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GeSn alloys are promising materials for CMOS-compatible mid-infrared lasers manufacturing. Indeed, Sn alloying and tensile strain can transform them into direct bandgap semiconductors. This growing laser technology however suffers from a number of limitations, such as poor optical confinement, lack of strain, thermal, and defects management, all of which are poorly discussed in the literature. Herein, a specific GeSn-on-insulator (GeSnOI) stack using stressor layers as dielectric optical claddings is demonstrated to be suitable for a monolithically integration of planar Group-IV semiconductor lasers on a versatile photonic platform for the near- and mid-infrared spectral range. Microdisk-shape resonators on mesa structures were fabricated from GeSnOI, after bonding a Ge0.9Sn0.1 alloy layer grown on a Ge strain-relaxed-buffer, itself on a Si(001) substrate. The GeSnOI microdisk mesas exhibited significantly improved optical gain as compared to that of conventional suspended microdisk resonators formed from the as-grown layer. We further show enhanced vertical out-coupling of the disk whispering gallery mode in-plane radiation, with up to 30% vertical out-coupling efficiency. As a result, the GeSnOI approach can be a valuable asset in the development of silicon-based mid-infrared photonics that combine integrated sources in a photonic platform with complex lightwave engineering.

Recent achievements of direct band gap with germanium by alloying with tin or by tensile strain engineering has enabled multiple times demonstration of laser emission in the 2-4µm wavelength range. This fast and promising emergence of CMOS-compatible laser technology in the Mid-IR faces, however, major issues, e.g., high power density of thresholds, hindering the aim to be integrated on a silicon chip and develop low cost sensing and/or Datacom devices. In this report we show that combining both tensile strain and Sn alloying can effective engineer the material band structure and its optical gain properties. We also evidence the importance of defects management on GeSn lasing characteristics, beyond the band structure engineering. We discuss the potential of GeSnOI technology to address above aspects, which enabled to drastically reduce the lasing thresholds in microdisk laser cavities and reach continuous-wave operation in GeSn active media.

GeSn alloys are nowadays considered as the most promising materials to build Group IV laser sources on silicon (Si) in a full complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible approach. Recent GeSn laser developments rely on increasing the band structure directness, by increasing the Sn content in thick GeSn layers grown on germanium (Ge) virtual substrates (VS) on Si. These lasers nonetheless suffer from a lack of defect management and from high threshold densities. In this work we examine the lasing characteristics of GeSn alloys with Sn contents ranging from 7 \% to 10.5 \%. The GeSn layers were patterned into suspended microdisk cavities with different diameters in the 4-\SI{8 }{\micro\meter} range. We evidence direct band gap in GeSn with 7 \% of Sn and lasing at 2-\SI{2.3 }{\micro\meter} wavelength under optical injection with reproducible lasing thresholds around \SI{10 }{\kilo\watt\per\square\centi\meter}, lower by one order of magnitude as compared to the literature. These results were obtained after the removal of the dense array of misfit dislocations in the active region of the GeSn microdisk cavities. The results offer new perspectives for future designs of GeSn-based laser sources., 30 pages, 9 figures

