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BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) may worsen blood rheology that has been demonstrated by clinical and experimental data. It is also known that anti-inflammatory agents and preconditioning methods may reduce I/R injury. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze hemorheological alterations in elective knee operations and the effects of intraoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration and application of ischemic preconditioning. METHODS: Hemorheological variables of 17 patients with total knee replacement or anterior crucial ligament replacement were analyzed. The ischemic (tourniquet) time was 92±15 minutes. Seven patients did not receive NSAID (Control group), 5 patients got i.v. sodium-diclophenac 10 minutes before and 6 hours after reperfusion. Five patients had ischemic preconditioning (3×15 minutes). Blood samples were collected before the ischemia, 10 minutes after reperfusion, on the 1st and 2nd p.o. day. RESULTS: Whole blood viscosity didn’t show notable inter-group differences, except for a slight decrease in the preconditioning group. RBC deformability decreased, erythrocyte aggregation enhanced by the 1st and 2nd p.o. days in Control group. In NSAID and preconditioning groups the changes were moderate, aggregation values significantly lowered compared to the Control group. CONCLUSION: Intraoperatively administered diclophenac or ischemic preconditioning could moderate the deterioration in micro-rheological parameters caused by I/R in patients.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) with high antioxidant capacity is distributed all over the world, but has never been used as a natural antioxidant in oils to replace synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of sea buckthorn extract in comparison to a common natural antioxidant rosemary extract and a synthetic antioxidant on retarding lipid oxidation. First the extracts were characterised, and it was found that sea buckthorn extract had higher polyphenol contents, radical scavenging activity, and higher antioxidant capacity. Then the proper concentrations for the use of these antioxidants were determined. Additionally, the progress of lipid oxidation during cycles of frying was assessed in terms of free fatty acids content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, colour, total polar compounds, and Induction period. The general order of effectiveness for inhibition of high oleic sunflower oil degradation during frying was: sea buckthorn > BHT > rosemary > control (P

To provide a mandibular complete denture for a patient with a partial glossectomy and partial mandibulectomy, the denture space was captured using a piezography technique involving silicone impression materials with two different viscosities. Artificial teeth were arranged within the obtained piezographic index, and the denture was processed in the conventional manner. Using the piezography technique described enables physiologically appropriate complete dentures to be fabricated based on the neutral zone concept. (Int J Maxillofac Prosthetics 2021;4:37-42)

Excessive consumption of added sugar is associated with many health problems, for example obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc. Hence there is an urgent need for the product reformulation by total replacement or partial reduction of sugar in food industry. The aim of this research was to study the effect of sugar substitution (by stevia and xylitol) on model confectionary systems. We investigated differences in the texture properties, the viscosity and thermal properties of the blends. Based on our results, the sugar substitution affects the physical properties of the measured samples. The apparent viscosity and the texture properties were changed due to the different dry matter content in the samples. In the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curves the different melting of the samples were expressed according to the changes in sugar content. Further work is needed in this field to follow up the discovered changes in thermal behaviour of these mixtures.

Putative health effects of dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) receive a growing attention; while very little is known about the metabolism of these special food components. In vitro studies carried out in cultured cells provide an efficient and standardizable approach to follow the metabolic fate of TFAs, but it requires suitable techniques for the quantitative measurement of FAs in cell samples. Here, the development and validation of a simple and reliable method for the quantification of a group of relevant FAs by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection is presented. Sample preparation used a fast one-step and chloroform-free process for simultaneous extraction and esterification, and chromatographic separation was achieved in 25 min using a Zebron ZB-88 capillary column. A linear calibration (of R2 >0.99) was obtained in the concentration range of 1-200 µg/mL for each FA. Recovery rate was 82 % for samples of non-esterified FAs and >95 % for complex lipids, such as ceramides, diglycerides and triglycerides. The LOD and LOQ were below 0.5 µg/mL, and a robust method precision was achieved (RSD % was below 6 % for each lipid classes). The present method was also tested on a cultured cell line with or without FA treatment at close to physiological concentration, and the observed changes in the metabolite concentration levels revealed characteristic differences between the metabolism of cis and trans unsaturated FAs.

While the strong axial UO bonds confer high stability and inertness to UO22+, it has been shown that the axial oxo ligands can be eliminated or replaced in the gas-phase using collision-induced dissociation (CID) reactions. We report here tandem mass spectrometry experiments initiated with a gas-phase complex that includes UO22+ coordinated by a 2,6-difluorobenzoate ligand. After decarboxylation to form a difluorophenide coordinated uranyl ion, [UO2(C6F2H3)]+, CID causes elimination of CO, and then CO and C2H2 in sequential dissociation steps, to leave a reactive uranium fluoride ion, [UF2(C2H)]+. Reaction of [UF2(C2H)]+ with CH3OH creates [UF2(OCH3)]+, [UF(OCH3)2]+ and [UF(OCH3)2(CH3OH)]+. Cleavage of C–O bonds within these species results in the elimination of methyl cation (CH3+). Subsequent CID steps convert [UF(OCH3)2]+ to [UO2(F)]+ and similarly, [U(OCH3)3]+ to [UO2(OCH3)]+. Our experiments show removal of both uranyl oxo ligands in “top-down” CID reactions and replacement in “bottom-up” ion–molecule and dissociation steps.

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) are important in food chemistry, agriculture, and health, driving demand for improvements in structure determination. We used ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) methods to determine the exact composition of individual species in heterogeneous mixtures of proanthocyanidin polymers from Sorghum bicolor grain and Neptunia lutea leaves. Fragmentation patterns obtained with FT-ICR ESI MS-MS (electrospray ionization) confirmed structural details from thiolysis-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD) and 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR. We found that A-type linkages were characteristic of shorter polymers in predominantly B-linked proanthocyanidin. We suggest that supramolecular complex formation between proanthocyanidins and matrix components such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was responsible for anomalous 152 dalton peaks, incorrectly assigned as 3-O-galloylation, when using FT-ICR matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-MS). Our data illustrate the power of the ultrahigh resolution FT-ICR methods but include the caveat that MALDI-MS must be paired with complementary analytical tools to avoid artifacts.

