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The research aimed to study the combined effect of inter-row sodding with perennial grasses and biofertiliser applications (microbial preparations, MPs) on soil fertility and biological activity, as well as on mineral nutrition, productivity and quality of grapes. The experiment was conducted at a vineyard of the Shasla x Berlandieri 41B-rootstock Muskat Belyy variety nearby Sevastopol. The two-factor design was as follows. Sodding: with segetal vegetation (SV) or a mixture of seeded cereal and leguminous herbs (MHs). Microbial preparations: grapevine root system and soil bacterisation with MPs of various action, including Diazophyte nitrogen fixer, Phosphoenterin (PE) phosphate-mobiliser and a complex of microbial preparations (CMP) additionally containing Biopolycide bioprotector. In control, MPs were not applied with SV or MH sodding. Preparations were introduced in soil once a year prior to grapevine flowering at a dose of 200 g MP suspension per bush. Herbs were mown 5–6 times per season at 30–40 cm height. A combined sodding—MPs usage has been found to increase the nitrate content by 24–45, mobile P2O5 – by 16–21, exchangeable K2O – by 28–50 and organic matter – by 0.06–0.13 % relative to control. The greatest increase in N-NO3–K2O content was registered for the combination of MHs, Diazophyte and CMP; combined SV—CMP–MHs had the greatest impact on mobile P2O5 and organic matter. Biologisation enriched mineral grapevine nutrition, especially for P and K, as well as increased the bush productivity by 10–14 % (maximum in CMP–MHs) via improving the berry and bunch mass and grape quality via significantly increasing the sugar content and lowering acidity of wort. MHs–CMP maximized counts of agronomically valuable microorganisms involved in the organic and mineral nitrogen and phosphorus turnover (ammonifiers and oligotrophs by 120–130, amylolytics and phosphate mobilisers by 50–70 and oligonitrophilic by 50– 80 %). All usages contributed to soil enrichment with nutrients and humus.

In a two-year field experiment, six different weed control methods were studied. The methods were: use of the herbicide glyphosate (GL), use of herbicides based on acetic acid (AA), pelargonic acid (PA) and citrus essential oil (EO), mowing weeds with a thread trimmer (TT) and flaming of weeds with fire (FL). Alternative methods of weed control were significantly less effective than the use of herbicide glyphosate. Due to the lower efficiency of alternative methods, large yield losses have occurred, on average, 31 % at AA, 30.6 % at PA, 22.7 % at EO, 5.4 % at TT and 12.9 % at FL in two years. The cost of carrying out controls with alternative methods was significantly higher than the cost of GL. AA it was higher by 3.2-times, in PA by 7.1-times, in EO by 3.8-times, in TT by 3.8- times and in FL by 5.8-times on average in two years. To achieve a comparable control efficiency of GL, five applications of alternative preparations per year have to be performed, or four times mowing of weeds or five weed flaming operations per year.

Background and Aims Knowledge of varietal wine flavour and aroma compounds has improved, but gaps exist concerning how grape composition impacts wine style. This work aimed to explore the influence that different grape tissues can have on the volatile profiles of wines. Methods and Results Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon berries were separated into skin, flesh and seeds. Two sets of fermentations were performed using separated tissues: one using an equal mass of each tissue and another where the amount of each tissue in 25 g of berries was fermented. When an equal mass of tissue was used, the seed-derived wines had a higher concentration of esters than that produced from other grape tissues. Those produced using skins had the highest concentration of lipoxygenase pathway-derived compounds, and, for Riesling, a higher concentration of monoterpenes. When the proportional amounts of each tissue found per berry were used, the flesh-derived wines generally had a higher concentration of many wine volatiles compared to the other tissues. This reflects the greater proportion of flesh tissue in the berry compared to skin and seeds. Conclusions Seed-derived compounds can enhance ester biosynthesis during fermentation and skins appear to have high lipoxygenase pathway activity. Nevertheless, the flesh makes up such a large proportion of the whole berry that it has the major influence on volatile profiles of whole berry fermentations. Significance of the Study Different berry tissues can alter wine composition in unique ways, and this can inform strategies to alter wine composition through vineyard management or the selection of new germplasm.

In table grapes (cv. Thomson Seedless), the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was further analysed and compared between two high potential bacterial biological control agent (BCA) strains, Bacillus velezensis BUZ-14 and B. ginsengihumi S38. Two commercial biocontrol products (BPs), served as standards of comparison, Amylo-X® and Serenade Max®, also based on Bacillus BCA strains. The main mode of action quantified for all the strains was antibiosis due to hydrosoluble and volatile metabolites and their combinations. The BUZ-14 strain was the most active BCA strain, demonstrating significant disease reduction exceeding 60 % when used in the culture form grown in 863 medium, including living cells (LCs) and cell-free supernatant (CFS). Both BPs exhibited significantly reduced efficacy of their CFS fraction (< 10 %) compared with that of the two BCA strains, confirming their high antibiosis potential. The novel methodology allowed us to demonstrate the significant effect of the BCA culture medium on volatilome (VOC) antagonist efficacy. The S38 strain achieved the highest disease reduction (90 %) owing to the greatest production of VOCs in the richest MOLP (Medium Optimum Lipopetide Production) culture medium, whereas grape juice was the least favourable medium for VOC efficacy for both bacterial strains (BUZ14 and S38). The overall poor activity of living Bacillus cells in all the BCA and BPs tested is discussed based on the low capacity of the BCA strains to grow in the berry. Then, the presence of living cells is also discussed with the possibility that these cells are not required in field applications of such BCA strains in this genus. Moreover, different environmental suboptimal conditions, including temperature (22 and 27 °C) and relative humidity (RH) (100 and 85–95 %), were tested, and BUZ-14 exhibited the highest Botrytis reduction at both temperatures and RH values. However, no significant differences were observed between temperatures or RH values for the same BCA. Further studies in vineyard conditions and applications, such as biofumigation or active packaging, will be performed to confirm the new findings reported in this investigation.

