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Introduction: Management of chyluria with initial conservative approach and then using endoscopic sclerotherapy is a mainstay approach. However, a wide range of sclerosants are available with differential success rates and complication rates. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single-dose instillation of 1% povidone iodine for the treatment of chyluria. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted on patients with chyluria who did not respond to conservative management with dietary restriction and diethylcarbamazine. The site of chyle efflux was identified by cystoscopy. A 6 Fr ureteral stent was inserted into effluxing side, diluted contrast was injected to delineate the pelvicalyceal system and the pyelolymphatic connection (arborization of the pelvicalyceal system), and a single-dose of 1% povidone iodine was instilled. Patients were observed for loin pain, fever, and disappearance of milky urine postinstillation and followed up at intervals of 3 months for a total duration of 1 year. Results: Of a total 50 patients included, 35 were men and 15 were women, with a mean age of 37 years. Pyelolymphatic connections were noted in 48% of the patients. All patients showed an immediate disappearance of milky urine. During 1-year follow-up, 92% of the patients were symptom-free till the last follow-up while only 8% of the patients experienced recurrence of chyluria which were treated with other treatment modalities. The mean duration of recurrence was 8 weeks. Conclusion: Single dose of 1% povidone iodine was effective in immediate clearance of milky urine and well tolerated in patients with chyluria during 1-year follow-up.

Breath alcohol analyser is used to detect alcohol content in end-expiratory breaths in order to enforce driving regulations under the influence of alcohol legislation. The accuracy and reliability of the routine measurements of alcohol content performed with breath alcohol analyser can be achieved by the calibration of the breath alcohol analyser using standards traceable to SI reference material. Proper calibration is essential for transparency in legal verification for which reference material is needed. At international level, a number of NMIs are active to address this important measurement issue of providing accurate measurements. Several international key comparison programs have been organized so far for the determination of ethanol content in aqueous and in nitrogen/air matrix. NIST, USA; BAM, Germany; IRMM, Belgium, Portugal, INMETRO, Brazil, LGC, UK etc. have developed certain reference materials of ethanol in water solution/air with different concentration ranges. However, no such reference material is introduced in India as an indigenous standard, rather, being procured from abroad or using high purity alcohol for calibration purposes. CSIR-NPL, India, being the NMI is now focusing on establishing the calibration facility and development of SI traceable aqueous alcohol standard to provide test reliability for the testing in breath alcohol analyser. This program has a societal impact which contributes to human health and regulatory needs for the nation.

Background In recent times, the use of thermal papers has increased exponentially and the fingerprints on thermal papers are frequently encountered. Although fingerprint development on paper has been standardized, that on thermal paper is complicated. Thermal papers turn black on the application of heat which poses a problem in the visualization of fingerprints which makes it difficult to visualize. Main body One solution to this problem is to use heat or steam for the development of white fingerprints on darker backgrounds. Second solution might be to dissolve the chemicals present on the surface of the thermal papers using acetone. Many studies to develop fingerprints on thermal papers using iodine fuming, ninhydrin, 1,8-diazofluorene-9-one, and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde have been performed. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the problem posed to fingerprint development on thermal papers and the probable solutions attempted by different authors. Conclusion Although the development of fingerprints is difficult on thermal papers, it can be achieved either by subjecting the thermal paper to controlled heat or by removing the temperature-sensitive layer before treating it with other fingerprint development methods.

Sources of metals in alcoholic beverages can be classified into primary and secondary sources. High concentrations of metals may lead to potential toxicity in cases of overconsumption over a long period of time. Metal content in alcoholic beverages may be used to ascertain their authenticity and geographic origin. Therefore, determination of metals in alcoholic beverages becomes a matter of utmost importance to forensic agencies. Many analytical techniques are available for qualitative and quantitative estimation of metals. Stripping methods can be used, and anodic stripping voltammetry proves to be a cheap, sensitive, reliable and less time-consuming method. With advancements in the field of electrodes, the sensitivity of voltammetry has greatly increased, making it an ideal analytical technique for the analysis of metals in wines and other alcoholic beverages. In the present review, an attempt has been made to critically review the various aspects of voltammetry with particular attention to stripping methods along with their application in determination of metal content in various alcoholic beverages.

Vegetable oils have been used as the potential feedstock for the synthesis of biolubricants. This paper focuses on the chemical modification of dehydrated castor oil (DCO). Biolubricant is synthesized via epoxidation of a blend of dehydrated castor oil with waste cooking oil (analyzed by GC-MS), prepared by reaction of oil with peroxyformic acid (H2O2 and formic acid) in the presence of H2SO4 as catalyst. Complete conversion of oil was achieved with oxirane value 5, and iodine value reduces from 128 to 4 I2/g. The resultant epoxidized product was confirmed using FT-IR and NMR analysis. The epoxidized oil was then transesterified with methanol using CH3COONa as catalyst with the molar ratio of 12:1 (Epoxidized oil: Methanol). The synthesis of biolubricant was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR results. Thus, it is revealed from this study that chemically modified DCO acts as a potential basestock for the synthesis of biolubricant.