Modification of dairy products’ fat composition or replacement by other fats are common practices in the industry. Products in which milkfat is partially or wholly substituted by vegetable fats are defined as dairy analogues. This study delivers gap-filling information about sour cream analogues in nutritional aspects, focusing on the fat-related attributes. Analogue sour creams contained 29.6% less saturated fatty acids, 88.4% less cholesterol and 88.7% more mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids than the sour creams. Trans fatty acids were present in both products, which could not be linked to artificial hydrogenation in either case. Digestibility of the examined samples might be different, as sour creams had more short and medium chain fatty acids than the analogues. Overall, sour cream analogues, besides serving as an alternative to sour cream, have particular advantages based on their nutritional values.

In an effort to characterize differently aged bourbons and to determine whether bourbons could be “fingerprinted” by their chemical compositions, we used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to characterize 2 distinct sets of bourbon samples. The first set of bourbons were prepared using the same mash bill but were aged differently (unaged (0 years), 2 years, 4 years, and 6 years) in oak barrels. The results showed an increase in the number of chemical compounds present as the bourbon ages. Most of the large changes in chemical composition occur in the first 2 years of aging. We also analyzed single barrel bourbons, which were produced identically but maturated in different, adjacent barrels, and the results suggested that significant differences exist among these samples. These results suggest that “fingerprinting” of different bourbons for authentication purposes may be complicated and that careful analyses, coupled with more comprehensive identification of chemical compounds in bourbons, are needed.

Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe, underwent severe eutrophication from the 1960s to the 1990s, due to phosphorus loadings from external anthropogenic sources. The subsequent and complex eutrophication control and lake restoration program resulted in a significant decrease in the external phosphorus loading to the lake. Consequently, Lake Balaton has been returning to its former meso-eutrophic character. In this paper, we explore the long-term dynamics of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, and zooplankton biomass in Lake Balaton during its re-oligotrophication period from 2001 to 2017, and attempt to draw some conclusions on the subsequent changes in the fish stock. We found a proportional decrease in zooplankton and phytoplankton biomasses at moderate phytoplankton levels. However, below a certain phytoplankton concentration (−1 Chl a), the decrease in phytoplankton biomass was not coupled with a further decline in zooplankton biomass because the fraction of small phytoplankton, edible for zooplankton, showed a much smaller decrease in biomass compared with large non-edible phytoplankton. Thus, improvements in water quality (i.e., reduced nutrient loading), partly via concomitant changes in the phytoplankton size distribution, did not cause a large difference in the fish stock in this shallow lake.

A sensitive, reproducible reverse-phased high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method with simple sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of ceramides, diacylglycerols (DAGs) in cultured cells. Chromatographic separation of the compounds was achieved in a 14-minute run using a C8 column with a gradient elution by methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Various ceramides, DAGs were detected with a triple quadrupol system in multiple reaction monitoring mode, which is based on a soft positive electrospray ionization. The usual sample preparation process was shortened by the application of pure methanol for the extraction instead of the widely used methanol/chloroform mixture. C17:0 ceramide which does not occur in the cell samples, was used as an internal standard. The sample preparation process was optimized and the methodology was tested on a human hepatocarcinoma cell culture. Our results clearly showed accumulation of some ceramides and DAGs in the cells treated with BSA-conjugated palmitate for 8 hours. Since both ceramides and DAGs are important lipid intermediates and signal messengers, alteration in their cellular levels have major impact on cell functions, and thus our novel analytic method can be widely used in lipotoxicity research. The presented technique can be further developed to measure other intermediates of ceramide synthesis and other derivatives of DAGs as well.

Purpose Ileal transposition (IT) allows exploration of hindgut effects of bariatric procedures in inducing weight loss and reducing adiposity. Here we investigated the role of dietary macronutrient content on IT effects in rats. Methods Male Lewis rats consuming one of three isocaloric liquid diets enriched with fat (HF), carbohydrates (HC), or protein (HP) underwent IT or sham surgery. Body weight, energy intake, energy efficiency, body composition, and (meal-induced) changes in plasma GIP, GLP-1, PYY, neurotensin, and insulin levels were measured. Results Following IT, HC intake remained highest leading to smallest weight loss among dietary groups. IT in HF rats caused high initial weight loss and profound hypophagia, but the rats caught up later, and finally had the highest body fat content among IT rats. HP diet most efficaciously supported IT-induced reduction in body weight and adiposity, but (as opposed to other diet groups) lean mass was also reduced. Energy efficiency decreased immediately after IT irrespective of diet, but normalized later. Energy intake alone explained variation in post-operative weight change by 80%. GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY were upregulated by IT, particularly during (0–60 min) and following 17-h post-ingestive intake, with marginal diet effects. Thirty-day post-operative cumulative energy intake was negatively correlated to 17-h post-ingestive PYY levels, explaining 47% of its variation. Conclusion Reduction in energy intake underlies IT-induced weight loss, with highest efficacy of the HP diet. PYY, GLP-1, and neurotensin levels are upregulated by IT, of which PYY may be most specifically related to reduced intake and weight loss after IT.