Introduction: Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Ototoxicity is one of the main side-effects restricting the use of cisplatin. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of gallic acid, in biochemical, functional and histopathological terms, against ototoxicity induced by cisplatin. Methods: Twenty-eight female Sprague Dawley rats were included. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of seven animals each. Cisplatin group received a single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin. Gallic acid group received intraperitoneal gallic acid at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days. Cisplatin + gallic acid group received intraperitoneal gallic acid at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days and a single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin at 3rd day. A control group received 1 mL intraperitoneal saline solution for five consecutive days. Prior to drug administration, all rats were exposed to the distortion product otoacoustic emissions test. The test was repeated on the 6th day of the study. All rats were then sacrificed; the cochleas were removed and set aside for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results: In cisplatin group, Day 6 signal noise ratio values were significantly lower than those of the other groups. Also, malondialdehyde levels in cochlear tissues were significantly higher, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower compared to the control group. Histopathologic evaluation revealed erosion in the stria vascularis, degeneration and edema in the connective tissue layer in endothelial cells, impairment of outer hair cells and a decrease in the number of these calls. In the cisplatin + gallic acid group, this biochemical, histopathological and functional changes were reversed. Conclusion: In the light of our findings, we think that gallic acid may have played a protective role against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats, as indicated by the distortion product otoacoustic emissions test results, biochemical findings and immunohistochemical analyses. Resumo: Introdução: A cisplatina é um agente antineoplásico amplamente usado no tratamento de vários tipos de câncer. A ototoxicidade é um dos principais efeitos colaterais que restringem o uso da cisplatina. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficácia protetora do ácido gálico, em termos bioquímicos, funcionais e histopatológicos, contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina. Método: Vinte e oito ratas Sprague-Dawley foram incluídas. As ratas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de sete animais cada. O grupo cisplatina recebeu uma única dose intraperitoneal de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina. O grupo ácido gálico recebeu ácido gálico via intraperitoneal a uma dose de 100 mg/kg durante cinco dias consecutivos. O grupo cisplatina + ácido gálico recebeu ácido gálico via intraperitoneal a uma dose de 100 mg/kg durante cinco dias consecutivos e uma única dose intraperitoneal de 15 mg/kg de cisplatina no terceiro dia. O grupo controle recebeu 1 mL de solução salina via intraperitoneal por cinco dias consecutivos. Antes da administração do fármaco, todos os ratos foram expostos ao teste de emissões otoacústicas - produto de distorção. O teste foi repetido no sexto dia do estudo. Todos os ratos foram então sacrificados; as cócleas foram removidas e reservadas para análises bioquímicas e histopatológicas. Resultados: No grupo cisplatina, os valores da relação sinal-ruído do dia 6 foram significativamente mais baixos aos dos outros grupos. Além disso, os níveis de malondialdeído nos tecidos cocleares foram significativamente mais altos, e as atividades de superóxido dismutase e glutatione peroxidase foram significativamente mais baixas em comparação com o grupo controle. A avaliação histopatológica revelou erosão na estria vascular, degeneração e edema na camada de tecido conjuntivo em células endoteliais, comprometimento das células ciliadas externas e diminuição do número dessas células. No grupo cisplatina + ácido gálico, estas alterações bioquímicas, histopatológicas e funcionais foram revertidas. Conclusão: Tendo em vista os nossos achados, consideramos que o ácido gálico pode ter desempenhado um papel protetor contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina em ratas, conforme indicado pelos resultados do teste emissões otoacústicas - produto de distorção, achados bioquímicos e análises imuno-histoquímicas. Keywords: Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, Gallic acid, Oxidative stress, DPOAE, Palavras-chave: Ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina, Ácido gálico, Estresse oxidativo, EOAPD

Direct band gap achievements in germanium by alloying with tin or by tensile strain engineering has enabled, in recent years, several demonstrations of laser emission in the 2-5µm wavelength range. This fast and promising emergence of CMOS-compatible laser technology in the Mid-IR faces, however, major issues, e.g. high threshold power densities, which limit the integration of GeSn as a gain media on a silicon chip for cost-efficient sensing and/or short-range Datacom devices. We show that combining tensile strain and Sn alloying enables one to effectively engineer the material band structure and its optical gain properties. We also evidence the importance of defects management on GeSn lasing characteristics, beyond the band-structure engineering. We discuss the potential of GeSnOI technology to address the above-mentionned aspects, which enabled to drastically reduce the lasing thresholds in microdisk laser cavities and reach continuous-wave operation in GeSn.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a ubiquitous chronic disease with a growing incidence. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of naringenin against AR induced in rats. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups of eight animals each. Group 1 represented the control group. The other 24 rats were sensitized with intraperitoneal 0.3 mg ovalbumin (OVA) and 30 mg aluminum hydroxide every other day for 14 days to induce AR. Ten microliters OVA was administered to both nostrils by inhalation for the following seven days to provoke AR. Group 2 represented the AR group and received no treatment. Group 3 was treated as the reference group and received 5 mg/kg desloratadine every day between days 15 and 21. Group 4 received 100 mg/kg naringenin orally between days 15 and 21. All animal’s sneezing and nasal itching scores were recorded on day 22. The rats were then sacrificed. Serum total IgE, IL4 and IL5 values were studied, and nasal structures were extracted ‘en bloc’ for histopathological examination. Significant clinical recovery was achieved in the group treated with naringenin. Serum total IgE, IL4 and IL5 values in the naringenin group were significantly lower than in the AR group, and significant histopathological improvement was observed compared to the AR group. Naringenin produced significant clinical, biochemical and histopathological benefits in rats with induced AR. These effects suggest that naringenin is a promising agent for the treatment of AR.

Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (SKK) is a poly-herbal ayurvedic medicine formulated using plant extracts of Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae), Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae), and Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae), described to improve liver function and general health. In the present study, we have explored the hepatoprotective effects of SKK in ameliorating carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver toxicity using in-vitro and in-vivo test systems. Chemical analysis of SKK using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS-QToF) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of different bioactive plant metabolites, known to impart hepatoprotective effects. In human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells, co-treatment of SKK with CCl4 effectively reduced the hepatotoxicity induced by the latter. These effects were confirmed by studying parameters such as loss of cell viability; release of hepatic injury enzymatic biomarkers- aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); and changes in reactive oxygen species and in mitochondrial membrane potentials. In-vivo safety analysis in Wistar rats showed no loss in animal body weight, or change in feeding habits after repeated oral dosing of SKK up to 1,000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Also, no injury-related histopathological changes were observed in the animal's blood, liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung. Pharmacologically, SKK played a significant role in modulating CCl4 induced hepatic injuries in the Wistar rats at a higher dose. In the 9 weeks' study, SKK (200 mg/kg) reduced the CCl4 stimulated increase in the release of enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol, and uric acid levels in the Wistar rats. It also reduced the CCl4 stimulated inflammatory lesions such as liver fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltration, and hyper-plasticity. In conclusion, SKK showed pharmacological effects in improving the CCl4 stimulated liver injuries in HepG2 cells and in Wistar rats. Furthermore, no adverse effects were observed up to 10× higher human equivalent dose of SKK during 28-days repeated dose exposure in Wistar rats. Based on the literature search on the identified plant metabolites, SKK was found to act in multiple ways to ameliorate CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, polyherbal SKK medicine has shown remarkable potentials as a possible alternative therapeutics for reducing liver toxicity induced by drugs, and other toxins.

The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Herbal formulations have recently gained importance as an alternative therapeutic option in controlling diabetes without causing any side effects. In the present study, we have demonstrated maintenance of glycemic homeostasis and anti-adipogenic potential of a herbo-mineral formulation Divya MadhuKalp (DMK). Initially, we evaluated the presence of bioactive compounds in DMK using LC/MS-QToF analysis. In-vitro analysis of DMK in L6 (skeletal muscle) cells showed a significant increase in cellular glucose uptake. Similarly, a human equivalent dose of DMK significantly reduced blood glucose level in normoglycemic and oral glucose tolerance rat model. DMK extract also inhibited formation of advanced glycation end product and showed anti-α-glucosidase activity. Further analysis of DMK in 3T3 L1 pre-adipocytes demonstrated anti-adipogenic activity through reduction in intracellular lipid accumulation and triglyceride contents along with downregulation of major adipogenic transcriptional factors (PPAR-γ and C/EBPα) and, adipocytes marker genes (LPL, AP2 and adiponectin). In conclusion, DMK exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic activities by synergistic effect of its bioactive compounds and can be considered as a potent herbo-mineral formulation for treating metabolic diseases.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by circumscribed, red, thickened plaques with overlying silvery white scales. It is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that lead to the development of edema and distress. Here we show the anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic efficacies of a neutraceutical sea buckthorn oil (SBKT) derived from the fruit pulp of Hippophae rhamnoides. Chemical analysis of the SBKT showed the presence of 16 major saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids components, imparting significant nutritional values. Efficacy of the SBKT in modulating psoriasis and associated inflammation was first tested in vitro using human monocytic (THP-1) cells. SBKT induced cytotoxicity at a dose of ≥25 µl/ml. Treatment of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells with SBKT subdued the enhanced release of intracellular reactive nitrogen species and expression of NF-κB protein, in a concentration-dependent manner. This was accompanied by a reduction in the release of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-1s and interleukin-6. Tumor necrosis factor-α released in the stimulated THP-1 cells were also inhibited by SBKT dose of 5 µl/ml. In vivo oral and topical treatment with SBKT in the Carrageenan-stimulated paw edema model, showed a significant decrease in paw volume and edema. In the 12-O tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulated CD-1 mice psoriasis-like model, concurrent oral and tropical SBKT treatments substantially reduced ear edema and ear biopsy weights. Histopathologically, significant reduction in ear epidermal thickness and skin lesion scores was observed in the SBKT-treated animals. In conclusion, SBKT showed anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriasis-like efficacies in healing chemical-induced inflammation and psoriasis. The possible mode of action of SBKT was found through inhibition of reactive nitrogen species, and downregulation of NF-κB protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present data suggest that Sea buckthorn oil can be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic nutraceutical.

Deep neck infection (DNI) refers to infections in spaces created by superficial and deep cervical fascia around the muscles and organs in the neck. Vitamin D is highly important for an effective immune system. Vitamin D receptors (VDR) have been identified in immune system cells, and particularly in T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Vitamin D deficiency is thought to result in impaired immune response, decreased leukocyte chemotaxis, and an increased disposition to infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency is an underlying occult factor in the development of DNI. Sixty-five patients aged 6 to 90, diagnosed with DNI, and 70 healthy age- and sex-compatible cases were included in the study. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) were determined in each case. 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels above 20 ng/mL were regarded as normal, 12 to 20 ng/mL as insufficient, 5 to 12 ng/mL as deficient, and less than 5 ng/mL as severely deficient. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 10.4 (6.2) ng/mL in the patient group and 15.5 (6.4) ng/mL in the control group ( P < .01). This difference was statistically significant ( P < .01). Vitamin D was within normal limits in 9.2% (n = 6) of cases in the study group, insufficient in 29.2% (n = 19), deficient in 35.3% (n = 23), and severely deficient in 26.2% (n = 17). The equivalent values in the control group were 21.4% (n = 15), 48.5% (n = 34), 30% (n = 21), and 0% (n = 0). Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients with DNI compared to the healthy cases; 25(OH)D levels may be a factor in the development of DNI.

