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In the presence of a high TMOS concentration, mono-dispersed mesoporous pure silica spheres with different pore sizes were successfully synthesized using C16TMACl, C14TMACl, and C12TMACl as templates in a methanol–water system, whereas they could not be obtained using C10TMACl. The standard deviation of the particle size prepared with high TMOS concentrations was approximately 10%. Mono-dispersed mesoporous Al-containing spheres could also be synthesized using NaAlO2 as an aluminum source from starting synthesis mixtures with a TMOS/Al ratio of more than 10, but not with a TMOS/Al ratio of less than 8. It was found that the particle size and standard deviation of mono-dispersed mesoporous aluminum-containing spheres depended on the TMOS/Al ratio.

Charging damage in the fabrication of a micro- and nanoelectronic device is one of the electrical damages during plasma etching and caused basically by a huge difference of the flux velocity distribution between positive ions and electrons toward the wafer to be processed. Beam-like positive ions are accumulated on the bottom of a miniaturized structure during etching. With the evolution of the technology node, charging damage will increase due to several factors, increase of plasma exposure time, decrease of annealing temperature, and narrow process window, etc., caused by the increase of the number of metal layers and the introduction of new materials such as low-k and high-k instead of SiO2. The progress of a top-down nanotechnology depends on the development of in situ diagnostics regarding plasma damage to lower-level elements and on the development of charging-free plasma process. In this paper, in situ charging measurements by using a test chip and negative charge injection to the wafer by optical computerized tomography are first demonstrated. Second, we discuss the characteristics of the charging potential on the bottom of SiO2holes during etching in a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (2f-CCP), and refer to the procedure to reduce the positive potential by utilizing the negative charge acceleration to the hole bottom under the artificial formation of a double-layer close to the wafer. In addition, the charging’s effect on the aspect ratio of the hole and the antenna ratio are discussed.

We have successfully synthesized self-organized zinc oxide nanowires on a Cu metalized silicon substrate by a modified reactive evaporation method by using a newly designed substrate holder. Characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence measurements. Typical diameter and length of the nanowires obtained were several tens to two hundreds nanometers and up to 10 μm, respectively. It was found that the nanowires grew selectively on Cu underlayers or at pits of substrate. This suggests a possibility of selective-area growth of the nanowires.

It was found that potassium forms on rhenium electrodes during plasma electrolysis in K2CO3/H2O and K2CO3/D2O solutions, and the new potassium has unnatural isotopic ratios. The isotope 41K increases from the natural abundance, 6.7%, to as much as 32–37%. The percentage of 41K in the potassium contamination in a rhenium electrode before electrolysis was close to the natural isotopic abundance (6.7%). This result suggests that the 41K was enriched by some unknown process connected with a vigorous discharge of plasma electrolysis.

The effects of fast neutron irradiation on the burst properties of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel claddings which were previously manufactured by warm working as the first trial cladding tube manufacturing in Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, were investigated. The samples were irradiated in the experimental fast reactor JOYO using the core material irradiation rig (CMIR) at temperatures between 723 and 878 K to fast neutron fluences ranging from 2.1 to 4.2×1026 n/m2 (E>0.1 MeV). The burst tests were conducted on a total of four irradiation conditions. The result of burst tests showed that the burst strength of the irradiated claddings was higher than that of unirradiated at the test temperatures up to 873 K and that the diametrical strain just before rupture of irradiated specimens was almost similar to unirradiated one. It was suggested that there was no irradiation embrittlement under the irradiation conditions examined.

CO 2 is almost vertically adsorbed and desorbed at 0.0106–0.0073 relative pressure at 273 K, respectively, on the pre-evacuated Cu-complex crystals which have no open micropores from the crystallographic structures. These vertical adsorption and desorption steps are named gate effects. Here, guest water molecules are evolved during the pre-evacuation at 373 K and the crystal structure with X-ray diffraction examination does not change due to pre-evacuation. The X-ray diffraction patterns also show no change before and after the steps. The adsorption/desorption gate effects and the remarkable hysteresis are explained in terms of the molecular valve model stemming from the reorientation of the bending vibration of the hydrogen bonding. This model can explain the observed hysteresis in the gate effect; the spring constant difference of the molecular valve for desorption and adsorption is estimated to be a similar order to that of the hydrogen bond in bulk ice.