‘Xinomavro’ (the second planted red Greek variety behind ‘Agiorgitiko’) generally produces wines that are light in colour but with increased astringency, possibly related to grape flavonoid amount and composition; although irrigation is accepted as an effective means to enhance grape phenolic maturity, its role has not yet been sufficiently studied in the case of Xinomavro. This study aimed to determine the effect of post-veraison irrigation on berry anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin amount and composition, of field-grown Xinomavro vines (Vitis vinifera L.), under the typical summer conditions of Northern Greece. In a 10-year-old Xinomavro vineyard, two post-veraison watering regimes were applied—irrigation starting 20 days after veraison (mid-ripening irrigation, MRI) and irrigation starting immediately after veraison was completed (after veraison irrigation, AVI)—alongside non irrigated vines (NI), and vines irrigated continuously from berry set through harvest (continuous irrigation, CI). Proanthocyanidin composition was determined in both skins and seeds by employing phloroglucinolysis followed by HPLC-UV and MS detection (high-performance liquid chromatographic with tandem mass spectrometric and ultraviolet absorbance detection), and the anthocyanin profile was identified only in the skin extracts by HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatographic with ultraviolet absorbance detection). Post-veraison irrigation increased yield parameters and reduced anthocyanin levels and the proportion of their stable forms (acylated vs. non-acylated, tri-oxygenated and methoxylated on the B-ring vs. di-oxygenated and hydroxylated), compared to NI vines; however, these effects were more pronounced in the case of early post-veraison irrigation (AVI) than late-season irrigation (MRI). Irrigation also increased the mean Degree of Polymerization (mDP) and prodelphinidin percentage of skin tannins and decreased mDP of seed tannins. In the light of the necessity to control the accelerated ripening under the increasingly hotter and drier climatic conditions, late irrigation (MRI) might provide a solution to avoid excessive sugar levels and allow a slightly higher yield without significant reductions in berry phenolic content. The results suggest that the optimisation of the timing of irrigation could provide an effective adaptation strategy to climate change in Mediterranean viticultural areas.

The current study aimed to screen glyphosate-alternative weed control methods in three perennial crops in Greece. Field trials were conducted and repeated (2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020) in a citrus orchard (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan), an olive grove (Olea europaea L.), and a vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) under the randomized complete block design (nine treatments, four blocks). Glyphosate was applied in the citrus orchard (720 g ae ha−1), the olive grove (720 g ae ha−1), and the vineyard (1,800 g ae ha−1). Pelargonic acid (1,088 g ha−1; two times), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) residues and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) residues were evaluated in all sites. Mowing was evaluated in the citrus orchard (one time) and the vineyard (two times). Flazasulfuron (50 g ha−1), oxyfluorfen (144 g ha−1), and flumioxazin (150 g ha−1) were applied in the citrus orchard and the olive grove. Penoxsulam + florasulam (15 + 7.5 g ha−1) was also applied in the olive grove. Cycloxydim (200 g ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (150 g ha−1) and propaquizafop (150 g ha−1) were applied in the vineyard. An untreated control was included in all sites. Flazasulfuron, oxyfluorfen, and flumioxazin resulted in similar normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and weed biomass to glyphosate in the citrus orchard in both years and evaluations. Pelargonic acid (two times) and mowing (one time) were effective on broadleaf weeds. Flazasulfuron and penoxsulam + florasulam were the most promising glyphosate-alternative weed control methods against hairy fleabane [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist] in the olive grove. Cover crop residues showed their suppressive ability as in the citrus orchard. All selective herbicides resulted in similar NDVI and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] dry weight values in the vineyard in both years. Negative and strong correlations were observed in all sites and years between crop yield and weed dry weight (R2 = 0.543 to 0.924).

Vineyard solid wastes are regarded as an alternative source of renewable raw materials for the production of hemicellulosic sugars and their conversion into furfural. In this work, a liquid hemicellulosic fraction was extracted from vineyard wastes in order to produce a higher furfural yield. A simple ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) method was used for determining furfural from vineyard wastes. The UHPLC-DAD method was validated for the determination of furfural from vineyard wastes. The described method shows good linearity with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.998. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 ��g mL���1 and 1.0 ��g mL���1, respectively. The recoveries determined by the spiking solutions varied between 95.1 and 100.8%. The relative expanded uncertainty of the method was evaluated based on a bottom-up approach and was 13.5%.

Copper (Cu) contents in vineyard soils due to the application of cupric fungicides cause changes in the native covering flora. Under these conditions, the surviving individuals accumulate the metal in and decrease its availability in the soil, reducing the potential toxicity to grapevine. We have identified spontaneous plant species and their phytoremediation potential from vineyards of Isabella (Vitis labrusca) on two distinct soil types (Inceptisol and Entisol) contaminated with Cu. The results demonstrated that wild species displayed higher Cu contents in the roots than in the shoot, but had low bioaccumulation potential. During summer, the plants were unable to extract and stabilize the metal, although during the winter, Lolium multiflorum, Cyperus compressus and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum demonstrated phytostabilization potential. Among the investigated species, dry matter production and Cu accumulation by Lolium multiflorum indicated that the species is effective to decrease Cu availability in the soil. Made available in DSpace on 2022-07-12T19:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo202-p341-3491.pdf: 1213731 bytes, checksum: 02d31dab3c4f48cd3b4aaba2a784fbd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Además de la cosecha de uva para consumo en fresco, elaboración de jugos y la producción de vinos, los viñedos (Vitis vinifera L.) por su condición de plantas leñosas y longevas pueden tener una participación importante en la asimilación y retención del carbono atmosférico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la tasa de intercambio neto de bióxido de carbono del ecosistema por sus siglas en inglés (NEE) en un viñedo durante su ciclo de producción, y su relación con el secuestro de carbono atmosférico. El estudio se realizó (de abril a diciembre de 2018) en un viñedo del cultivar Shiraz de 11 años, de la Vinícola San Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila. La tasa de flujo de bióxido de carbono entre el dosel del viñedo y la atmósfera, a través de los meses de crecimiento se midió con los sensores de un sistema de covarianza eddy. De abril a noviembre el viñedo actúa como un sumidero de carbono atmosférico y durante mayo, junio y julio se tuvieron los valores mayores de NEE, con un valor promedio de -3.014 g C m-2 s-1. El carbono almacenado en la madera de las plantas del viñedo fue 3.35 t C ha-1. Estos resultados muestran que, los viñedos son sistemas agrícolas que pueden tener una participación importante en la mitigación del bióxido de carbono atmosférico, que aunado a su condición de plantas leñosas-longevas y las grandes superficies establecidas de viñedos en México y el mundo, son ecosistemas de almacenamientos de carbono muy importantes.