Aims/Introduction The relationship of chromogranin A (CgA) levels above the normal range with various outcomes, such as glycated hemoglobin levels, enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis, was investigated in type 1 diabetes patients with special regard to the progression of comorbidities. Materials and Methods A cohort study on 153 type 1 diabetes patients was carried out with a prospective branch on clinical and laboratory data, and a retrospective branch on histological data obtained by gastroscopy. Results Patients with CgA levels above the upper limit of the normal range (n = 28) had significantly higher glycated hemoglobin levels (P = 0.0160) than those with CgA in the normal range (n = 125). The correlation between CgA and glycated hemoglobin was significant (P, A slight, but steady elevation in chromogranin A (CgA) level was observed to co‐vary with the duration of type 1 diabetes. Approximately 20% of the patients had elevated serum CgA levels, which was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin levels. Enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis was significantly more frequent in the high CgA group. Detailed analyses on gastric tissue samples confirmed a progression of enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia accompanied by CgA elevation. Therefore, the use of CgA could be considered as a novel auxiliary biomarker in the care of these type 1 diabetes complications.

Changes of edible oil quality factors and formation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-FE) during deep-fat frying in four different experiments (control, salt, pork chop, and chicken liver) with high oleic sunflower oil were compared in this study. Based on the results of investigated oil quality parameters, which were free fatty acid (FFA), anisidine value (AV), UV extinction at 232 and 268 nm (E232 and E268, respectively), and total polar material (TPM), only a modest deterioration of the frying oil was observed. As we expected, the 3-MCPD-FE content in the control samples did not reach the limit of quantification (0.1 mg kg–1), while the table salt itself caused a slight increase. The results of pork chop and chicken liver experiments were not statistically different from each other, after the third frying circle 0.52 and 0.39 mg kg–1 3-MCPD-FE levels were reached, respectively. Based on these values, the human exposure estimation resulted in a low risk.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in raw drinking water and can efficiently scavenge oxidants, such as permanganate. Here, changes to DOM induced by permanganate oxidation under typical drinking water treatment conditions (6 μM, 1 h) to bulk DOM properties, DOM functional groups, and DOM chemical formulae were examined for two DOM isolate types (terrestrial and microbial). Permanganate oxidation did not mineralize DOM, rather changes were compositional in nature. Optical properties suggest that permanganate oxidation decreased DOM aromaticity (decreased SUVA-254), decreased DOM electron-donating capacity, and decreased DOM average molecular weight (increased E2/E3 ratios). Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy second derivative analyses revealed that permanganate does not oxidize DOM alkene groups, suggesting permanganate access to functional groups may be important. Four ionization techniques were used with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry: negative and positive ion mode electrospray ionization and negative and positive ion mode laser/desorption ionization. The results from all four techniques were combined to understand changes in DOM chemical formulae. It was concluded that nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds and alkylbenzenes were oxidized by permanganate to form nitrogen-containing aliphatic compounds and benzoic acid-containing compounds. This work highlights how multiple ionization techniques coupled with UHR-MS can enable a more detailed characterization of DOM.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a high HIV/AIDS prevalence and very high frequency of the CYP2B6 c.516G>T (rs3745274) variant. We have conducted the first investigation of the impact of c.516G>T and patient demographics on plasma efavirenz (EFV) and 8‐hydroxyefavirenz (8OH‐EFV) concentrations, metabolic ratio (8OH‐EFV/EFV) (MR), and their association with adverse effects, in PNG patients with HIV/AIDS. For 156 PNG patients with HIV/AIDS taking EFV 600 mg/day (for 3–156 months), plasma EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentrations were quantified, CYP2B6 c.516G>T genotyped, and demographic and self‐reported adverse effects data recorded. Genotype differences in EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentrations, MR, and percent within therapeutic range (1000–4000 ng/ml) were examined, in addition to EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentration differences between patients experiencing adverse effects. CYP2B6 c.516T allele frequency was 53%. Plasma EFV (p

In the hippocampal CA1 area, the GABAergic trilaminar cells have their axon distributed locally in three layers and also innervate the subiculum. Trilaminar cells have a high level of somato-dendritic muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor, lack somatostatin expression and their presynaptic inputs are enriched in mGluR8a. But the origin of their inputs and their behaviour-dependent activity remain to be characterised. Here we demonstrate that (1) GABAergic neurons with the molecular features of trilaminar cells are present in CA1 and CA3 in both rats and mice. (2) Trilaminar cells receive mGluR8a-enriched GABAergic inputs, e.g. from the medial septum, which are probably susceptible to hetero-synaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release by group III mGluRs. (3) An electron microscopic analysis identifies trilaminar cell output synapses with specialised postsynaptic densities and a strong bias towards interneurons as targets, including parvalbumin-expressing cells in the CA1 area. (4) Recordings in freely moving rats revealed the network state-dependent segregation of trilaminar cell activity, with reduced firing during movement, but substantial increase in activity with prolonged burst firing (> 200 Hz) during slow wave sleep. We predict that the behaviour-dependent temporal dynamics of trilaminar cell firing are regulated by their specialised inhibitory inputs. Trilaminar cells might support glutamatergic principal cells by disinhibition and mediate the binding of neuronal assemblies between the hippocampus and the subiculum via the transient inhibition of local interneurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00429-020-02029-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience; Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.

The chemical milieu, microbiota composition, and immune activity show prominent differences in distinct healthy skin areas. The objective of the current study was to compare the major permeability barrier components (stratum corneum and tight junction (TJ)), investigate the distribution of (corneo)desmosomes and TJs, and measure barrier function in healthy sebaceous gland-rich (SGR), apocrine gland-rich (AGR), and gland-poor (GP) skin regions. Molecules involved in cornified envelope (CE) formation, desquamation, and (corneo)desmosome and TJ organization were investigated at the mRNA and protein levels using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of junction structures was visualized using confocal microscopy. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) functional measurements were also performed. CE intracellular structural components were similarly expressed in gland-rich (SGR and AGR) and GP areas. In contrast, significantly lower extracellular protein levels of (corneo)desmosomes (DSG1 and CDSN) and TJs (OCLN and CLDN1) were detected in SGR/AGR areas compared to GP areas. In parallel, kallikrein proteases were significantly higher in gland-rich regions. Moreover, gland-rich areas were characterized by prominently disorganized junction structures ((corneo)desmosomes and TJs) and significantly higher TEWL levels compared to GP skin, which exhibited a regular distribution of junction structures. According to our findings, the permeability barrier of our skin is not uniform. Gland-rich areas are characterized by weaker permeability barrier features compared with GP regions. These findings have important clinical relevance and may explain the preferred localization of acantholytic skin diseases on gland-rich skin regions (e.g., Pemphigus foliaceus, Darier’s disease, and Hailey–Hailey disease).

Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) imaging is a powerful technique for the visualization of metal complexes in biological systems. However, due to the lack of an endogenous elemental signature for mitochondria, probes for the localization of this organelle are required for colocalization studies. In this work, we designed and synthesized rhenium pyta tricarbonyl complexes conjugated to methylated triphenylphosphonium TP*P+ cations as multimodal probes for the visualization of mitochondria, suitable for fluorescence and SXRF imaging and quantification. Accumulation of the methylated triphenylphosphonium TP*P+-based conjugates in cells was observed in fixed A549 cells, and the amount of mitochondrial uptake was linked to the lipophilicity of the TPP+ vector. Our work highlights a convenient rhenium-based multimodal mitochondrial-targeted probe compatible with SXRF nano-imaging. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Ministry of Education (MOE) Nanyang Technological University We thank the Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale for financial support (contract DIE20151234413, call "Pionniers de la recherche, Etudes physico-chimiques innovantes pour la biologie et la medecine). F. G. would like to thank A*STAR AME IRG A1783c0003, NTU for a start-up grant (M4080552) and MOE Tier 1 grants (RG 11/15 and RG 113/16) for financial support. H. C. would like to thank NTU for NPGS scholarship.

Aim To detect and characterize novel lantibiotics from a collection of Bacillus spp. using a multifaceted analytical approach. Methods and results A previously completed microassay identified 45 Bacillus isolates with anti-Listeria activity. The isolates were PCR screened using degenerate primers targeting conserved sequences in lanM-type lantibiotics. B. velezensis GF610 produced a PCR product whose sequence, along with genome mining and bioinformatics, guided the liquid chromatographic analysis of strain's cell-free extracts and the mass spectrometry of purified fractions. Results revealed a new amyloliquecidin variant (designated GF610) produced by the strain. Amyloliquecidin GF610 is a two-component lantibiotic with α and β peptides having monoisotopic masses of 3026 and 2451 Da, and molecular formulae C130 H191 N35 O39 S5 and C110 H158 N26 O30 S4 , respectively. Amyloliquecidin GF610 is active against Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridioides difficile, Staphylococcus aureus and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 0.5-7.0 µmol l-1 . Conclusions The proposed multifaceted analytical approach was valuable to provide a deep and proper characterization of a novel bacteriocin, amyloliquecidin GF610, with high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Significance and impact The discovered Amyloliquecidin GF610 is potentially useful in food, agricultural or medical applications. The analytical approach followed may facilitate future discoveries of two-component lantibiotics, which are challenging compounds to detect and characterize.

International audience; Over the last decades, yttrium (Y) has gained importance inhigh tech applications. Due to its chemical similarities with thelanthanides, Y is often considered a rare earth element (REE).Despite their increased usage, the environmental behaviour ofREEs remains poorly understood. Especially regarding theirinteractions with plants many uncertainties exist as both, positiveand negative effects on plant development have been observed[1]. In order to understand these phenomena a precise knowledgeis necessary about how Y is absorbed by the plant and how it ishandled once inside the organism. Contradictory studies exist,stating that due to similar ionic radius, Y and the other REEsmight be absorbed through Ca2+-channels while others suspect ashared pathway with Al3+ [2].In this study, we used laser ablation coupled ICP-MS andsynchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(μXRF, beamline Nanoscopium, SOLEIL, France) to localise Ywithin the plant tissue and identify colocalized elements. Theplant used in this study is Saxifraga paniculata, a rugged alpineplant that has shown an affinity for Y in a previous study (inprep.). The results show that after growing on a Y-doped soil(500mg/kg), Y is mainly concentrated in the roots of Saxifragapaniculata and only a small amount is translocated to the aerialparts.μXRF analysis indicates that within the roots the majority of Yremains in the outer cortex and epidermis and hardly penetratesthe stele. Laser ablation coupled ICP-MS confirms this findingand shows a colocalization between Y, Fe and Al and to a lesserextent Ca. In the stem and the leaves Ca disappears from thisgroup of correlated elements while especially in Y-hotspots, Feand Al remain strongly associated. Accordingly, a relationbetween Ca and Y during root uptake remains possible whereasthe correlation to Fe and Al appears to be dominant in the aerialparts, indicating the formation of complexes or a shared pathwayduring translocation.

We identify the exact microscopic structure of the G photoluminescence center in silicon by first principles calculations with including a self-consistent many-body perturbation method, which is a telecommunication wavelength single photon source. The defect constitutes of $\text{C}_\text{s}\text{C}_\text{i}$ carbon impurities in its $\text{C}_\text{s}-\text{Si}_\text{i}-\text{C}_\text{s}$ configuration in the neutral charge state, where $s$ and $i$ stand for the respective substitutional and interstitial positions in the Si lattice. We reveal that the observed fine structure of its optical signals originates from the athermal rotational reorientation of the defect. We attribute the monoclinic symmetry reported in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements to the reduced tunneling rate at very low temperatures. We discuss the thermally activated motional averaging of the defect properties and the nature of the qubit state., 2 figures

