During processing of pet food, the Maillard reaction occurs, which reduces the bioavailability of essential amino acids such as lysine and results in the formation of advanced Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The aim of this study was to quantitate MRPs (fructoselysine (FL), carboxymethyllysine (CML), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) and the cross-link lysinoalanine (LAL) in commercial pet foods. Sixty-seven extruded, canned, and pelleted dog and cat foods for growth and maintenance were analyzed using UPLC-MS. Canned pet foods contained on average the most FL, CML, and HMF (4534, 37, and 1417 mg/kg dry matter, respectively) followed by pelleted and extruded foods. Average daily intake (mg/kg body weight(0.75)) of HMF is 122 times higher for dogs and 38 times higher for cats than average intake for adult humans. As commercial pet foods are most often the only source of food for dogs and cats, future research focus should be on the bioavailability and long-term health implications of MRP consumption by dogs and cats.

An experiment was conducted with 480 Super Nick white-laying hens to evaluate the effects of different inclusion levels of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) with or without enzyme cocktail supplementation on performance, egg quality, selected manure parameters, and feed cost. The experimental diets consisted of 5 levels of CDDGS: 0 (basal diet), 5, 10, 15 or 20% and two levels of enzyme cocktail (Allzyme (R) SSF): 0 or 0.02%. Diets containing 0.02% enzyme cocktail were formulated to recoup the enzyme matrix value. Each dietary treatment was assigned to 4 replicate groups of 12 hens (with 3 cages and 4 hens per cage). The experiment lasted 8 weeks. Performance parameters and egg quality were determined every other week, whereas selected manure parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Feeding up to 15% medium-quality CDDGS with or without enzyme cocktail supplementation had no negative effects on performance parameters (percentage laying rate, egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion) or exterior (eggshell thickness and shell breaking strength) and interior (Haugh units and egg yolk color) egg quality parameters in this study. There was no interaction between the inclusion levels of CDDGS and the supplementation of enzyme cocktail on performance, egg quality or manure parameters. As the level of CDDGS included in the diet increased, the level of dicalcium phosphate gradually decreased, which resulted in a reduction in dietary costs. A significant decrease was observed (P < 0.001) in manure total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels following enzyme cocktail supplementation in comparison to diets without enzyme cocktail. These results indicate that 15% CDDGS can be added to diets of laying hens without compromising performance parameters, and exterior and interior egg quality as long as the nutrient profile of CDDGS is known and the diet is formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Feed cost can be reduced by supplementing the diets with CDDGS. In addition, using an enzyme cocktail affecting anti-nutritional factors in CDDGS may improve the nutritive value of laying hen diets with CDDGS and lessen the amount of total N and P released in the manure.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, jejunal viscosity, and size and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed a low-P wheat-based diet. The experiment was conducted as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of xylanase (0 and 200 mg/kg) and 3 levels of citric acid (0, 20, and 40 g/kg). Each of the 6 dietary treatments was fed to 4 replicate pens (17 birds/pen) from 0 to 24 d of age. Chromium oxide (3 g/kg) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker to determine the apparent nutrient retention. No interaction effect was observed between xylanase and citric acid in any measured response. Xylanase did not affect feed intake but significantly increased BW gain by 3.6% (P < 0.05) from 1 to 24 d of age and improved G:F by 3.9% (P < 0.01). The inclusion of 40 g/kg of citric acid decreased (P < 0.01) BW gain and feed intake by 8.6 and 12.5%, respectively. The inclusion of 20 and 40 g/kg of citric acid improved G:F by 2.3 and 4.5% (P < 0.05), respectively. Xylanase significantly decreased the viscosity of digesta and improved the retention of DM, CP, and energy, but did not have a significant effect on the retention of fat and P. Inclusion of 20 and 40 g/kg of citric acid in the diets increased P retention by 15.8 and 16.3% (P < 0.01), respectively. Citric acid significantly decreased the pH of crop contents (P < 0.05). In conclusion, citric acid, at the 40 g/kg inclusion level, reduced feed intake and BW gain but improved G:F and P retention. Xylanase decreased digesta viscosity, increased nutrient retention, and consequently improved the performance of broilers fed the low-P wheat-based diet. Thus, adding 20 g/kg of citric acid, especially in the starter period, and 200 mg/kg of xylanase to low-P wheat-based diets can be helpful.