Grape mealybug consider the most universally important vineyard insect pest. Insecticides are the main strategy to grapevine insect control. The result showed that the recommended rate of Imidacloprid is succeeded in controlling of mealybug since its initial reduced of the infestation were 89.26, 84.21and 85.71 % for first season and 82.71, 82.94 and 83.56 % for second season for Flame seedless, Early sweet seedless and Sugraone seedless, respectively. Meanwhile, the total mean of reduction after 3,7, 14 and 30 days were 95.79, 64.83 and 72.82 % for first season and 85.20, 66.33 and 69.84 % for second season on Flame seedless, Early sweet seedless and Sugraone seedless, respectively. On the other hand, the total mean of reduction after 3,7, 14 and 30 days were 72.56, 80.40 and 82.50% for first season and 68.88, 76.13 and 75.56% for second season on Flame seedless, Early sweet seedless and Sugraone seedless, respectively. In addition, all of them are above 70% reduction. From these results, it should be suggested using some effective alternatives such as Palmito compound in controlling mealy bug incompatible program with chemical insecticides instead of conventional individuals' insecticides. The grapevine variety, Early sweet seedless showed the significant superiority in the quality traits. Under conditions of this investigation, the grapevine variety, Early sweet seedless was recorder the highest values for yield per vine, TSS and total sugar% in both seasons.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is considered to be the most important part of the soil. C and N and their forms are most often used to evaluate SOM. In the last decades, C indices have begun to be used to assess soil quality for C changes in SOM due to the different soil management. Since C cycle is closely related to N, there is an assumption that N indices will be sensitive to N changes in SOM under the different soil management. The objective of the study was to evaluate the extent of C and N indices on C and N changes in SOM (in Rendzic Leptosol) under the different soil management practices (1. G: grass and no fertilization - as control; 2. T: tillage; 3. T+FYM: tillage + farmyard manure; 4. G+NPK3: grass + NPK 125-50-185 kg ha-1; 5. G+NPK1: grass + NPK 100-30-120 kg ha−1) in a productive vineyard (Nitra-Dražovce; Slovakia) during the period of 13 years. The results showed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) was reduced by 26% compared to G because of intensive cultivation on one hand, but on the other hand, in T + FYM treatment no significant changes in SOC over the 13 years of the experiment were observed. A higher labile carbon (CL) content was in G+NPK3 then follows: G+NPK1 > G > T+FYM > T for topsoil. In topsoil, carbon lability increased after a higher level of mineral fertilization, while in subsoil after intensive cultivation. The values of CPI for topsoil decreased in the following order: G+NPK1 > T+FYM > G+NPK3 > T. Based on CMI values, intensive C changes in the SOM due to the soil management practices were observed in T treatment. The highest accumulation of carbon and decomposable organic matter occurred in G+NPK3. Incorporation of FYM, and both rates of NPK increased values of NMI by 45, 47 and 36% respectively compared to T for topsoil. The highest values of the NPI were detected because of farmyard manure application and mineral fertilization at a higher rate for topsoil and because of intensive cultivation, as well as plowing of FYM for subsoil.

Harvested mature berry clusters of two white table grape cultivars were used to study the effects of postharvest UV irradiation. One cultivar, 'Queen of Vineyard' (QV), had higher light-acclimated PSII quantum yield, higher phenolic contents, and stronger total antioxidant capacities than the other, 'White Sultana' (WS). These differences were maintained throughout the experiment. Responses of the two cultivars to a 30-min UV irradiation were also different. Antioxidant capacities and flavonol, especially quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, contents were lower 2 h after the UV treatment in both cultivars and recovered in QV but not in WS berry skins later on. Our data demonstrate that mature grapevine berries have photosynthetically active tissues capable of dynamic changes even several hours after harvest and suggest that changes in photochemistry may contribute to postharvest metabolic responses of berry skins. Results also support the potential of postharvest manipulation of fruit qualities with UV irradiation.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of pre-flowering leaf removal (PFD) on grape sanitary status, yield, source-sink balance and berry composition. A completely random block design experiment was conducted over four seasons in a commercial vineyard of the Tannat/SO4 combination located in the south of Uruguay (34° 35´30 S, 56° 15´23 O). The PFD treatment was compared with a commercial defoliation (CC) comprising partial leaf removal between the fruit set and cluster closure stages (four leaves from the first node), a traditional practice carried out by winegrowers. Both treatments received equal phytosanitary management during the study. The results were conditioned by seasonal meteorological conditions, particularly rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration. The seasonal effect was significant for yield components, berry composition and source-sink balance. The PFD treatment resulted in the lowest yields in all four years and modified the primary and secondary composition of berries. It also showed a higher anthocyanin potential in 2016, 2017 and 2019, related to a higher percentage of exposed clusters, lower yield and/or higher leaf to fruit ratio. In 2017, environmental conditions were more favourable for the development of bunch rot, and lower values of incidence (3 %) were recorded for the PFD treatment compared to CC (22 %), due to greater exposure of bunches and less compact bunches. The PFD vines showed a steady reduction in dry matter production capacity, mainly explained by the steady reduction in yields. The Tannat variety showed a differential response to PFD depending on the weather during the growth cycle. Under humid climate conditions, pre-flowering defoliation proved to be effective for yield control, by reducing bunch rot incidence, and for improving some attributes in terms of grape composition. This work provides useful information for grape growers in humid regions on how to improve the sanitary status and quality of their production.

This is a cross-sectional study with data and biological material collection from vineyard farmers in southern Brazil. An interview was carried out through a questionnaire developed according to the reference guide of the state government. Plasma and urine samples were screened for Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Zinc, Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, Antimony, Barium, Mercury, Lead and Uranium, with a technique for fast determination of these elemental contents in biological material utilizing dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to identify associations between these elemental contents in biological samples and the information obtained from the interviews. The farmers showed some trace elements in plasma and urine at a higher concentration than unexposed populations from other studies. This study highlights recent findings of trace elements in biological material and their association with characteristics of pesticide use. In addition, it also contributes to the gap in the literature regarding trace elements content in plasma and urine of workers exposed to pesticides.