The solar cell which is employed for photovoltaic water electrolysis was fabricated by sputter-depositing a-Si:H on Si wafer. The electrolysis was conducted by connecting the series-connected solar cell externally to the hydrogen and the oxygen evolution electrodes. The conversion efficiency of 3.0% from the solar to hydrogen chemical energy was obtained and can be expected to be improved further by optimizing the system.

Sputtering method was used to prepare the Co–Mo alloy electrode for the hydrogen evolution reaction in water electrolysis. We studied the influence of the sputtering parameters (Ar pressure during deposition, RF power, and substrate temperature) on the hydrogen evolution overvoltage. It was found that the overvoltage was significantly influenced by the Ar pressure which affected critically the Co–Mo surface geometrical structure. We referred to the Thornton model for the microstructure of sputter-deposited films to explain the observed structural change.

Background: Recently, a dopamine hypothesis of depression was put forward, and several studies have demonstrated that direct and indirect dopamine agonists have antidepressant effects. Methods: Using Clinical Global Impressions, we evaluated the efficacy of 4-week treatment of pergolide as an antidepressant adjuvant involving 20 unipolar depressed patients who were refractory to standard treatment with antidepressants. Results: One patients (5%) were very much improved, seven (35%) much improved, four (20%) minimally improved, six (30%) no change or worse, and two (10%) not assessed. There was no significant difference in any clinical factors between the pergolide responder and non-responder group. Limitations: This study was a non-blind open trial, and pergolide was added to tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants. Conclusion: Pergolide may be useful as an antidepressant adjuvant, suggesting a potential role for dopamine-2 stimulation in the antidepressant response.

Photocatalytic oxygen evolution on α-Fe2O3 films was studied using the Fe3+ ion as a sacrificial oxidizing agent. The reaction conditions affecting the oxygen evolution rate, i.e. anion, Fe3+ concentration, pH, Fe3+/Fe2+ equilibrium concentration and dependence of irradiation wavelength, were investigated. The reaction rate increased with increase of both the Fe3+ ion concentration and the solution pH. Oxygen evolution ceased at an Fe3+ :Fe2+ ion concentration ratio of 3:7–4: 6. The reaction rate decreased rapidly for longer-wavelength irradiation (above around 400 nm), which is considerably shorter than the α-Fe2O3 bandgap of ca. 600 nm (2.1 eV).

Amorphous and microcrystalline GaN thin films have been made by reactive sputtering. Transparent films of optical gap, E o 5 ∼ 3.95 eV, are obtained and these show semiconductor characteristics. The conductivity changes dramatically from ∼ 10 −11 S/cm to ∼ 10 −3 S/cm on microcrystallization. Photoconductivity is observed in a-GaN. The results of electron spin resonance and sub-gap absorption suggest a low mid-gap defect density of states. It is demonstrated that an amorphous semiconducting material with a large optical gap can be obtained.

We fabricated a photovoltaic water electrolysis device in which whole electrolyzing parts were formed on one chip. This was made by attaching the Co–Mo and the Fe–Ni–O electrodes for hydrogen and oxygen evolution, respectively, on the a-Si solar cell. Water electrolysis could be conducted simply by dipping and irradiating the device in electrolyte. The device was durable for more than 18 h electrolysis by irradiation in the KOH electrolyte at pH 13 at a conversion efficiency from solar to hydrogen energy of 2.5%.

We fabricated the triaxial force sensor applicable to non-invasive human lingual motion measurement. The sensor contains two cantilevers for shear force sensing and one beam for pressure sensing. These cantilevers and the beam were buried in the silicone rubber. Their hinges are consisting of piezo-resistive layers in order to detect the force applied on the silicone rubber surface. Water swallowing experiment was carried out and we measured the pressure and shear forces acting on palate (roof of the mouth). From the experiment, we quantified the ease of consumption of the viscosity-increased water compared to the normal water.

The peptides inhibiting prolylendopeptidase were screened and isolated from bovine brain by monitoring the inhibition of prolylendopeptidase produced by Flavobacterium meningosepticum. The amino acid sequence of the peptide having the highest inhibitory activity was determined as Met-Pro-Pro-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ala-Arg-Val-Asp-Phe-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Leu-Asn. This peptide showed the IC50 and Ki values of 38.4 and 8.6 microM, respectively, for prolylendopeptidase isolated from bovine brain.