Aim: Aminoglycoside group drugs are widely used due to their broad spectrum and low cost. Clinical or subclinical nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity may frequently be seen as side-effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective efficacy of thymol and coenzyme Q10 in a gentamycin-induced ototoxicity model in rats.Materials and Methods: Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups of six animals each. The first group represented the control animals. The second group was exposed to ototoxicity induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) gentamycin administration at 80 mg/kg for seven days. The third group received oral thymol at 10 mg/kg simultaneously with 80 mg/kg gentamycin. The fourth group received 20 mg/kg oral thymol simultaneously with i.p. 80 mg/kg gentamycin. The fifth group received 10 mg/kg coenzyme Q10 simultaneously with i.p. 80 mg/kg gentamycin, and the sixth group received 20 mg/kg coenzyme Q10 simultaneously with i.p. 80 mg/kg gentamycin. All animals were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia at the end of the seventh day. The temporal region was extracted en bloc, and cochlear structures were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination.Results: Immunohistochemical and histopathological analyses showed that thymol and coenzyme Q10 administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg reduced such effects as hyperemia in the stria vascularis, decreases in inner hair cell numbers, and degeneration in spinal ganglion cells, and produced a decrease in caspase-3 activity. Significantly better results were obtained with high-dose treatments compared to the low-dose groups. The protective efficacy of coenzyme Q10 applied at a dose of 20 mg/kg was particularly marked compared with the ototoxicity group.Conclusion: Coenzyme Q10 and thymol exhibited marked protective effects against ototoxicity induced in rats. Coenzyme Q10 and thymol are two important antioxidant substances with the potential for use in preventing side-effects that may develop in association with gentamycin use.

Aim: The primary treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is parathyroidectomy. With its shorter operative time and healing period, lesser general anesthesia duration, lesser hypoparathyroidism risk and better cosmetic results minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is the most commonly performed contemporary surgical procedure. However, in order for this procedure to be successful, it is important to know the location of the parathyroid adenoma. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of Ultrasonography (USG) and technetium methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy (99mTc-MIBI) in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two patients diagnosed with parathyroid adenoma were included in the study. Preoperative parathyroid USG and 99mTc-MIBI were performed on all patients. All patients’ preoperative serum calcium, phosphorus, parathormone and Vitamin D levels, parathyroid USG and 99mTc-MIBI, intraoperative parathyroid lesion location and histopathological examination results were recorded. Results: Patients aged between 22 and 81 (51.7±15.6) were eventually enrolled. When USG was used alone, the site of the adenoma was correctly determined in 26 of the 52 patients with a sensitivity of 52% and a positive predictive value of 92.8%. When scintigraphy was performed alone, the site of the adenoma was correctly identified in 39 of the 52 patients. Sensitivity was thus 76.4% and positive predictive value 97.5%. When USG and scintigraphy were assessed together, adenoma location was correctly identified in 45 of the 52 patients. Sensitivity for the two tests employed together was 88.2% and positive predictive value was 97.8%. Conclusions: Due to the high sensitivity of combined use of USG and 99mTc-MIBI, we recommend the two tests to be assessed together before parathyroid surgery.

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of technologically treated diclofenac (release-active dilutions of diclofenac (RAD of diclofenac)) on anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Ninety male Wistar albino rats (6–8 weeks) divided into nine groups (n = 10) were used. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after subplantar injection of carrageenan (0.1 ml of a 1 % solution in normal saline). Diclofenac alone was studied at 5 and 20 mg/kg, RAD of diclofenac alone at 7.5 ml/kg and their combination at 5 and 7.5 ml/kg, respectively. Diclofenac reduced (p