In most European countries, each adult citizen drinks on average more than 20 L of wine every year. Three popular wine-growing areas (Aleksandrovac, Topola, and Orahovac) in Serbia were studied in order to investigate the abundance and uptake of elements from vineyard soil to plants. The specific activities of radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K, 137Cs, and 7Be) were measured in soil, leaves, and grape berries. 226Ra and 232Th were positively correlated with silt and clay and negatively correlated with sand content in soil. Specific activities of natural radionuclides were also negatively correlated with soil pH and CaCO3. Significant correlations of 40K and 137Cs with organic matter in soil were found. Concentrations of fifteen metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Hg) were also measured in soil samples as well as in grapevine leaves. Analyzed soils were rich in Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, and Cd. High concentrations of Cu were probably caused by long-term use of Cu-based fungicides. Cu was correlated with Fe and organic matter content in soil. Soil-to-plant transfer factors (TF) were calculated to estimate the uptake of radionuclides and metals. Correlations obtained via PCA enable distinction between the sites Aleksandrovac and Topola relative to Orahovac. The first principal component (PC1) accounting for 30.70% of the total variance correlated significantly with soil pH (H2O), contents of CaCO3, Na, Ca, 40K, and 226Ra in soil, as well as with 226Ra, Na, Ca in plants and TFCa. The second principal component (PC2), with total variance of 17.21%, was mainly correlated with variables pertaining to Mg, Co, and Cr in the soil and TFK.

This study was conducted during the two consecutive seasons of (2016 and 2017) in a private vineyard located at El-Sadat City, Menoufia Governorate, to study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfnuron (CPPU) application on productivity and berries development of Early Sweet grape cultivar. The vines were five years old, spaced at 2×3 meters apart, grown in a sandy soil and trellised according to the Spanish Parron system. Eight treatments were applied by using dipping clusters with CPPU at concentrations from 1 to 7ppm after fruit set directly in combined plus spraying with GA3 at 20 ppm at 6-8mm berry diameter in additionally control treatment. The results revealed that all CPPU and GA3 applications had the best results in comparison with control in both seasons. Excessive CPPU doses + spraying clusters with GA3 increases yield and physical properties of berries i.e. berry weight, size and firmness, but it delay maturation. In contrast, lower CPPU doses + spraying clusters with GA3 cause a slightly in retarding maturation but reduces yield and its components. On the other hand, moderate CPPU doses (dipping clusters with CPPU at 5ppm + spraying clusters with GA3 at 20 ppm) had an achieving in appropriate balance between yield and cluster quality attributes of Early Sweet grapevines in both seasons.

Calcium supplements have been increasingly used for decay prevention, sanitation and nutritional enrichment of fruits, as more environmentally friendly alternatives to fungicides. However, little is known on the effects of these supplements on grape berry biochemical and molecular properties during storage. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that the application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in grapevines throughout the fruiting season reduces damage (and decay) of postharvest grape berries, through several biochemical and transcriptional modifications in sugar transport, secondary metabolism, antioxidant activity, cell wall organization and pathogen defense. Results showed that calcium (Ca) treatments in cv. Vinhão vines increased fruit Ca content and significantly decreased fruit damage by 60%, 10-d after storage at 4 °C. Grape berries from Ca-treated vines displayed lower levels of total phenolics and anthocyanins, compared to control fruits, corroborating the downregulation of PAL1 and STS which resulted in decreased non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity estimated by FRAP assay. In contrast, a strong upregulation of CAT1, ASPX1, ASPX3, GLPX1, CSD3 and CSD6 encoding antioxidant enzymes was observed. Accordingly, catalase enzyme activity was stimulated, significantly reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by 36%. The overexpression of the cell wall and pathogen defense genes PME, PGIP, PIN and PR1 likely contributed to the reduction in fruit rot. This work suggested that preharvest Ca treatment is an efficient agronomical strategy that prolongs the shelf life of grape berries through modifications at molecular and biochemical levels, bringing further insight on the benefits and drawbacks of preharvest Ca applications on postharvest fruit quality attributes., The authors thank Dr Ana Garcia (CIIMAR, Portugal) for providing access to the experimental fields used in this study. This work was supported by the “Contrato-Programa” UIDB/04050/2020 funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. The work was also supported by FCT, CCDR-N (Norte Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission) and European Funds (FEDER/POCI/COMPETE2020) through the project AgriFoodXXI (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041) and the research projects BerryPlastid (PTDC/BIA-FBT/28165/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028165) and MitiVineDrought (PTDC/BIA-FBT/ 30341/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030341). This research was also supported by national funds, through FCT/MCTES, within the scope of UIDB/05748/2020 and UIDP/05748/2020 (GreenUPorto); C. Soares would like to acknowledge FCT for providing a doctoral grant (SFRH/ BD/115643/2016)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Starmerella bacillaris is a non-Saccharomyces yeast recently proposed for grape fermentation in association with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to its high glycerol and moderate volatile acidity production this yeast can contribute to improving wine quality. Some strains have been demonstrated to exhibit antifungal activity against grey mould on grape, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea. The simultaneous presence of these traits in S. bacillaris is of great interest. Indeed, this yeast can be potentially used as a biocontrol agent in vineyards. Research on the ability of S. bacillaris to survive or, even to grow on the surface of grapes is a starting point in the evaluatation of its potential use in vineyards. The preliminary results of our study showed that when applied to the grape surface under laboratory condictions, inoculum sized S. bacillaris with antifungal activity developed and lasted for at least 6 days in high concentrations. In addition, it positively influenced the fermentation process by producing high concentrations of glycerol (average value 4.89 ± 0.47 g/L). Interestingly, a positive effect on wine quality was also observed when the inoculum size was 10 times higher or lower than the reference concentration. When sprayed on the vines in the vineyard and present on the grape skin surface after harvest, S. bacillaris cells can start alcoholic fermentation.