Electroless metal plating is widely used in a variety of applications in the electronic and semiconductor industries such as selectively depositing on patterned substrates [1,2], making ohmic contacts [3-81, filling contact holes and vias in microelectronic devices [9,101, and delineating semiconductor junctions [ll-131. Some of the advantages of electroless deposition over conventional vacuum deposition techniques are its ease of use and low cost. Hence much research has gone into improving and utilizing this plating process. In contrast to the large number of papers dealing with electroless metal deposition on metal surfaces, relatively few papers have been written dealing with electroless metal deposition onto semiconductor surfaces, especially during the initial stages of formation. The advent of scanning probe microscopy, such as scanning tunneling microscopy WI&I) 1141 and atomic force microscopy (AFM) [15], enables the investigation of such processes to be performed simply on the nanometer scale. For example, Osaka and co-workers [16-181 have used STM to study the electroless plating process of magnetic materials (e.g. NiP and CoNiReP) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Moffatt Kennedy et al. [19] observed the growth of electroless copper films on Pd-activated HOPG and printed circuit boards. Phaner et al. [20] have reported STM observation of 100-200 nm thick electroless gold deposits on Pd-activated n-GaAs. In the case of electroless metal deposition onto Si, HF solution is occasionally used in the plating bath in place of a reducing agent in order to induce deposition onto the surface. The HF removes any residual oxide on the surface and more importantly aids in metal deposition through direct displacement of the silicon [9,21]. In this note, we

Phencyclidine (PCP) acts as an indirect dopamine (DA) agonist by inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of DA, while it also works as a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. Aiming to investigate characteristics of these two properties of PCP in the same experimental system, the effects of PCP on spontaneous and NMDA-induced efflux of DA from superfused slices of the striatum of the rat were examined. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the samples of superfusate were extracted by alumina extraction and measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Phencyclidine at concentrations greater than 1 microM, produced a concentration-dependent increase of the spontaneous efflux of DA. The efflux of DOPAC was also concentration-dependently increased by PCP. However, PCP inhibited the efflux of DA induced by NMDA, even at a small concentration (0.1 microM), which did not alter the spontaneous efflux of the transmitter. The mode of the inhibition by PCP was shown to be noncompetitive, with an estimated IC50 value of 280 nM. These results suggest that PCP, at small concentrations, reduces the synaptic levels of DA by blocking the facilitating effect of endogenous glutamate on the release of DA and, at slightly greater concentrations, the drug also works as an indirect DA agonist, to increase the levels of the transmitter in the synaptic clefts. The clinical significance of the dual effects of PCP is discussed in relation with the unique schizophrenomimetic property of PCP.

High power Ku-band internally matched GaAs FETs have been developed using multi-chip power combiner/divider technology. An output power of 43.2 dBm at 1 dB gain compression with 6.9 dB gain and 29.5% power-added-efficiency has been obtained at 14 GHz. This state-of-the-art performance has been achieved by (1) optimizing the carrier concentration profiles of the active layer and making the buffer layer resistivity higher, (2) adopting the double-recess structure to get the higher breakdown voltage and (3) designing the high efficiency power combiner/divider circuits. >

We investigated 191 patients with oral cancer (121 males and 70 females) and 121 non oral cancer patients (69 males and 52 females), both groups with a history of alcohol use. Blood was analyzed with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH 2) and glutathione S-transferase M 1 (GSTM 1) genotyping. ALDH 2 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and GSTM 1 genotyping was amplified with PCR using GSTM 1 specific primers. In the oral cancer group, the alcohol-drinking rate (59.7%) was significantly higher than in the non cancer group (alcohol-drinking rate 27.3%, p