The quest for novel plasmonic materials has been a lively area of research over the last few years. In the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region, in particular, localized plasmon resonances in nanoparticles and nano-antennas hold promise for enhanced IR spectroscopies, with key applications in biology, medicine, and security. In this frame, the development of a CMOS-compatible plasmonic platform in the mid-IR could have disruptive effects for future technologies, allowing for cost-effective sensing devices integrated with electronics [1-2]. We report on the growth, fabrication and optical characterization of heavily-doped Ge antennas integrated on a Si substrate and we exploit them for the sensing of solid-phase and liquid-phase analytes [3-5]. Epitaxial Ge is grown on Si by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, exploiting phosphorous as the dopant and achieving plasma frequencies up to 1950 cm-1 (5.1 µm wavelength) corresponding to activated doping of 8.1 x 1019 cm–3. Through modelling and simulation of a series of key figures of merit we demonstrate that n-Ge has performance as a mid-infrared plasmonic material that is within an order of magnitude of noble metals such as gold and with properly designed antennas has the potential to provide enhancements of up to 3 orders of magnitude. We demonstrate two-wire gap antennas fabricated by electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching techniques, displaying localized plasmon resonances in the important 8 to 13 µm molecular fingerprint region. We target the sensing of a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer (thickness of about 40 nm) and demonstrate experimentally an enhancement of two orders of magnitude in the collected signal for resonances around 800 cm–1 (12.5 µm wavelength), as derived from a comparison with the results of detailed numerical simulations. Further measurements of the ~700 cm–1 (14.3 µm wavelength) C–Cl bond duplet of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide, a mustard chemical warfare (CW) agent simulant, demonstrates potential security applications. This part of the mid-infrared spectrum has a host of molecular absorption lines important for the sensing of both CW agents and explosives, both of which are of interest for airport and counter terrorism security screening. Our results represent a first experimental benchmark for group-IV mid-IR plasmonics and confirm that future CMOS sensing platforms could benefit significantly from plasmonic enhancements provided by integrated heavily-doped Ge-based devices. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n°613055. [1] R. Soref, Nature Phot. 4, 495-497 (2010). [2] R. Soref, J. Hendrickson, and J.W. Cleary, Opt. Exp. 20, 3814-3824 (2012). [3] L. Baldassarre, E. Sakat, J. Frigerio, A. Samarelli, K. Gallacher, E. Calandrini, G. Isella, D.J. Paul, M. Ortolani, and P. Biagioni, Nano Lett. 15, 7225-7231 (2015). [4] P. Biagioni, J. Frigerio, A. Samarelli, K. Gallacher, L. Baldassarre, E. Sakat, E. Calandrini, R.W. Millar, V. Giliberti, G. Isella, D.J. Paul, and M. Ortolani, J. Nanophot. 9, 093789 (2015). [5] A. Samarelli, J. Frigerio, E. Sakat, L. Baldassarre, K. Gallacher, M. Finazzi, G. Isella, M. Ortolani, P. Biagioni, and D.J. Paul, Thin Solid Films 602, 52 – 55 (2016). Figure 1

International audience; Midinfrared plasmonic sensing allows the direct targeting of unique vibrational fingerprints of molecules. While gold has been used almost exclusively so far, recent research has focused on semiconductors with the potential to revolutionize plasmonic devices. We fabricate antennas out of heavily doped Ge films epitaxially grown on Si wafers and demonstrate up to 2 orders of magnitude signal enhancement for the molecules located in the antenna hot spots compared to those located on a bare silicon substrate. Our results set a new path toward integration of plasmonic sensors with the ubiquitous CMOS platform.

Berberine and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of berberine and CoQ10 on allergic rhinitis. This study involved 30 Sprague–Dawley rats, and allergic rhinitis model was established with induction of ovalbumin. Rats were randomized into five groups. The first represented the control group, in which no allergy was established. The second represented the allergy group, in which allergy was induced but no treatment was given. In the remaining three groups, following induction of allergy, desloratadine at a dose of 10 mg/kg was given to Group 3, 100 mg/kg dose of berberine to Group 4, and 20 mg/kg dose of CoQ10 to Group 5. Nasal symptom scores, and plasma immunoglobulin-E, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were examined at the end of the study. Rats’ nasal tissues were also subjected to histopathological immunohistochemical examination. Nasal symptom scores, and plasma immunoglobulin-E, IL-4, IL-13, MDA and NO levels increased significantly in rats with induced allergic rhinitis. Berberine and CoQ10 significantly reduced these elevated levels. CoQ10 was also found as effective as desloratadin in terms of nasal symptom scores and biochemical parameters. At histopathological examination, severe allergic inflammation was observed in rats from allergic rhinitis group. At all treatment groups, the histopathological changes were significantly improved and only a mild inflammation was determined. Also, immunochemistry showed a significant improvement in all three treatment groups. Coenzyme Q10 and berberine were both effective in suppressing allergy symptoms. We think that berberine and coenzyme Q10 can usefully be employed as therapy due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in an experimentally induced allergic rhinitis model.

BackgroundOtitis media with effusion is a clinical manifestation characterised by inflammation of middle-ear mucosa. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on a histamine-induced animal model of otitis media with effusion.MethodsThe animals were divided into five groups, receiving erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin or saline solution. The guinea pigs in the study groups received erythromycin (40 mg/kg/day), clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day), azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) or roxithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 days by gastric tube. Four hours after the end of the administration, histamine solution was injected into the right middle ear.ResultsThe lowest neutrophil density value obtained using stereological techniques was in the azithromycin group (0.86 ± 0.25 × 10−5/μm3), while the highest value was observed in the control group (6.68 ± 3.12 × 10−5/μm3). The anti-inflammatory properties of clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin were similar to one another, but better than that of erythromycin.ConclusionThe use of macrolide antibiotics is recommended, as they show antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy in otitis media with effusion.