The adsorption capacity of adsorbents towards fluoride removal depends on the component of the adsorption system, such as optimizing parameters, matrix of the adsorbent, and entrapped metal oxides. In the present study, we have developed reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-incorporated cerium‑silver mixed oxide composite (rGO-Ce/Ag) and Ce/Ag bimetallic oxide, for removal of fluoride effectively from the sample solution as well as real water samples. Our aim of this study is to study the effect of rGO matrix on the adsorption capacity of the bimetallic oxide. Both these adsorbents were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, FESEM, EDX, TEM and BET to understand the physiochemical which had been engaged for defluoridation from aqueous solutions. The results of surface analysis give the surface area of rGO-Ce/Ag and Ce/Ag are 375 and 174 m2/g, respectively which clearly shows that the surface area of rGO-Ce/Ag composite is much higher as compared to the Ce/Ag oxide and hence its adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of rGO-Ce/Ag and Ce/Ag are 434.78 and 294.11 mg/g with 99.5 and 95.7% removal, respectively which is consistent with the surface analysis results. Both the adsorbents shows similar adsorption kinetics follows pseudo-second order model and followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm i.e. multilayer type of adsorption mechanism on heterogeneous surface of adsorbent, might be due to same entrapping metals, the matrix only plays the role of enhancing adsorption sites and surface area.

Illicit liquors are illegally manufactured to evade taxes and represent the majority of unrecorded liquors in developing countries. Because there are no standards, the composition of illicit liquors varies greatly from sample to sample. In the current study, we analyzed the volatile components of 27 different illicit liquors via samples collected from various locations in the northern region of India. Ethanol content varied drastically and methanol was not present in any of the samples. The components found can be categorized into different groups, namely alcohols, esters, acids, nitrogen-containing components, ketones, and aldehydes. Some components-such as 1-propanol; 1-pentanol; 1-butanol; d-limonene; phenylethyl alcohols; anethole; and decanoic, octanoic, and pentanoic acids-were frequently encountered.

In the present study, potential utility of thin layer chromatography to differentiate some common OTC cough–cold preparations was evaluated. Twenty solvent systems were examined from which a solvent systems A comprising methanol:ammonia in the ratio of 100:1.5 (v/v) and B comprising chloroform:methanol in the ratio of 90:10 (v/v) were found to be most suitable as it showed a high degree of separation of different components of these preparations. It was also found that iodine fuming technique is the best visualizing method for examining the TLC chromatograms of these drug samples prior to subsequent instrumental analysis.

Vegetable oil is triglyceride of higher molecular weight fatty acids and most of the vegetable oils have high content of unsaturated fatty acids, which can be converted into epoxy fatty acids. Epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) are nowadays gaining importance because of their sustainable, renewable and environment friendly nature. EVOs are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of plasticizers, lubricants, coating formulations, polyols etc. Due to the unsaturation present in Ricebran oil, it can be epoxidized to produce an eco-friendly and consumer-friendly product which can replace products produced from petroleum origin. In this study waste ricebran oil was successfully used to produce economically efficient epoxy resin. The waste ricebran oil (WRBO) used was obtained from refined ricebran oil, which was used as frying medium for 16 hours. 50 g waste ricebran oil (0.177 moles) having an iodine value 92 and acid value 1.2 was reacted with performic acid at 60°C for 7 hours. An excess of 30% hydrogen per oxide (60 ml, 1.76 moles) was taken for higher conversion in the reaction. This reaction was completed with formic acid (11.2 g, 0.243 moles) as oxygen carrier in presence of H2SO4 as catalyst in situ. The product was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR).

Alcohol is a subject of forensic research across the world. The forensic characterization of alcoholic beverages is required in cases of death and crimes due to alcohol consumption. In many cases, determining the geographic origin becomes a very important part of the investigation. Therefore, it is important to develop more sensitive methods for the analysis of alcoholic beverages. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the work accomplished so far in the field of analysis and detection of alcoholic beverages. In this review, various sample preparation techniques for GC-MS analysis of alcoholic beverages have been discussed along with its applications. GC-MS based analysis is less time consuming, more sensitive and more accurate. Keywords: Forensic Sciences, Alcoholic beverages, Mortality, Analysis, GC-MS

Alcohol is one of the most frequent toxic substances encountered in forensic laboratories. It forms a huge workload and therefore a quick and sensitive method to differentiate various types of liquor brand is necessary. In the present study, an attempt has been made to characterize the country made liquors in Punjab by using Head Space Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). Analyses were performed on five brands of Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL) and four brands of country liquor. Many compounds of acid, ester, alcohol and other compounds were profiled. Benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol were found only in country made liquors and can be used to discriminate the country made liquors from IMFL brand.

The relatively high cost of refined oils render the resulting fuels unable to compete with petroleum derived fuel. In this study, biodiesel is prepared from palm fatty acid (PFA) which is a by-product of palm oil refinery. The process conditions were optimized for production of palm fatty acid methyl esters. A maximum conversion of 94.4% was obtained using two step trans-esterification with 1:10 molar ratio of oil to methanol at 65°C. Sulfuric acid and Sodium hydroxide were used as acid and base catalyst respectively. The composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained was similar to that of palm oil. The biodiesel produced met the established specifications of biodiesel of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The kinetics of the trans-esterification reaction was also studied and the data reveals that the reaction is of first order in fatty acid and methanol (MeOH) and over all the reaction is of second order.