Abnormal tau proteins are involved in pathology of many neurodegenerative disorders. Transgenic rTg4510 mice express high levels of human tau protein with P301L mutation linked to chromosome 17 that has been associated with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism. By 9 months of age, these mice recapitulate key features of human tauopathies, including presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in brain tissue, atrophy and loss of neurons and synapses, and hyperexcitability of neurons, as well as cognitive deficiencies. We investigated effects of such human mutant tau protein on neuronal membrane, subthreshold dendritic signaling, and synaptic input pattern recognition/discrimination in layer III frontal transgenic (TG) pyramidal neurons of 9-month-old rTg4510 mice and compared these characteristics to those of wild-type (WT) pyramidal neurons from age-matched control mice. Passive segmental cable models of WT and TG neurons were set up in the NEURON simulator by using three-dimensionally reconstructed morphology and electrophysiological data of these cells. Our computer simulations predict leakage resistance and capacitance of neuronal membrane to be unaffected by the mutant tau protein. Computer models of TG neurons showed only modest alterations in distance dependence of somatopetal voltage and current transfers along dendrites and in rise times and half-widths of somatic Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSPs) relative to WT control. In contrast, a consistent and statistically significant slowdown was detected in the speed of simulated subthreshold dendritic signal propagation in all regions of the dendritic surface of mutant neurons. Predictors of synaptic input pattern recognition/discrimination remained unaltered in model TG neurons. This suggests that tau pathology is primarily associated with failures/loss in synaptic connections rather than with altered intraneuronal synaptic integration in neurons of affected networks.

Knowledge of the chemical identity of metabolite molecules is critical for the understanding of the complex biological systems to which they belong. Since metabolite identities and their concentrations are often directly linked to the phenotype, such information can be used to map biochemical pathways and understand their role in health and disease. A very large number of metabolites however are still unknown; i.e., their spectroscopic signatures do not match those in existing databases, suggesting unknown molecule identification is both imperative and challenging. Although metabolites are structurally highly diverse, the majority shares a rather limited number of structural motifs, which are defined by sets of 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the same spin system. This allows one to characterize unknown metabolites by a divide-and-conquer strategy that identifies their structural motifs first. Here, we present the structural motif-based approach "SUMMIT Motif" for the de novo identification of unknown molecular structures in complex mixtures, without the need for extensive purification, using NMR in tandem with two newly curated NMR molecular structural motif metabolomics databases (MSMMDBs). For the identification of structural motif(s), first, the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of all the individual spin systems are extracted from 2D and 3D NMR spectra of the complex mixture. Next, the molecular structural motifs are identified by querying these chemical shifts against the new MSMMDBs. One database, COLMAR MSMMDB, was derived from experimental NMR chemical shifts of known metabolites taken from the COLMAR metabolomics database, while the other MSMMDB, pNMR MSMMDB, is based on predicted chemical shifts of metabolites of several existing large metabolomics databases. For molecules consisting of multiple spin systems, spin systems are connected via long-range scalar J-couplings. When this motif-based identification method was applied to the hydrophilic extract of mouse bile fluid, two unknown metabolites could be successfully identified. This approach is both accurate and efficient for the identification of unknown metabolites and hence enables the discovery of new biochemical processes and potential biomarkers.

Elevated fatty acid (FA) levels contribute to severe metabolic diseases. Unbalanced oversupply of saturated FAs is particularly damaging, which renders stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) activity an important factor of resistance. A SCD1-related oxidoreductase protects cells against palmitate toxicity, so we aimed to test whether desaturase activity is limited by SCD1 itself or by the associated electron supply. Unsaturated/saturated FA ratio was markedly elevated by SCD1 overexpression while it remained unaffected by the overexpression of SCD1-related electron transfer proteins in HEK293T cells. Electron supply was not rate-limiting either in palmitate-treated cells or in cells with enhanced SCD1 expression. Our findings indicate the rate-limiting role of SCD1 itself, and that FA desaturation cannot be facilitated by reinforcing the electron supply of the enzyme.

Several studies indicated that chlorine salts provoke 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-FE) and 2-monochloro-1,3- propanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD-FE) formation in oils during frying. The amount of MCPD strongly depends on the type and the amount of chlorine salt. Food raw materials, additives themselves may contain several chlorine compounds, providing precursors for 2- and 3-MCPD-FE formation during frying. Then, the fat uptake can cause measurable concentrations in the fried food as well. This paper aims at screening chlorine compounds occurring in food industry. Influence of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the formation of MCPD-FE was investigated, mimicking frying conditions (175-180 °C, atmospheric pressure), applying high oleic sunflower oil as frying medium. 2-MCPD-FE and 3-MCPD-FE were determined by using an indirect method based on alkaline-catalyzed transesterification and GC-MS analysis. As expected, the reference sample without using any chlorine salt resulted only slight increase in 3-MCPD-FE concentration, and no increase in 2-MCPD-FE concentration. In case of the stable salts minor formation was observed. At as high as 3 % dosage of NaCl and KCl 1.6 and 2.4 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE generated, respectively. Adding CaCl2, NH4Cl and FeCl3 resulted in very strong MCPD-FE formation by both isomers (2- and 3-MCPD-FE) in this increasing order. 0.1 % FeCl3 generated 70 mg/kg 2-MCPD-FE and 238 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE by the end of 8-hour heating.

Infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy was performed on the AlaOrn b(2)(+) and AlaAlaOrn b(3)(+) fragment ions from ornithine-containing tetrapeptides. Infrared spectra were obtained in the fingerprint region (1000 – 2000 cm(−1)) using the infrared free electron lasers at the Centre Laser Infrarouge d’Orsay (CLIO) facility in Orsay, France and the Free Electron Lasers for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) facility in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. A novel terminal ornithine lactam AO(+) b2(+) structure was synthesized for experimental comparison and spectroscopy confirms that the b2(+) fragment ion from AOAA forms a lactam structure. Comparison of experimental spectra with scaled harmonic frequencies at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory shows that AO(+) b(2)(+) forms a terminal lactam protonated either on the lactam carbonyl oxygen or the N-terminal nitrogen atom. Several low-lying conformers of these isomers are likely populated following IRMPD dissociation. Similarly, a comparison of the experimental IRMPD spectrum with calculated spectra shows that AAO(+) b(3)(+)-ions also adopt a lactam structure, again with multiple different protonation sites, during fragmentation. This study provides spectroscopic confirmation for the lactam cyclization proposed for the “ornithine effect” and represents an alternative b(n)(+) structure to the oxazolone and diketopiperazine/macrocycle structures most often formed.

BACKGROUND Pathomechanism and optimal renoprotective protocol for remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) have not been completely revealed yet. OBJECTIVE To investigate micro-rheological effects of early and delayed RIPC in renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in the rat. METHODS In Control group the left femoral artery was cannulated and the left kidney was gently exposed. In the I/R group 45-minute renal ischemia with 120-minute reperfusion period was monitored. In the RIPC groups a 3×10-minute protocol was applied using tourniquet around the right hind-limb 1 hour (RIPC-1) or 24 hours (RIPC-24) prior to the I/R. Blood samples were taken for testing blood gas, acid-base, metabolic and hemorheological parameters. RESULTS Lactate and potassium concentration significantly increased in I/R that could be reduced by RIPC, especially in RIPC-24. Creatinine concentration increased further in RIPC groups. I/R and RIPC-1 decreased the pH, RIPC-24 increased. RIPC-24 reduced the drop in base excess. Erythrocyte deformability worsened by renal I/R. In RIPC groups deformability decreased additively. However, RIPC-1 could improve the condition. RIPC-24 showed the highest erythrocyte aggregation values during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Renal I/R worsened metabolic and micro-rheological parameters that could be modulated by RIPC protocols. However, it could not be decided whether the early or the delayed protocol is better.

Because of the high stability and inertness of the U=O bonds, activation and/or functionalization of UO22+ and UO2+ remain challenging tasks. We show here that collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the uranyl-propiolate cation, [UVIO2(O2C-C≡CH)]+, can be used to prepare [UVIO2(C≡CH)]+ in the gas phase by decarboxylation. Remarkably, CID of [UVIO2(C≡CH)]+ caused elimination of CO to create [OUVICH]+, thus providing a new example of a well-defined substitution of an “yl” oxo ligand of UVIO22+ in a unimolecular reaction. Relative energies for candidate structures based on density functional theory calculations suggest that the [OUVICH]+ ion is a uranium-methylidyne product, with a U≡C triple bond composed of one σ-bond with contributions from the U df and C sp hybrid orbitals, and two π-bonds with contributions from the U df and C p orbitals. Upon isolation, without imposed collisional activation, [OUVICH]+ appears to react spontaneously with O2 to produce [UVO2]+.

Electrospray ionization and multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry were used to study the collision-induced dissociation of methanol-coordinated copper-acetate cations, and the ion-molecule reactions of specific product ions. Our experiments led to the discovery of unusual gas-phase ions with compositions such as [Cu(CO2)(CH3OH)]+ and [Cu(N2)(CH3OH)]+. The latter is generated by spontaneous exchange of CO2 for N2 in an ion-molecule reaction. Isotopic labeling studies and high mass-resolution measurements provide data to support the product ion composition assignments. Density functional theory calculations corroborate the experimental observations, both with respect to the preferential decarboxylation over methanol ligand elimination, and the spontaneous nature of the ion-molecule reactions.

In Hungary, dried pasta products are very popular amongst all groups of society. In recent years the demand for not only dried pasta made from hen eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) but from alternative types of ingredients has increased. However, according to the literature the chemical and microbiological characteristics of this type of pasta have yet to be studied in depth. The effects of the use of quail eggs and heat treatments at different temperatures were studied by chemical and microbiological measurements. The activity of oxidative enzymes and nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content, water-soluble antioxidant capacity, peroxidase enzymatic activity, water-soluble protein content and yellow pigment content) was tested during our experiments. The data were evaluated by relevant statistical methods. Significant differences were found both between heat treatments and between the egg content of the dried pasta samples. The peroxidase enzymatic activity and yellow pigment content increased with temperature. However, the usage of quail eggs provides a higher water-soluble protein content and water-soluble antioxidant capacity. The presence of microorganisms is decreased by increasing the drying temperature. The number of all the examined microorganisms was within limits.

Glycidyl esters are foodborne contaminants formed during the production of fats and oils, especially during the deodorization of palm oil. The hydrolyzed free form of glycidol has been categorized as probably carcinogenic to humans by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer. The aim of this research was to study the formation of glycidyl esters during the lab-scale deodorization of the three most widely produced seed oils in the world (sunflower, rapeseed and soybean). The effects of two independent factors – temperature and residence time – were analyzed by a 32 full factorial experimental design and evaluated by response surface methodology. In accordance with findings in the literature, the greatest amount of glycidyl esters was formed in the soybean oil matrix. For all three oils, the effects of both residence time and temperature were significant, while the latter was more so. To reduce the formation of glycidyl esters, milder deodorization is required, which is limited because of the purposes sought by the thermal operation and removal of volatile minor components and contaminants.