Introduction: Ototoxicity refers to cellular damage or function impairment developing in the inner ear in association with any therapeutic agent or chemical substance, and still represents the principal side-effect restricting the use of cisplatin. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a biochemical, functional and histopathological investigation of the potential protective effect of eugenol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Methods: The study was performed with 24 female Sprague Dawley rats. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were performed on all animals, which were randomized into four equal groups. A single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin was administered to cisplatin group, while the eugenol group received 100 mg/kg eugenol intraperitoneal for five consecutive days. 100 mg/kg eugenol was administered to cisplatin + eugenol group for 5 days. On the third day, these rats were received a single dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin. The control group was given 8 mL/kg/day intraperitoneal saline solution for five days. The distortion product otoacoustic emissions test was repeated 24 h after the final drug administration. All animals were sacrificed, and the cochleas were subsequently used for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Results: Cisplatin caused oxidative stress in the cochlea, impaired the cochlear structure and significantly reduced signal noise ratio levels. Administration of eugenol together with cisplatin reversed these effects and provided functional, biochemical and histopathological protection. Conclusion: The study findings represent the first indication in the literature that eugenol may protect against ototoxicity by raising levels of antioxidant enzymes and lowering those of oxidant parameters. © 2018 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial, This study was performed in accordance with the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. et seq.); the animal use protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Ataturk University.

International audience; A novel scanning probe tip made of heavily doped semiconductor is fabricated and used instead of standard gold-coated tips in infrared scattering-type near-field microscopy. Midinfrared near-field microscopy experiments are conducted on ZnO nanowires with a lateral resolution better than 100 nm, using tips made of heavily electron-doped germanium with a plasma frequency in the midinfrared (plasma wavelength of 9.5 μm). Nanowires embedded in a dielectric matrix are imaged at two wavelengths, 11.3 and 8.0 μm, above and below the plasma wavelength of the tips. An opposite sign of the imaging contrasts between the nanowire and the dielectric matrix is observed at the two infrared wavelengths, indicating a clear role of the free-electron plasma in the heavily doped germanium tip in building the imaging contrast. Electromagnetic simulations with a multispherical dipole model accounting for the finite size of the tip are well consistent with the experiments. By comparison of the simulated and measured imaging contrasts, an estimate for the local free-carrier density in the investigated ZnO nanowires in the low 10 19 cm −3 range is retrieved. The results are benchmarked against the scattering intensity and phase maps obtained on the same sample with a gold-coated probe tip in pseudoheterodyne detection mode.

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of technologically treated diclofenac (release-active dilutions of diclofenac (RAD of diclofenac)) on anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Ninety male Wistar albino rats (6-8 weeks) divided into nine groups (n = 10) were used. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after subplantar injection of carrageenan (0.1 ml of a 1 % solution in normal saline). Diclofenac alone was studied at 5 and 20 mg/kg, RAD of diclofenac alone at 7.5 ml/kg and their combination at 5 and 7.5 ml/kg, respectively. Diclofenac reduced (p < 0.05 at least) paw edema at all time points. RAD of diclofenac enhanced (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac (5 mg/kg) at 2, 4, and 6 h on concurrent and at 2 and 4 h on sequential administration. Moreover at 2 h, anti-inflammatory effect of combination treatment reached values comparable to those of diclofenac (20 mg/kg). In conclusion, RAD of diclofenac enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac.

We discuss a new type of nanoscale photon source constituted by a micro-pyramid made of epitaxial semiconductor material (Ge) attached to a silicon cantilever optimized for Atomic Force Microscopy and shaped by means of low-current Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. The optical characterization of these tips demonstrates sizeable photoluminescence emission at the direct energy gap of Ge (1550nm). We have checked by independent measurements on the nano-patterned epitaxial material prior to the tip shaping process that the photoluminescence yield is not significantly affected by FIB milling, indicating that the optical properties of the material in this wavelength range are preserved. We envisage an application of this tool as a scanning probe in apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy. Display Omitted Photoluminescence emission from a scanning probe tip made of epitaxial semiconductor materialPatterning by EBL of epitaxial SiGe semiconductor material filmFabrication method to realize free-standing semiconductor nanostructuresSemiconductor scanning nanoscale photon source for apertureless-SNOM (a-SNOM)