Berry color development of Flame Seedless grapes is considered one of the main maturity indices. Achieved the requested color at harvest is one of the main problems of Flame Seedless because berries fail to reach the requested level of red color. So, an experiment was carried out on Flame Seedless vines in a private vineyard in the governorate of Sharkia, Egypt. Bunches were sprayed with one of the following five treatments, 0 mg/l (as a control treatment), Methyle Jasmonate at 0.046 %, Ethephon at 0.24 g/l and at 0.14 g/l, Ethephon at 0.24 g/l + ABA at 0.015% and Ethephon at 0.24 g/l + Methyle Jasmonate at 0.046 %. The single treatments were sprayed at veraison stage while the combined treatments were sprayed at veraison stage and then 5 days later. The combined treatment of (Ethephon + Methyle Jasmonate) was the best treatment, compared control treatment in both seasons, it improves berry color and increases the packable yield at the first harvest. The same treatment significantly increased anthocyanin content and total soluble solids percentage as well as TSS/acid ratio compared with control treatment in both seasons, respectively. Therefore, the combination between Ethephon and Methyle Jasmonate surpassed the other tested treatments in improving berry color and improving berry quality at harvest time. Moreover, the combined treatments with either Ethephon + Methyle Jasmonate was more effective in improving berry coloration and quality than Methyle Jasmonate individually.

The effect of different concentrations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG; 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/l), an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, on grape berry set and fruit quality was evaluated under vineyard conditions. Treatments were performed on ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ grape cultivar at full bloom stage for two years. Cluster and berry growth (length, width and weight), firmness, soluble solids content, yield, berry set, anthocyanin content and colour parameters were determined on treated and untreated (control) fruits. As a result of the study, the effects of AVG concentrations on firmness were not significant. When AVG applications were compared with control, it is determined that some quality properties were statistically affected, the others were not. Fruit set was increased by lower concentrations of AVG (250 mg/l) and anthocyanin content was increased by higher concentrations of AVG (750 mg/l).

This study was conducted during 2018, 2019 and 2020 seasons, on 10 years old Flame Seedless grapevines, grown on the experimental vineyard of the Research Station, Matana, Esna, Luxor, Egypt to study the effect of antioxidants on vegetative growth, nutrient status, and fruiting of Flame Seedless grapevine. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with four treatments and three replications two vine per each. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: Spraying either citric acid, ascorbic acid or vitamin B12 significantly increased, pruning wood weight and leaf area as well as leaf total chlorophyll and leaf nutrient composition compared to spray water ones (check treatment). No significant differences on these traits due to spray with any ones compared to either. All antioxidants treatments significantly increased the yield and improved the cluster and berry traits compared to sprayed water. It is evident from the foregoing results that spraying with either ascorbic acid or citric acid or vitamin B12 at 250 ppm three times improved the vegetative growth, yield and berry quality.

Quantifying genes in soil is important to relate the abundance of soil bacteria to biogeochemical cycles. Quantitative real-time PCR is widely used for quantification, but its use with environmental samples is limited by poor reaction efficiencies or by PCR inhibition through co-purified soil substances. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a technology for absolute, sensitive quantification of genes. This study optimized eight ddPCR assays to quantify total bacteria and archaea as well as the nitrification (bacterial and archaeal amoA) and denitrification (nirS, nirK, nosZI, nosZII) genes involved in the generation or reduction of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. Detection and quantification thresholds were compared with those of quantitative real-time PCR and were equal to, or improved, in ddPCR. To validate the assays using environmental samples, soil DNA was isolated from two vineyards in the Okanagan valley in British Columbia, Canada, over the 2017 growing season. Soil properties related to the observed gene abundances were determined. Total bacteria, nirK, and nosZII increased with time and the soil C/N ratio and NH4+-N concentration affected total archaea and archaeal amoA negatively. The results, compared with those of other studies, showed that ddPCR is a valid alternative to qPCR to quantify genes involved in nitrification or denitrification.

Alternative materials with added-value functions, such as phytopathogen suppression and biostimulant and/or biofertilising activity, have been proposed as peat substitutes in growing media. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of 23 agro-industrial composts as components of growing media for baby-leaf lettuce transplant production and their activity against the plant pathogen Pythium irregulare. The composts were produced by mixing different starting feedstocks—tomato waste, leek waste, olive mill cake and vineyard pruning waste—with different additives (coffee, thyme, lavender and rockrose waste), which were incorporated at the beginning of the maturation phase. The results obtained indicated that the composts were mature enough to be used as growing media. The fresh weight of the lettuce plants grown with the different composts was significantly higher than in plants obtained with peat. Composts with the coffee additive produced higher lettuce fresh weight, while those with thyme yielded a lower fresh weight. Moreover, composts as components of growing media showed significantly higher P. irregulare suppressiveness than peat. The composts with additives produced lower lettuce fresh weight than composts without additives, but showed higher suppressiveness. Composts with additives showed opposite results depending on whether they were exposed to pathogens or not. Composts with additives showed opposite results according to pathogen pressure or not. Out of all the composts studied, the compost with tomato waste and leek waste as the initial feedstock, and lavender as an additive, showed the highest suppressive capacity. After lettuce harvesting, the growing media with composts showed significantly lower concentrations of P. irregulare than peat. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the growing media with compost can be grouped together according to the additive type, This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and by European Regional Development Funds (ERDF, ‘‘Una manera de hacer Europa”) in the framework of the project ‘‘Compost as biofertilizer, resistance inductor against plant pathogens and healthy property promoter under a crop intensive sustainable production. Compoleaf” (Project AGL2017- 84085-C3-1-R, C3-2-R and C3-3-R)