Accurate quantification of efavirenz metabolites in patient samples is required to investigate their potential contribution to efavirenz adverse events. This study aimed to validate a LC-MS/MS method to quantify and investigate the stability of efavirenz and metabolites in human plasma. Compounds were extracted from plasma by supported liquid extraction and resolved on a C18 column. Validation was performed following FDA bioanalytical method validation guidelines. Stability under common conditions of sample pre-treatment and storage were assessed. Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz were stable for all conditions tested. 7-Hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz were not stable in plasma at room temperature for 24 h (46%-69% loss), -20°C for 90 days (17%-50% loss), or 60°C for 1 h (90%-95% loss). Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz concentrations in HIV/AIDS patient (n=5) plasma prepared from pre-treated (60°C for 1 h) whole blood varied from 517-8564 ng/mL and 131-813 ng/mL, respectively. 7-Hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz concentrations were below validated lower limits of quantification (0.25 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively), most likely due to sample pre-treatment. This is the first report of 7-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz instability under conditions commonly used in preparation of samples from HIV/AIDS patients. Alternative biosafety measures to heat pre-treatment must therefore be used for accurate quantification of plasma 7-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz.

The age of ore deposits constitutes a decisive element in understanding their formation. Deciphering their precise chronology may be a challenge in the absence of mineral phases that can be dated by conventional geochronometers. Fluorite is very common either as the major or accessory mineral in a wide variety of ores and may provide information regarding the origin and timing of mineralizing fluid flows. In this contribution, we explore U–Pb dating on fluorite crystals from the world-class carbonate strata-bound fluorite ore of Pierre-Perthuis in Burgundy (Morvan massif, France). The uranium distribution within fluorite is mapped using induced fission-track and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence nano-imaging, showing that higher U content is measured in an overgrowth of fluorite (Flog) as a discrete band. Preservation of a micrometer-thick zonation in U, associated with other substituted elements such as Sr, Y, Fe and Zr, implies that neither solid-state diffusion nor dissolution–recrystallization occurred. These U-bearing external fluorite overgrowths contain solid inclusions of about 30 µm globular pyrite crystals with a mean δ34S of −23.6 ± 0.4 ‰V-CDT. We propose that the U incorporation in the fluorite lattice results from the development of a redox front during bacterial sulfate reduction. Flog generation sampled and analyzed by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on four different crystals provides identical U–Pb ages within the limits of analytical uncertainty. Considered altogether, these four crystals yield an age estimate of 40.0 ± 1.7 Ma, not corrected for matrix-related elemental fractionation. Our results show that fluorite LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology has potential for dating distinct crystal growth stages, although further research should be conducted to evaluate its accuracy.

Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) imaging is a powerful technique for the visualization of metal complexes in biological systems. However, due to the lack of an endogenous elemental signature for mitochondria, probes for the localization of this organelle are required for colocalization studies. In this work, we designed and synthesized rhenium pyta tricarbonyl complexes conjugated to methylated triphenylphosphonium TP*P+ cations as multimodal probes for the visualization of mitochondria, suitable for fluorescence and SXRF imaging and quantification. Accumulation of the methylated triphenylphosphonium TP*P+-based conjugates in cells was observed in fixed A549 cells, and the amount of mitochondrial uptake was linked to the lipophilicity of the TPP+ vector. Our work highlights a convenient rhenium-based multimodal mitochondrial-targeted probe compatible with SXRF nano-imaging.

Photomorphogenesis is a process by which photosynthetic organisms perceive external light parameters, including light quality (color), and adjust cellular metabolism, growth rates and other parameters, in order to survive in a changing light environment. In this study we comprehensively explored the light color acclimation of Cyanobium gracile, a common cyanobacterium in turbid freshwater shallow lakes, using nine different monochromatic growth lights covering the whole visible spectrum from 435 to 687 nm. According to incident light wavelength, C. gracile cells performed great plasticity in terms of pigment composition, antenna size, and photosystem stoichiometry, to optimize their photosynthetic performance and to redox poise their intersystem electron transport chain. In spite of such compensatory strategies, C. gracile, like other cyanobacteria, uses blue and near far-red light less efficiently than orange or red light, which involves moderate growth rates, reduced cell volumes and lower electron transport rates. Unfavorable light conditions, where neither chlorophyll nor phycobilisomes absorb light sufficiently, are compensated by an enhanced antenna size. Increasing the wavelength of the growth light is accompanied by increasing photosystem II to photosystem I ratios, which involve better light utilization in the red spectral region. This is surprisingly accompanied by a partial excitonic antenna decoupling, which was the highest in the cells grown under 687 nm light. So far, a similar phenomenon is known to be induced only by strong light; here we demonstrate that under certain physiological conditions such decoupling is also possible to be induced by weak light. This suggests that suboptimal photosynthetic performance of the near far-red light grown C. gracile cells is due to a solid redox- and/or signal-imbalance, which leads to the activation of this short-term light acclimation process. Using a variety of photo-biophysical methods, we also demonstrate that under blue wavelengths, excessive light is quenched through orange carotenoid protein mediated non-photochemical quenching, whereas under orange/red wavelengths state transitions are involved in photoprotection.

Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and, second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning-transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation plays an important role in the physiological processes of the microcirculation. The complete mechanism of aggregation is still unclear, and it is influenced by several cellular and plasmatic factors. One of these factors is the hematocrit (Hct). OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that the relation of RBC aggregation and Hct differs between species. METHODS: From anticoagulated blood samples of healthy volunteers, rats, dogs, and pigs, 20, 40, and 60 %Hct RBC, autologous plasma suspensions were prepared. Hematological parameters and RBC aggregation was determined by light-transmission and light-reflection method. RESULTS: Suspensions at 20%and 60%Hct expressed lower RBC aggregation than of 40%Hct suspensions, showing inter-species differences. By curve fitting the Hct at the highest aggregation value differed in species (human: 45.25%- M 5 s, 40.86%- amp;rat: 44.44 %- M1 10 s, 39.37%- amp; dog: 42.48%- M 5 s, 44.29%- amp; pig: 47.63%- M 5 s, 52.8%- amp). CONCLUSION: RBC aggregation - hematocrit relation shows inter-species differences. Human blood was found to be the most sensitive for hematocrit changes. The more obvious differences could be detected by M 5 s by light-transmission method and amplitude parameter using light-reflection method.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, costing about 1% of the global economy. Failures of clinical trials targeting amyloid-β protein (Aβ), a key trigger of AD, have been explained by drug inefficiency regardless of the mechanisms of amyloid neurotoxicity, which are very difficult to address by available technologies. Here, we combine two imaging modalities that stand at opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum, and therefore, can be used as complementary tools to assess structural and chemical information directly in a single neuron. Combining label-free super-resolution microspectroscopy for sub-cellular imaging based on novel optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) nano-imaging techniques, we capture elemental distribution and fibrillary forms of amyloid-β proteins in the same neurons at an unprecedented resolution. Our results reveal that in primary AD-like neurons, iron clusters co-localize with elevated amyloid β-sheet structures and oxidized lipids. Overall, our O-PTIR/S-XRF results motivate using high-resolution multimodal microspectroscopic approaches to understand the role of molecular structures and trace elements within a single neuronal cell., A new imaging approach that combines two techniques standing at the opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Efforts to advance translation through pre-clinical behavioural and pharmacological tests prompted attention to rat strain differences. Particularly the use of touchscreen technology for cognitive testing initiated the widespread use of Lister Hooded and Long Evans rats and they differed in pharmacological sensitivity to certain drugs. One possible reason for this rat strain difference could be that Long Evans rats produce high-amplitude spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in their cortical EEG recordings, while no information available about Lister Hooded rats in this regard. As a serendipitous observation, we noticed the presence of SWDs during the EEG recordings of Lister Hooded rats. In this study, therefore, we examined these spontaneous SWDs in two groups of Lister Hooded rats. The number and sum duration of the SWDs were similar to that was observed in other rat strains. We found SWDs during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, their duration was the longest during wakefulness, but their number and sum duration were also high during REM. The GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen exacerbated, while the GABA-B antagonist SCH50911 reduced the occurrence of the recorded SWDs. Typical anti-seizure medications, valproate and diazepam, decreased the number and sum duration of SWDs. Although the two rat strains typically used in touchscreen experiments are similar in term of SWDs, the occurrence and possible pharmacological modulation of SWDs are considerable during their use in behavioural experiments.

Background: Obesity is characterized by visceral adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), phagocytic M2-like macrophages, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) control lean AT inflammation to maintain systemic insulin sensitivity, while the loss of these cells in obesity leads to AT inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if weight loss following obesity would correct AT inflammation and systemic metabolism. Results: After six months of high fat diet (HFD) in male C57/Bl6 mice, flow analyses of epidydimal AT stromal vascular fraction (SVF) revealed depleted Tregs by 50%, doubling of CD8+ T cells, tripling of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages, and an 80% drop in ILC2 cells associated with changes in pro-inflammatory adipocyte and macrophage gene expression. Despite normalization of body weight, fat, and adipocyte size, mice ingesting 3 months of high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 3 months of chow-diet remained more insulin resistant and glucose intolerant than chow-fed animals. Adipocytes, AT Tregs, CD8+ T cells, ILC2 cells, and M1-like macrophages all failed to normalize with weight loss. Conclusions: Persistent AT inflammation contributes to the maintenance of IR despite body weight and fat normalization in previously obese mice. These findings highlight the importance of obesity prevention to avoid the consequences of “obesogenic memory.”

We describe a set of simple devices for surface-induced dissociation of protein complexes on three instrument platforms. All of the devices use a novel yet simple split lens geometry that is minimally invasive (requiring a few mm along the ion path axis) and easier to operate than prior generations of devices. The split lens is designed to be small enough to replace the entrance lens of a Bruker FT-ICR collision cell, the dynamic range enhancement (DRE) lens of a Waters Q-IM-TOF, or the exit lens of a transfer multipole of a Thermo Scientific Extended Mass Range (EMR) Orbitrap. The split lens used for SID is an order of magnitude smaller than the first-generation SID devices developed in our laboratory and approximately 5x smaller than the second-generation devices developed on the Q-IM-TOF and FT-ICR. Despite the decrease in size and reduction in number of electrodes to 3 (from 10-12 in Gen 1 and ~6 in Gen 2), we show sensitivity improvement in a variety of cases across all platforms while also maintaining SID capabilities across a wide mass and energy range. The coupling of SID, high resolution, and ion mobility is demonstrated for a variety of protein complexes of varying topologies.

International audience; A conjugate of a Mn-based superoxide dismutase mimic with a Re-based multimodal probe 1[combining low line] was studied in a cellular model of oxidative stress. Its speciation was investigated using Re and Mn X-fluorescence. Interestingly, 1[combining low line] shows a distribution different from its unconjugated analogue but a similar concentration in mitochondria and a similar bioactivity.

Dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) have been implicated in serious health risks, yet little is known about their cellular effects and metabolism. We aim to undertake an in vitro comparison of two representative TFAs (elaidate and vaccenate) to the best-characterized endogenous cis-unsaturated FA (oleate). The present study addresses the possible protective action of TFAs on palmitate-treated RINm5F insulinoma cells with special regards to apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the underlying ceramide and diglyceride (DG) accumulation. Both TFAs significantly improved cell viability and reduced apoptosis in palmitate-treated cells. They mildly attenuated palmitate-induced XBP-1 mRNA cleavage and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2&alpha, (eIF2&alpha, ) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but they were markedly less potent than oleate. Accordingly, all the three unsaturated FAs markedly reduced cellular palmitate incorporation and prevented harmful ceramide and DG accumulation. However, more elaidate or vaccenate than oleate was inserted into ceramides and DGs. Our results revealed a protective effect of TFAs in short-term palmitate toxicity, yet they also provide important in vitro evidence and even a potential mechanism for unfavorable long-term health effects of TFAs compared to oleate.