International audience; Impulsive interband excitation with femtosecond near-infrared pulses establishes a plasma response in intrinsic germanium structures fabricated on a silicon substrate. This direct approach activates the plasmonic resonance of the Ge structures and enables their use as optical antennas up to the mid-infrared spectral range. The optical switching lasts for hundreds of picoseconds until charge recombination redshifts the plasma frequency. The full behavior of the structures is modeled by the electrodynamic response established by an electron-hole plasma in a regular array of antennas. Plasmonics offers an elegant way to effectively couple optical radiation to subwavelength structures [1–6]. Owing to the strong field enhancement, it becomes possible to access light-matter interactions at the nanometer scale [7–10] with the opportunity to efficiently excite single quantum systems [11,12]. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range is of interest for sensing explosives, hazardous chemicals, and molecules of biological relevance in the so-called " vibrational fingerprint region " that covers the wavelength band from 3 to 20 μm [13–17], i.e., from 100 to 15 THz. In this context, Ge represents a novel material for MIR plasmonics [18–20]. Recent advancements enable ultrahigh doping of single-crystalline films and the approach of growing Ge on Si substrates ensures full compatibility with standard semiconductor technologies. The doping level can be tailored in order to tune the carrier concentration and thus to control the plasma frequency ν p [21–23]. State-of-the-art doping techniques allow semiconducting materials to be employed for plasmonic applications up to MIR frequencies [19]. Semiconductors are also appealing for the possibility to optically excite electrons from the valence to the conduction band, thus establishing a plasma response [24,25] that lasts until the charges recombine. This approach has been successfully exploited to study active plasmonics [26–28] and THz metamaterial devices [29,30] in direct band gap semiconductors such as InSb and GaAs [31–33], or in Si [34]. The plasma frequencies achieved in these materials, however, were limited to the far-infrared or terahertz ranges. In this work, we demonstrate the activation of MIR plasmonic resonances in Ge microstructures by impulsively establishing a plasma response that extends up to a frequency of 60 THz with ultrashort near-infrared pulses. We also provide a theoretical insight on the plasmonic behavior of the antennas by modeling their optical response triggered by an electron-hole plasma in the semiconductor band structure. Ge is the ideal material for our application since (i) it can be effectively excited by near-infrared radiation resonant with direct transitions, (ii) the indirect gap prevents quick recombination of photoexcited carriers with the consequen-tial drift of the plasma frequency on ultrafast time scales, and (iii) Ge has no dipole-active optical phonons in the MIR spectral region that complicate its dielectric behavior and accelerate the recombination process [18,24,35]. When an ultrashort near-infrared pulse excites intrinsic Ge, electron-hole pairs are created in the Γ valley of the band structure via interband absorption [see Fig. 1(a)]. Electrons at the Γ point scatter into the L minima within 100 fs, where they acquire a larger effective mass m Ã. For high pump fluence, two-photon absorption has also been taken into account and allows access to the large joint density of states around the L symmetry point. The occurrence of photoexcited electrons in the L valley of the conduction band and holes in the valence band at the Γ point leads to a Drude-like dielectric response with the intrinsic Ge becoming quasimetallic. The resonance characteristics of optical structures depend significantly on both their geometry as well as the inherent number of free carriers. Thus, impulsive excitation can be used to activate and tune the resonance properties of Ge plasmonic antennas. Single-crystalline, undoped Ge films were grown on intrinsic Si substrates by low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition [20,23,36,37]. The 1-μm-thick layer was patterned by electron beam lithography with subsequent reactive ion dry etching [see Figs. 1(b) and 1(c)]

International audience; In this work, the growth and the fabrication of heavily doped germanium plasmonic antennas for mid-infrared applications are reported. By tuning the phosphorus doping concentration and the antenna geometrical parameters, plasma frequencies for targeting the 8–15 μm spectral region are achieved. 1 μm thick, heavily doped (2.3 × 1019 cm− 3) germanium was used to fabricate dipole antennas of 800 nm width with a gap spacing of 300 nm which demonstrate resonance frequencies around 13 μm and 13.5 μm for 2 μm and 3 μm long structures, respectively. This technology has the potential to be used for mid-infrared sensing applications of hazardous gases and liquids.

Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Osteoporosis is a disease that can often be prevented and treated. Bone is living, growing tissue. It is made mostly of collagen, a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium phosphate, a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone strong yet flexible to withstand stress. More than 99% of the body calcium is contained in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found in the blood.

The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Erythrina indica Lam leaves by in vitro methods viz. 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method on isolated rat liver tissues. Quantitative analysis of antioxidative components like total amount of phenolics, flavonoids, and flavonols were estimated using the spectrophotometric method. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the IC(50) value. Results showed that the aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited significant DPPH radicals scavenging activity with an IC(50) value 342.59 ± 19.59, 283.24 ± 12.28 µg/mL respectively. Nitric oxide radicals were significantly scavenged by the aqueous and methanol extracts (IC(50) = 250.12 ± 10.66; 328.29 ± 3.74 µg/mL). Lipid peroxidation induced by the Fe(2+) was inhibited by the aqueous extract with low IC(50) value (97.29 ± 2.05 µg/mL) as compared to methanol extract (IC(50) = 283.74 ± 5.70 µg/mL). Both the extracts were exhibited similar quantities of total phenolics. Total flavonoids were found to be in higher quantities than total flavonols in aqueous extract as compared to methanol extract. From the results, it is concluded that the aqueous and methanol extracts of E. indica leaves possesses significant antioxidant activity that may be due to the presence of flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds.