Bu çalışmada, adi yonca, düğmeli yonca, tüylü yonca, hint yoncası, sarı taş yoncası, ak taş yoncası, korunga, tüylü fiğ ve gazal boynuzu gibi bazı baklagil kuru otlarının kimyasal bileşimleri, in vitro gaz üretimleri, metabolik enerji ME , organik madde sindirimi OMS ve nispi yem değerleri NYD karşılaştırılmıştır. Gaz ölçümleri 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat aralıklarla yapılmış ve gaz değerleri y=a+b 1-e-ct eşitliği kullanılarak saptanmıştır. Baklagil kuru otlarının kimyasal bileşimleri arasında önemli farklılıklar saptanmıştır P, The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy ME organic matter digestibility OMD , relative feed values RFV of the legume forages from alfalfa, blackdisk medick, burr medic, yellow sour-clover, yellow sweet-clover, white sweet-clover, sainfoin, hairy vetch and birdsfoot trefoil. Gas production were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation y=a+b 1-e-ctgrains in terms of chemical composition P

An experiment with forage maize plants representing early and late-ripening types of Dry Down and Stay Green cultivar types was conducted to study the effects of cultivar and maturity stage on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and to investigate the validity of the generally supposed qualities of these cultivars. Plants were harvested at an estimated whole plant dry matter (DM) content of 250, 320 or 390 g kg−1, on 20 August, 16 September and 3 October 2003, respectively. Chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, using the gas production technique, were determined of samples from entire not ensiled plants, ears and stover and from entire plants after ensiling. The increase in whole plant DM content from 250 to 320 g kg−1 (20 August — 16 September) caused starch content of the whole plants to increase and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility to decrease, both more than prolonged ripening (to 390 g DM kg−1). DM content at harvest had a statistically significant influence on degree and rate of in vitro rumen fermentation. Calculated in vitro starch degradation after 10 h of incubation in rumen fluid suggested an increased content of rumen escape starch in the older samples. Maize type had only minor effects on fermentation characteristics, which were most pronounced for the ears and the remaining stover. Although the observed differences caused by the Dry Down or Stay Green characteristics were statistically significant in some cases, they were not systematic not for the early nor for the late-ripening types.

Shrubs can provide an important contribution to the fodder resources for small ruminants in Mediterranean areas, but there is limited information on their feed value, including secondary metabolites and their seasonal differences. This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation in chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity of the aerial parts of plants of Cistus ladanifer of two age groups [young plants vs. older ones (2-6 years old)]. Aerial parts of C. ladanifer plants of both age groups were characterized by moderate cell-wall content [321-410 g NDF kg(-1) dry matter (DM)], high levels of phenolic compounds (55.1-106 g gallic acid equivalents per kg DM) and condensed tannins (CT) (32.1-161 g kg(-1) DM), low protein content (55-100 g kg(-1) DM) and low digestibility (249-315 g of digestible organic matter per kg DM). During autumn and winter, C. ladanifer showed higher protein levels and lower cell-wall content than in the other seasons. The highest values of phenolic compounds, CT and antioxidant activity were achieved during summer. Young plants showed higher levels of phenolic compounds during spring, summer and winter, and higher CT contents in summer (more than 54 g kg(-1) DM) compared to old plants. Aerial parts of C. ladanifer of both age groups may be used as a component of ruminant nutrition, but only as a supplement and associated with other feeding resources to complement its nutritional imbalances.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), on the fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal degradability of whole-crop maize silages under laboratory conditions. Two homofermentative LAB were tested for the purpose of comparison. Methods and Results: Maize was harvested at early dent [290 g kg -1 dry matter (DM)] and one-half milk line (355 g kg -1 DM) stages. Both homofermentative LAB were applied at 1 × 10 5 CFU g -1 of fresh forage. Lactobacillus buchneri was applied at 1 x 10 5 , 5 x 10 5 and 1 x 10 6 CFU g -1 of fresh forage. Silages with no additives served as control. After treatment, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1·5-1 anaerobic jars. Three jars per treatment were sampled on day 60. After 60 days of storage, silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting for 5 days, in which CO 2 production, as well as chemical and microbiological parameters, was measured to determine the extent of aerobic deterioration. Both homofermentative LAB increased the concentration of lactic acid and the numbers of yeasts, and decreased the concentration of acetic acid and impaired the aerobic stability of silages. In contrast, applying L. buchneri decreased the concentration of lactic acid and increased the concentration of acetic acid of the silages. Under aerobic conditions, silages treated with 5 x 10 5 and 1 × 10 6 CFU g -1 of L. buchneri, had lower pH, CO 2 production and the numbers of yeasts than the silages treated with 1 x 10 5 CFU g -1 of L. buchneri (P < 0·05). However, all doses of L. buchneri and both homofermentative LAB did not affect in situ rumen DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre degradability of the silages. Conclusions: Lactobacillus buchneri was very effective in protecting maize silages exposed to air under laboratory conditions. All doses of L. buchneri, especially 5 x 10 5 CFU g -1 or more, markedly decreased the numbers of yeasts and improved the aerobic stability of silages. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of L. buchneri, as a silage inoculant, can improve the aerobic stability of maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.