A 26-yr-old Japanese woman with congenital goitrous hypo-thyroidism and sensorineural deafness underwent a thyroidectomy. Examination of the thyroid gland revealed characteristic features of multinodular goiter. The T3 and T4 content in thyroglobulin (Tg) were 0.03 and 0.02 mol/mol Tg, respectively. Iodide incorporation into Tg, using slices of the thyroid tissue, revealed that iodide organification of thyroid tissue from our patient was markedly lower than that of normal controls. Then, guaiacol and iodide oxidation activities of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in our patient's thyroid tissue were lower than those of normal controls (guaiacol assay: 1.92 vs. 30.0 +/- 5.7 mGU/mg protein; iodide assay: 1.1 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.8 mIU/mg protein). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of the oxidation rates of guaiacol and iodide indicated that this patient's TPO had a defect in the binding of guaiacol and iodide, but the coupling activity of the patient's TPO was not decreased compared with those of two normal thyroids. In this case and in control subjects, Nothern gel analysis of TPO messenger RNA from unstimulated and TSH-stimulated thyroid cells revealed a 3.2 kilobase species in the former and four distinct messenger RNA species of 4.0, 3.2, 2.1, and 1.7 kilobases in the latter. Western blot analysis of TPOs obtained from this patient and from control subjects identified the same 107 kDa protein, using antimicrosomal antibody-positive serum. We analyzed the coding sequence in the patient's TPO gene by using polymerase chain reaction technique. A single point mutation of G--C at 1265 base pair was detected only in the TPO gene, but this point mutation does not alter the amino acid residue. It is possible that posttranslational modification such as abnormal glycosylation may occur in the TPO molecules. Furthermore, it is possible that there are differences in the tertiary structures of the TPO molecules between our patient and normal subjects. The above abnormalities of TPO molecules may play an important role in our patient's dyshormonogenesis.

Hydrogen is a promising, clean energy source which never produces CO2. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is considered one of the large scale hydrogen storage methods. LH2 must be thermally insulated from the ambient temperature region and must be stored with minimum evaporation loss. It is difficult to apply the usual cryogenic thermal insulation technique for a large scale LH2 storage tank with moderate construction cost. We have been studying applications of polyurethane foam (PUF) to the thermal insulation material of the LH2 storage tank. In order to design the storage tank, thermal conductivity data at LH2 temperature region is required, but unfortunately no thermal conductivity data of PUF is available. For the above reason, we have developed a test facility and have measured thermal conductivity of PUF. This test facility has some design features: (1) thermal conductivity is measured by the steady cylindrical method, (2) PUF is cooled by a GM-refrigerator, and (3) measurement can be done at any point between LH2 and ambient temperature and under or over atmospheric pressure. Some samples which have different density have been measured, and characteristics of thermal conductivity for temperature and density have been examined.

We examined effects of nitric oxide (NO.) synthesis inhibition on methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity. The toxic dose of MA (5 mg/kg, sc, x4) significantly decreased contents of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum (ST), and significantly decreased contents of serotonin (5-HT) in the ST, nucleus accumbens (NA) and medial frontal contex (MFC). Coadministration with a NO. synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (LNAME) (30 mg/kg, i.p., x2), reduced the MA-induced decreases in contents of DA, DOPAC and HVA in the ST, but not reduced the MA-induced decreases in contents of 5-HT in the ST, NA and MFC. These findings suggest that the MA-induced dopaminergic, but not serotonergic neurotoxicity, may be related to the neural process such as NO. formation caused by the activation of postsynaptic DA receptor.

To measure AC losses of dipole magnet by the calorimetric method, the magnets were cooled to 1.8 K with 120 liters of pressurized superfluid helium, using a 1.8 K cryostat. Heat dissipated in the magnet during a ramp cycle was measured by observing the temperature of the superfluid helium. AC losses were evaluated by the production of the heat capacity and temperature rise of helium. The 1.8 K cryostat consisted of a 4.2 K helium vessel, a 1.8 K pressurized superfluid helium vessel, and heat exchangers (1.8 K saturated helium pot and precooler). Liquid helium from the 4.2 K vessel, cooled to 2.5 K in the pre-cooler, expanded in the 1.8 K saturated helium pot. It cooled the magnet and pressurized superfluid helium to 1.8 K. Evaporated helium gas in the pot was evacuated by a pumping unit. The magnets were model dipole magnets fabricated at KEK for SSC dipole magnet R&D. The overall length is 1.3 m and inner aperture of the coil is 50 mm. Two types of magnet were made to study the AC properties: Type 1 with 6 μm NbTi filament cables and Type 2 with 2.5 μm filament cables. AC losses were measured in a ramp cycle from 500 to 5(X)0 A with 5 second duration at the flat top. Ramp rates were varied from 70 to 400 A/s. Results show that the Type 2 magnet had smaller AC loss than the Type 1.

