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Two new saponins were isolated from the fruits of Catunaregam nilotica Stapf, syn. Lachnosiphonium nilotica; Randia nilotica; Xeromphis nilotica. Their structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic methods as 3- O-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--3)-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --3)]- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid and 28-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl-3-O-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--3)-O[O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]-beta-D-glycopyranosyl]oleanolate. The monodesmosidic saponin is a potent molluscicide against the schistosomiasis transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata with a LC50 value of 3 ppm. In addition two known saponins, 3-O-[2', 3'-di-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid and 3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--3)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid, were identified and their molluscicidal activity determined, the LC50 values being 26 and 3 ppm, respectively. Initial molluscicidal screening of the crude water and ethanol extracts revealed 100% snail mortality at concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm, respectively. The haemolytic activity of the molluscicidal saponins was determined as well and the HC50 values towards bovine erythrocytes found to be 3 ppm for the new saponin, and 16 and 2 ppm, respectively, for the two known saponins.

Two new monodesmosidic saponins were isolated from an aqueous extract of the Ethiopian strain 44 of Phytolacca dodecandra . Their structures were established as 3- O -{α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- O -[β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β- d -glucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid and 3- O -{β- d -xylopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -[β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β- d -glucopyranosyl}oleanolic acid mainly by spectroscopic methods (LSIMS, 1 H NMR, COSY, NOESY, TOCSY, J -resolved 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HETCOR). The saponins are potent molluscicides against the schistosomiasis transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata with LC 50 values of 2 and 5 ppm, respectively.

Three new monodesmosidic saponins, all glycosides of 2 beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid, were isolated from an aqueous extract of a Zimbabwean strain of Phytolacca dodecandra. Their structures were, mainly by spectroscopic methods (LSIMS, 1H NMR, COSY, NOESY, TOCSY, J-resolved 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HETCOR), established as 3-O-[2',4'-di-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]2 beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid, 3-O-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl- (1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]2 beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid and 3-O-[3'-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]2 beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid. Two of the saponins were submitted to a preliminary screening for molluscicidal activity against the schistosomiasis transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata and showed, respectively, strong and weak activity. In addition, four saponins previously reported from other strains of Phytolacca dodecandra were identified.