In Washington, most winegrapes are own-rooted Vitis vinifera, which is susceptible to the plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne hapla and Xiphinema americanum. Using resistant rootstocks to manage nematodes has not been evaluated in Washington vineyards. A long-term vineyard trial was established to evaluate the effects of soil fumigation and rootstock genotype on M. hapla and X. americanum population dynamics and vine growth during vineyard establishment (first three years) in a replant scenario. Vines in an existing V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ vineyard were first treated with foliar glyphosate in fall 2014. Randomized areas within the vineyard were then either fumigated or not with drip-applied metam sodium. Following fumigation, vines were removed. In spring 2015, the vineyard was replanted to Chardonnay on the following rootstocks: 1103 Paulsen, 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset, Teleki 5C, and Harmony. Self-grafted and own-rooted Chardonnay were included. Fumigation reduced M. hapla soil second-stage juvenile (J2) population densities on own-rooted and self-grafted vines for only the first year after fumigation. One year after fumigation, the self-grafted and own-rooted vines had higher population densities of M. hapla J2 than rootstocks. All rootstocks supported measurable densities of M. hapla J2 but were poor hosts relative to V. vinifera. Fumigation effectively reduced population densities of X. americanum for up to 3.5 years. Fumigation also reduced early establishment pruning weights. Vines grown in fumigated areas had lower pruning weights through year 2; but rootstock was the bigger influence on pruning weights by year 3. This trial demonstrates that rootstocks have a more sustained impact on nematode re-establishment and subsequent vine health in a vineyard replant scenario than that of pre-plant fumigation.

The primary aromas of grapes originate from the volatile compounds formed in the vine berry during ripening and thus play a key role in the formation of the grape quality. The content and development of primary aromas depend on the variety, soil, climate, agrotechnical practices in the vineyard, and are especially affected by temperature, exposure to sunlight, water supply and leaf defoliation in the cluster zone. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different fertilization treatments, especially the foliar application of potassium (K) and boron (B) and other microelements on the content of primary aromas in grapes of the 'Skrlet bijeli' variety. Four fertilization treatments were applied: NPK; NPK + Fertdolomite; NPK + Fertdolomite + Folibor B; NPK + Fertdolomite + Folibor B + Proteoleaf. Grape harvesting in research years 2012, 2013 and 2014 was performed at the stage of full maturity. The primary aromas were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). In this research, it has been determined a statistically significant effect of vintage years with lower average temperature during the growing season on the content of primary aromas in the must. The exception is β-damaskenone whose values were significantly higher in a vintage year with a higher average temperature during the growing season.

International audience; Esca is a complex grapevine trunk disease caused by wood-rotting ascomycetes and basidiomycetes and leading to several foliar and wood symptoms. Given that the esca expression can be influenced by several environmental, physiological, and genetic factors, foliar symptoms are inconsistent in incidence and prevalence and may appear 1 year but not the following. We have previously reported a clone-dependent expression of the disease in cv Chardonnay. Owing to metabolome analysis, we could discriminate the metabolite fingerprint of green leaves collected on diseased vines of clones 76 and 95. These clone-dependent fingerprints were year-dependent in intensity and nature. The present work was conducted to determine if the clone-dependent disease expression observed is specific to Chardonnay or if it also occurs in another cultivar. A plot located in the Jura vineyard (France) and planted with both 1004 and 1026 clones of Trousseau, a cultivar highly susceptible to esca, was thus selected and studied during 2017 and 2018. A year-dependent variation of the symptoms expression was first observed and a possible relationship with rainfall is hypothesized and discussed. Moreover, a higher percentage of the clone 1026 vines expressed disease, compared to the 1004 ones, suggesting the higher susceptibility of this clone. Finally, metabolomic analyses of the remaining green leaves (i.e, without symptom expression) of partial esca-apoplectic vines allowed us to confirm a clone-dependent metabolic response to the disease. The metabolite fingerprints obtained differed in nature and intensity to those previously reported for Chardonnay and also between years.

Adjusting the soluble solids of the prefermentation must is a tool by which winemakers can manipulate the flavor profile of a wine. Brix, a measure of soluble solids, is often modified prior to fermentation by chaptalization or the addition of water, but also can be modified in the vineyard by allowing the fruit to further mature on the vine. This work presents the effects of harvest maturity and prefermentation Brix on the flavor profile of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Syrah (SY) wines. Fruit from each cultivar were harvested at three approximate maturity targets: 20 Brix – unripe, 24 Brix – ripe, and 28 Brix – overripe. Must from each harvest was first divided, and then the Brix was adjusted to match each of the target maturities, e.g. portions of the 24 Brix harvest were adjusted to 20 and 28 Brix. Descriptive analysis found 10 attributes which significantly varied among the CS wines and 14 attributes which significantly varied among the SY wines. Harvest maturity primarily impacted the CS aroma profile, as wines produced from unripe fruit showed increased green aroma, but wines produced from ripe/overripe fruit showed increased jammy berries aroma. Increasing the prefermentation Brix of the CS must increased the intensity of bitterness, hotness, and viscosity, but decreased the sourness. The SY wine flavor profile was heavily impacted by increasing the prefermentation Brix, which showed higher intensities of astringency, ethanol aroma, hot mouthfeel, jammy fruit aroma, rose aroma, solvent aroma, ethanol aroma, and viscous mouthfeel. The SY Fruit maturity showed a significant on the astringent intensity and earthy aroma, but an interactive effect between harvest maturity and Brix was found for sulfur, cabbage aroma, and bitterness.

A more resilient adaptation to changing climate calls for crop diversification in vineyards, too. As a contribution to the H2020 collaborative project of the European Union, called Diverfarming, and part of the agroecological experiments during 2018 and 2019, grapevine biomass growth was monitored in connection with carbon storage types in soil and in the deposits removed by soil erosion. Phenometry was carried out interpreting segmented images to follow changes in biomass. It was found that crop growth could be best described by the Richards growth function. The distinction between grapevine and intercrop growth, however, requires further refinement in image analysis. In the laboratory TOC and Ntotal were measured for both the soil and the plant organs as well as for the eroded sediments. Greenhouse gas emissions and photosynthesis were monitored. Looking at the change of Leaf Area Index (LAI) over the growing period, image analysis pointed out the role of cut shoots from pruning in the C and N cycles. Maximum leaf area (at ripening) for guyot cultivation technique was extimated at 7,840 m2 ha-1. Soil loss by erosion was established by sediment traps at the end of vinestock rows. The grain size distribution analysis led to the remarkable result that as erosion proceeded, the ratio of the sand fraction increased but remained within the range for the textural class of loam. Organic matter contents grew to 38 g kg-1. The rate of soil erosion is higher in ploughed than in grassed interrows by orders of magnitude.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotic plant fungus that causes gray mold disease in over 200 crops, including grapevine. Due to its genetic plasticity, this fungus presents strong resistance to many fungicides. Thus, new strategies against B. cinerea are urgently needed. In this context, antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) was considered. APDT involves the use of a photosensitizer that generates reactive oxygen species upon illumination with white light. Tetra-4-sulfonatophenyl porphyrin tetra-ammonium (TPPS) was tested on B. cinerea using light. 1.5 µM TPPS completely inhibited mycelial growth. TPPS (12.5 µM) was tested on three grapevine clones from Chardonnay, Merlot and Sauvignon, grown in vitro for 2 months. Treated root apparatus of the three backgrounds increased thiol production as a molecular protection against photoactivated TPPS, leading to a normal phenotype as compared with control plantlets. Finally, 2-month-old grapevine leaves were infected with 4-day-old mycelium of B. cinerea pre-incubated or not with TPPS. The pre-treated mycelium was unable to infect the detached leaves of any of the three grapevine varieties after 72 h growth when subjected to a 16 h photoperiod, contrary to untreated mycelium. These results suggest a strong potential of photo-treatment against B. cinerea mycelium for future agricultural practices in vineyard or other cultures.