Atomic species in the sputtered plumes from pure ZnO and ZnO–MgO (94:6 mol %) targets were identified by means of plume emission spectroscopy (PES) during helicon-wave-excited-plasma sputtering epitaxy. Dominant Zn and Mg species detected by PES were excited neutral zinc (Zn*) and magnesium (Mg*), respectively. Their densities were uniquely controlled by the target bias (Vt) that accelerates the velocity of Ar cations, keeping the gross plasma density constant. The growth rate was principally limited by the densities of Zn* and Mg*, as well as nonradiative species such as Zn–O and Mg–O, and the MgO molar fraction x in the MgxZn1−xO epilayers nearly agreed with that of the target between 500 and 650 °C. Structural qualities of the epilayers were significantly improved by the use of nearly lattice-matched substrates having proper surface arrangements. The a-axis-locked single-domain (0001) MgxZn1−xO epitaxy was accomplished on an uniaxially quasi-lattice-matched (1120) Al2O3 substrate. The epilayers had at...

Some hydroxycarboxylic acids may produce tribochemically polymerized surface protective molecular layers on rubbing surfaces. The mechanisms of anti-wear action of the hydroxycarboxylic acids are discussed in this paper. In addition, the effect of the other polar molecules which coexist with the hydroxycarboxylic acids, and the anti-wear functions of hydroxycarboxylic acids as anti-wear additives for synthetic base oils having high polarity are discussed.

To determine the action of acetate in man, 1.7mEq/ml of sodium acetate was infused in 10 patients on chronic hemodialysis. It was administered intravenously in 1.5mEq/min for 5 min followed by 3.8mEq/min for another 5 min. As control, 1.71mEq/ml of sodium chloride was infused in a similar manner. Following the infusion of sodium acetate, heart rate increased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.01). Limb blood flow measured in an upper limb by the venous occlusion method, showed an increase in all of them and it was significant( p less than 0.001). The peripheral vascular resistance (=mean arterial blood pressure/limb blood flow) showed a significant fall (p less than 0.001). The analysis of systolic time interval showed a change suggestive of depression of heart function at the end of sodium acetate infusion (p less than 0.05). Such a vasodilating effect or a change in heart function was not observed following sodium chloride infusion. A depressant action of acetate upon the cardiovascular system may be, therefore, concluded.

Momentum distributions for inclusive photoemission of deuterons from nitrogen have been measured at laboratory angles of 43° and 50°, and for maximum energies of the bremsstrahlung photon beam of 725, 775 and 825 MeV. The double differential cross sections of deuterons emitted from nitrogen are obtained for photon energies of 750 and 800 MeV and for laboratory angles of 43° and 50°. The photon energy is determined by the photon subtraction method. Results are examined by a π 0 photoproduction process off a quasi-deuteron in nitrogen ( γ ″d″→ π 0 d) and by a two-step process. The two-step process means the following: first, a nucleon is produced by a photo-pion production process from a quasi-free nucleon in the nitrogen nucleus ( γ ″N″→ π N); second, the nucleon produced at the first step picks up another nucleon in the nucleus and then a deuteron is emitted (N+A→d+anything).

This paper describes the electrolysis in detail and presents the results of bench-scale tests of the molten metal cathode process for recovering chlorine and ammonia from ammonium chloride, reported in the preceding paper (Part I). A zinc chloride electrolyte, 100 A bench-scale electrolytic cell was found to work well. The electrolytic power consumption for 1 kg zinc chloride electrolysis was calculated to be 1120Whkg−1.

Two atypical neuroleptic agents, clozapine and fluperlapine, produced rapid elevations in plasma PRL concentrations that were similar in magnitude to those produced by haloperidol. However, the PRL response to clozapine or fluperlapine was of much shorter duration than that elicited by haloperidol. Clozapine, but neither fluperlapine nor haloperidol, produced a rapid increase in the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons, as evidenced by an enhanced accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the median eminence after the inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase. The clozapine-induced increase in DOPA accumulation was evident within 30 minutes after its administration and persisted for at least 4 hours. The clozapine-induced increase in the activity of TIDA neurons may account, in part, for the abbreviated PRL response to this neuroleptic. In addition, ability to produce a short-lived increase in PRL secretion in the rat appears to be common to the atypical neuroleptic drugs.

The parameters of the subcooled 4ATM helium flow from MTDF refrigerator and helium subcooler proposed to cool the SSC Design 'D' magnet is discussed. The system operating parameters are pressure - 4ATM and temperature - 4.35K. The higher than normal operating pressure is obtained by shutting down the cold turbine (T2) of MTDF refrigerator, and then not J-T the high pressure dense helium gas until after the magnet and liquid return line. The resultant helium temperature at the refrigerator outlet is described and the heat transfer tube length of the subcooler required to cool the flow to the ultimate desired temperature is evaluated.