International audience; Heavily doped Ge thin films grown on different substrates have been investigated by infrared (IR) reflectometry. Screened plasma frequency and losses have been determined to assess the possibilities and limitations of Ge for mid infrared plasmonic.

The results of the study showed that clarithromycin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and, when it is combined with prednisolone, those effects gain strength.The present study aims to investigate the effects that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of clarithromycin and/or prednisolone have on experimental otitis media in effusion-induced guinea-pigs.In this study, 35-male guinea pigs were randomly divided into five-groups. For the experimental otitis media, intra-tympanic histamine (0.1 ml) was injected into the guinea pigs in all of the groups except the control group. Then, 24-h after the intra-tympanic injections, clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day) and/or prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) were applied intraperitoneally to the guinea-pigs for 7-days. The biochemical analysis showed an increase in antioxidant capacity and a decrease in oxidant status and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the clarithromycin group and the prednisolone group and especially in the clarithromycin+prednisolone group, as compared to the experimental group (p0.05). In the cytokine analysis, lower levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A and higher IL-10 were found in the clarithromycin, prednisolone, and clarithromycin+prednisolone groups than in the experimental group (p0.05). Furthermore, the histologic analyses showed histopathologic changes in the middle ear mucosa of the experimental group, but comparatively fewer-histopathologic changes were observed in the clarithromycin, prednisolone, and clarithromycin+prednisolone groups.

International audience; We address the behavior of mid-infrared localized plasmon resonances in elongated germanium antennas integrated on silicon substrates. Calculations based on Mie theory and on the experimentally retrieved dielectric constant allow us to study the tunability and the figures of merit of plasmon resonances in heavily-doped germanium and to preliminarily compare them with those of the most established plasmonic material, gold.

International audience; Germanium nanoantennas are activated by triggering a mid-infrared plasma response via ultrafast interband excitation. Femtosecond control of the intrinsic semiconductor allows complete activation of the plasmonic resonance for hundreds of picoseconds.

International audience; We investigate the mid-infrared response of heavily doped germanium films and periodic arrays of nanoantennas by both continuous wave transmission/reflection spectroscopy and ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy. We compare the data to finite-element modeling electromagnetic simulations of the subwavelength nanostructures. The plasma frequency of the doped or optically activated semiconductor extends in the 1000-2000 cm-1 range thus enabling access to molecular fingerprints.

International audience; We introduce an all-semiconductor platform for mid-infrared plasmonics based on epitaxial heavily-doped Ge-on-Si. We design, fabricate, and characterize plasmonic Ge antenna arrays to assess the potential of this platform for mid-infrared sensing applications.

Nasal furunculosis is a deep infection of hair follicle within the nasal vestibule. In this report, the authors presented a 49-year-old woman with 4-day history of focal red area and tender swelling on the tip of her nose. On physical examination, together with a swelling at nasal vestibulum, erythema, and edema on the skin of nasal tip were observed, which is called the Rudolph Sign. The patient was treated with intranasal topical mupirocin and oral sodium fusidate. Because nasal furunculosis may lead to serious complications such as ophthalmic vein thrombosis and cavernous sinus thrombosis, early diagnosis and effective treatment is essential.

Mental disorders contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases. Projections towards the year 2020 show that the neuropsychiatric illness will increase their share from about 10.5% of the total burden of disease in 1990 to 15% in 2020 [1]. Mentha arvensis is an indigenous plant of the Lamiaceae family commonly known as ‘Pudina’ and ‘Mint’ in English. It is reported to exhibit central nervous system (CNS) modulating effects [2]. Hence, the present study was carried out to investigate aqueous and methanol extracts of Mentha arvensis Linn extracts for antioxidant and antidepressant activity. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Mentha arvensis were preliminary studied for in vitro antioxidant activity using 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity methods. Then the extracts were investigated for antidepressant activity by Tail suspension and Forced swim test at dose level of 125, 250 and 500mg/kg in Swiss albino mice. Fluoxetin was used as a positive control at the dose of 10mg/kg. Methanol extract showed significant antioxidant and antidepressant activity as compared to aqueous extract. However, there is need for further studies to evaluate its mode of action. References: 1. Kastrup M, et al (2007) Dan. Med. Bull 54: 42–432. 2. Pia M. Vuorela et al.(2006) Fitoterapia 77:429–434.