A model of sugarcane digestion was applied to indicate the suitability of various locally available supplements for enhancing milk production of Indian crossbred dairy cattle. Milk production was calculated according to simulated energy, lipogenic, glucogenic and aminogenic substrate availability. The model identified the most limiting substrate for milk production from different sugarcane-based diets. For sugarcane tops/urea fed alone, milk production was most limited by amino acid followed by long chain fatty acid availability. Among the protein-rich oil cake supplements at 100, 200 and 300 g supplement/kg total DM, cottonseed oil cake proved superior with a milk yield of 5·5, 7·3 and 8·3 kg/day, respectively. This was followed by mustard oil cake with 5·1, 6·5 and 7·6 kg/day, respectively. In the case of a protein-rich supplement (fish meal), milk yield was limited to 6·6 kg/day due to a shortage of long chain fatty acids. However, at 300 g of supplementation, energy became limiting, with a milk yield of 6·7 kg/day. Supplementation with rice bran and rice polishings at 100, 200 and 300 g restricted milk yield to 4·3, 4·9 and 5·5 and 4·5, 5·3 and 6·1 kg/day, respectively, and amino acids became the factor limiting milk production. The diet comprising basal sugarcane tops supplemented by leguminous fodder, dry fodder (e.g. rice or wheat straw) and concentrates at levels of 100, 200 and 300 g supplements/kg total diet DM proved to be the most balanced with a milk yield of 5·1, 6·7 and 9·0 kg/day, respectively.

Maize cultivation for silage could be a sustainable option in Boreal conditions, especially when combined with nutrient recycling. Effects of digestate (sludge from biogas of domestic origin) application in comparison with synthetic fertilizer and two maturity stages on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of whole-crop maize were investigated. Starch, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and digestible organic matter (DOM) contents of maize did not differ in response to the two fertilizer treatments. However, starch, DOM and metabolizable energy of maize increased, while ash, crude protein and WSC contents decreased with increasing maize maturity. Heavy metals in maize fertilized with digestate remained low. The results indicate that whole-crop maize fertilized with digestate and harvested at 150 days after sowing is a promising feed and has good nutritive value, even in Boreal conditions.

Rapeseed meal (RSM) contains a high level of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) that are not well degraded in poultry and interfere with digestion of other nutrients as protein, starch, and fat. By altering physicochemical properties of NSP from RSM, processing and enzyme technologies might improve digestive utilization of RSM, enhancing its potential as a source of nutrients in poultry diets. The effects of wet milling and extrusion in combination with pectolytic enzymes on the degradability of RSM in broilers were investigated in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Wet milling and extrusion did not affect total tract apparent digestibility of DM, CP, crude fat, and nonglucose polysaccharides (NGP). Addition of pectolytic enzymes did not affect total tract apparent digestibility of CP and crude fat, but improved degradability of NGP by 9 to 20% units (P

Three new labdanes with 8α,15-epoxy ring [methyl 8α,15-epoxylabdan-16β-oate, 8α,15-epoxylabdan-16β-ol and 8α,15-epoxy-16-norlabdan-13β-ol] and five known compounds [8α,15-epoxy-16-norlabdan-13-one, 8α,15-epoxylabdan-16β-oic acid, 3β-(3'',4''-dihydroxy)(E)-cinnamoyloxylup-20(29)-ene, 3-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)β-sitosterol and 16-acetoxy-8α,15-epoxylabdane] were isolated from toluene and dichloromethane extracts of aerial parts of Eragrostis viscosa. The structures of all the compounds were established based on their spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis of 8α,15-epoxylabdan-16β-ol. It was also studied the genotoxicity of E. viscosa, particularly compounds 16-acetoxy-8α, 15-epoxylabdane, 8α,15-epoxy-16-norlabdan-13-one and 8α, 15-epoxilabdan-16β-ol, using a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the Ames test to assess mutagenicity. Both assays were negative. Cytotoxicity was also analyzed using an MTT assay, and 8α,15-epoxy-16β-ol was shown to be the most cytotoxic of the compounds tested. E. viscosa extracts were also tested to determine their antioxidant capacities, peroxide values and total phenolic contents., Três novos labdanos com anel 8α,15-epoxi [8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-oato de metila, 8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-ol e 8α,15-epoxi-16-norlabdan-13β-ol] e cinco compostos conhecidos [8α,15-epoxi-16-norlabdan-13-ona, ácido 8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-oico, β-(3’’,4’’-di-hidroxi)- (E)-cinamoiloxilup-20(29)-eno, 3-(2’,3’,4’,6’-tetra-O-acetil-β-D-glucopiranosiloxi)-β-sitosterol e 16-acetoxi-8α,15-epoxilabdano] foram isolados dos extratos de tolueno e diclorometano de partes aéreas da Eragrostis viscosa. A estrutura dos compostos foi atribuída a partir dos seus dados espectroscópicos e da análise de difração de raios X do 8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-ol. Os compostos 16-acetóxi-8α,15-epoxilabdano, 8α,15-epoxi-16-norlabdan-13-ona e 8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-ol não apresentam genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade, as quais foram avaliadas usando o teste dos micronúcleos e o teste de Ames, respetivamente. A citotoxicidade dos mesmos compostos foi avaliada usando o teste do MTT sendo o 8α,15-epoxilabdan-16β-ol o mais citotóxico de todos os compostos analisados. Foram também avaliadas a capacidade antioxidante, o valor peróxido e o conteúdo em fenóis totais de extratos de E. viscosa.