Potassium (K) increase in the soil can affect grape must yield and quality; and consequently, the quality of wine; however, studies in this field approaching altitude soil in Southern Brazil (used for viniculture) are scarce. The aim of the present study is to evaluate yield, critical K level in the leaves and their association with grape must composition in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vines subjected to K application in high altitude soil in Southern Brazil. The experiment was performed in a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard subjected to the application of different K doses (0, 30 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) in three seasons. Potassium (K) availability in soil and leaves, as well as total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TA) content in grape must were evaluated. Potassium fertilizer applications increased K availability in the soil, but its concentration only increased in leaves collected at full bloom in the 2013/2014 season. Potassium applications in the soil did not affect yield, but K concentration increase in the leaves led to increased TSS and pH values in grape must, as well as to TA and tartaric acid decrease, a factor that can impair the quality of wine.

Grape cane is a necessary annual by-product of a vineyard. It is available in large quantities, an estimated 9 million tons (oven-dry weight) annually, having approximately 18 million acres worldwide. There is currently no substantial commercial utilization of grape cane fiber, with the majority incinerated. The main objective of the current study is to characterize grape cane fibers extracted at different alkali treatment concentrations and to determine the optimum treatment concentrations that can produce better fiber properties. The fibers were treated at 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 100 °C for 2 h. The grape cane fibers can be categorized into two types, namely outer bark (OB) and inner bark (IB) fiber after the treatment process. Aspect ratio, chemical composition, crystallinity, changes in the functional groups using FTIR, and tensile properties of OB and IB fibers were investigated. The results show that these two fibers demonstrated dissimilar anatomical structures, cell types, cell dimensions, and tensile properties. Meanwhile, the chemical compositions and crystallinity are equivalent to each other. The overall properties of both fibers were found superior at the lower treatment concentrations.

Seed germination is a key ecological and agronomic trait, which plays a critical role affecting the subsequent growth and production of higher plants. The bioactive molecule nitric oxide (NO) is a prooxidant as well as antioxidant in plants. Gibberellic acid (GA) enhances the seed germination. In the present study, we tested the effects of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as NO donor) and GA3 applications on seed viability, seed germination and seedling development of the Control, and Boron (B) and Zinc (Zn) applied grapevine seeds (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Eksi Kara and Gok Uzum). B and Zn treatments were carried out in a commercial vineyard in Konya province Turkey, and aqueous solution of SNP (100 μM-24 h, 100 μM-48 h) and GA3 (1 gL−1-24 h, 1 gL−1-48 h) treatments applied at 90 days stratified seeds in Selcuk University. Foliar spray of boric acid (0.15%) and Zn sulfate (0.25%) were done approximately two weeks after full bloom. Results showed that the SNP and the GA3 treatments enhanced the viability and germination rates of the seeds. The B and the Zn foliar applications also promoted the seed viability and seed germination rates in both grape cultivars. Effects of treatments on seedling development depended on the cultivar and application time in the Control, B and Zn applied seeds. The results showed that the SNP and the GA3 applications can be useful for promoting seed viability and seed germination rates in grapevines.

An on-vineyard approach was used to investigate the effects of biodynamic (BD) preparations on soil microbial biomass and microbial functional diversity in five vineyards on calcareous bedrocks und...

This study describes a novel fungal species belonging to the genus Gongronella. During a previous work focusing on metalaxyl degradation by Mucorales strains, two isolates from vineyard soil samples collected in the Alentejo region, south Portugal, were identified as a putative novel species based on combined molecular and MALDI-TOF MS data. This new species is described here using a polyphasic approach that combines morphology, internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS) and 28S ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequence data analysis and proteomic profiling by MALDI-TOF MS. Phenotypic and molecular data enabled this novel species to be clearly distinguished from other Gongronella species with results of combined ITS+LSU analysis showing that the Gongronella species is related to Gongronella butleri and Gongronella brasiliensis. Therefore, from the results of morphological and molecular analyses, isolates MUM 10.262 and MUM 10.263 seem to represent a new Gongronella species and the name Gongronella eborensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the ex-type strain MUM 10.262 (=CCMI 1100=CBS 128763).

Pinot noir fruit is often relatively low in the phenolics important for wine mouthfeel and color stabilization. Previous research has shown that leaf removal can influence the concentration and composition of Pinot noir fruit phenolics, but it is not clear to what extent these effects on grape composition are carried through the winemaking process. A novel thermal treatment, ‘Controlled Phenolic Release’ (CPR), has been demonstrated effective for increasing the phenolic concentration of Pinot noir wines, but there is currently limited information on the interaction between this process and viticultural practices. CPR is microwave heating of grape must to hasten phenolic extraction. This study applied viticultural treatments to Pinot noir (no leaf removal; leaf removal at post-flowering and pre-veraison) in two commercial vineyards (A and B), and winemaking treatments in replicated microvinifications (control; CPR with skin contact; CPR with early pressing) were applied to fruit from vineyard A. Effects on grape and wine phenolics were examined using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Wine tannin composition and polymerization were assayed by methyl cellulose precipitation (MCPT) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Viticultural treatments applied produced significant effects in vineyard A but not vineyard B. Winemaking treatments impacted the concentration of phenolics in wines, but there was no interaction between viticultural and winemaking treatments; effects were additive. Of scientific and practical significance was the finding that grape phenolic concentration determined from homogenate extractions of fruit did not reliably predict Pinot noir wine phenolics. Further, in wines, variation in tannin composition, the extent of tannin polymerization and tannin size was found between treatments. The novel findings here are that the viticultural treatment and the winemaking treatments were both significant and, being independent of each other, offered two separate ways to adjust phenolics in Pinot noir wine. Viticultural and winemaking treatments were also shown to affect tannin composition, with potential mouthfeel and color stability implications.