The effects of processing technologies, whether or not combined with cell wall degrading enzymes, on the physicochemical properties of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and the resulting effects on NSP degradation in both pigs and poultry were reviewed. Evaluation of the effects of processing technologies on digestion of NSP is hampered by the potential shift of polysaccharides recovered in the fiber fractions of common, gravimetric, fiber analysis methods. Results from in vivo studies describing effects of processing technologies or enzyme treatments on crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, or acid detergent fiber digestibility, instead of NSP digestibility, should therefore, be interpreted with care. Detailed information on the composition of the NSP-fraction and digestibility of its components will help to identify and understand modifications that occur during processing. Processes based on mechanical modification of feedstuffs that are commonly used in the feed industry, such as hammer and roller milling increase solubility of the NSP-fraction resulting in a 6–7 percentage unit increase in coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of the fiber fraction in both pigs and poultry. Dry thermal processes have a minor impact on physicochemical properties of feedstuffs and consequently, the effects on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and CATTD of the fiber fractions in pigs and poultry are limited. Hydrothermal processes that include high shear forces such as expander processing and extrusion cooking are more effective and increase solubility but also viscosity. The CATTD of fiber fractions in pigs can be increased on average 3 percentage units by hydrothermal processing of feeds and feed ingredients, although some studies have reported unchanged or even decreased digestibility values. In poultry, CATTD of fiber fractions can be increased 4–16 percentage units by hydrothermal processing. Increased digesta viscosity resulting from technological processing of feed and feed ingredients can be counteracted by the addition of specific enzymes. Enzyme addition to heat processed diets and diets containing heat processed ingredients results in a 3- to 4-fold reduction in viscosity compared with enzyme addition to unprocessed diets, or diets containing unprocessed ingredients. In addition, modifications in cell wall architecture obtained by processing technologies will improve the accessibility of NSP to enzymes. As a result, the effects of enzyme addition on digestibility of the fiber fraction are 1.5–6 times larger, when applied to heat processed diets compared with unprocessed diets.

Alfalfa silages from 2 similar trials were analyzed for in vitro ruminal gas production. In both trials, there were 15 treatments: alfalfa treated at ensiling with 1 of 14 lactic acid bacterial inoculants or untreated alfalfa. First-cut (477 g of dry matter/kg) and second-cut (393 g of dry matter/kg) alfalfa were ensiled in glass jars for a minimum of 35 d at room temperature (approximately 22 degrees C). At opening, a portion of each silage was wet-ground with a mixer. Each silage was then assessed for in vitro ruminal gas production in 3 replicate runs with the wet-ground silage, 1 on the fresh silage and 2 on frozen and thawed silage. In vitro gas production was measured in 160-mL sealed serum vials incubated at 39 degrees C. One gram of silage was incubated with 17.1 mL of nutrient solution, 0.9 mL of reducing solution, and 12 mL of ruminal inoculum (1:2 vol/vol mixture of rumen fluid and buffer). Gas production was measured manually by using a pressure gauge at 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, and 96 h. At 96 h, the rumen fluid was analyzed for pH and volatile fatty acids. In the 2 trials, the untreated control silage produced either numerically the highest or one of the highest levels of gas production per unit of dry matter incubated. In first-cut silage, 9 of the inoculant treatments at 9 h and 4 treatments at 96 h had reduced gas production compared with the control. In second-cut silage, 10 inoculant treatments at both 9 and 96 h had reduced gas production compared with the control. Furthermore, in first-cut silage, the fraction of total gas production at 3, 6, and 9 h was numerically the highest for the control, and only 4 treatments were not significantly lower than the control at 9 h. In second-cut silage, 2 of 14 inoculated treatments produced faster fractional rates of gas production than the control, but most inoculated treatments had numerically slower fractional rates (4 significant) in the first 9 h. The in vitro fermented wet-ground control silages had one of the highest acetate:propionate ratios in both trials, significantly higher than 12 and 8 of the inoculated treatments in first- and second-cut silage, respectively. The response in acetate:propionate ratio in both cuts was similar, even though the control silage was highest in lactic acid in one trial and lowest in the other. Overall, inoculation of crops at ensiling appears to affect in vitro ruminal fermentation of wet-ground silages, even in the absence of large effects during silage fermentation.