Due to the lack of consistent information regarding the application of Prohexadione Calcium to the grapevine, the objective of this work is to assess the effect of different times of application and concentrations of Prohexadione Calcium in the winegrowing performance of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety, cultivated in regions of high altitude in the State of Santa Catarina. The present study was carried out during the 2014/2015 harvest. The applications occurred at different seasons and concentrations, being subdivided in the separated inflorescence, fully bloomed, and 15 days after full flowering. Foliar area, productivity, leaf area/production ratio, branch growth, and physical-chemical parameters were assessed: pH, total acidity, soluble solids, total polyphenols, and bunch architecture. The application of Prohexadione Calcium at a dose of 250 mg L-1, carried out in the full bloom stage, increased yield of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety by 23%. This increase in productivity was related to the highest bunch mass and the highest number of berries per bunch. Prohexadione Calcium applied in the separate inflorescence phase reduced the growth of the branches. However, due to the conditions of over-vigor of the vineyard, the reduction in growth did not eliminate the need for the emergence of the branches. There was a reduction in the mass of the berry of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety with the application of Prohexadione in the concentration and times used did not influence the technological maturity (soluble solids, acidity, and Calcium, a positive characteristic in the elaboration of red wines. The application of Prohexadione Calcium pH) of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape.

Anthocyanins composed the major pigments which conferred sensory and chemical values to red grapes and wines. Multiple factors involved in grape anthocyanin biosynthesis have been greatly covered to date. However, the endophytes which closely associate with plants, their possible roles in plant coloration are still under clear. Our present research firstly investigated the diversity distributions of culturable fungal endophytes (CFE) in different colored grapevine leaves which harvested from same vineyard and cultivar, and then proposed method to analyze the possible effects of these fungal endophytes on anthocyanin concentrations of grape cells. In totally 532 endophytic fungal isolates, 19 OTUs belong to 13 genera were isolated from five color different grapevine leaves. Obvious leaf color specificity of CFE communities were observed distribution in different colored grapevine leaves in this experiment. Assessing the influences of those isolated CFEs on anthocyanin concentrations of a teinturier grape pulp cells via dual culture system revealed that anthocyanin promotion fungal strains were more possibly isolated from red and purple colored grape leaves. And elite CFE strains such as DQ53 and DQ55, both belong to the fungal genus Epicoccum, which conferred significant promotion effects on grape cellular anthocyanin contents were selected out. And the transcriptions of anthocyanin biosynthesis association genes MYBA1, UFGT and F3′5′H in grape cells, were significantly influenced by these endophytic fungi, furtherly implicated the involvements of these genes in fungal endophytes-mediated grape cell anthocyanin promotion process. Additionally, endophytic fungi triggered anthocyanin promotion in grape cells seem independently to that of the light mediated anthocyanin synthesis pathway. This work demonstrated that beside other environmental factors, endophytes may also involve in grape anthocyanin metabolisms. And the study provided methods and clues to explore fungal endophytes in colored grape leaves which possibly applied in grape pigmentation processing.

Background It is important to increase productivity and improve plant quality at the same time as preserving the principles of safety and productivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of sodium metasilicate and calcium chloride, applied as fertilizers, on the productivity and phytochemical characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and their respective wines. Results The experiments were conducted using 2017 and 2018 vintages of commercial Sauvignon Blanc grapes. The treatments consisted of applying separately different concentrations of sodium metasilicate (0, 4, 8 and 12 g L-1 ) or calcium chloride (0, 5, 10 and 15 g L-1 ). The treatments were carried out during four phenological phases. The grapes were harvested at technical maturity and white wines were elaborated. The application of inorganic salts, silicon and calcium to the grapes had a significant effect on the vineyard productivity. The best results were obtained with 4 and 8 g L-1 silicon and 15 g L-1 calcium. An increase in the concentration of phenolics in the grapes was noted. These compounds have antioxidant capacity, which is one of the factors responsible for the resistance of the grapes to pathogens. Conclusion The application of 4 and 8 g L-1 silicon and 15 g L-1 calcium to the grapes represents a potential alternative fertilizing strategy, which could increase the plant yield without damaging the phytochemical characteristics of the fruit and its derivatives. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

The chapter summarises the current availability of data on the toxicology of ochratoxin A (OTA) and public concern over human exposure to it, taking into account that the International Program on Chemical Safety/World Health Organisation has recently indicated a need for further study and evaluation with respect to human health potential. The fungi responsible for the presence of OTA in grapes and wine are defined, as are favourable meteorological conditions and cropping systems. A short description of efforts devoted to understanding the problem (i.e. research projects) is included. Grape processing has a significant impact on the fate of OTA during the main stages of winemaking (crushing, maceration, alcoholic fermentation, malo-lactic fermentation, bottling, ageing), and critical steps of the process have been identified. Post-harvest strategies for the control of OTA in wines are focused on developments in the field of biological decontamination of OTA through the use of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. Worldwide surveys have determined the main risk factors. The approach of risk assessment is described and data on wine consumption and the related risk of OTA ingestion are reported with some comments on the effective related risk. The approach of a decision support system (DSS) is described, including the development of a predictive model, good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices to minimise OTA in grapes and wine.

This chapter discusses the impacts of various cultural practices on fruit composition and wine quality, with an emphasis on aroma compounds. It is framed within four basic pillars of the Cool Climate Paradigm of winegrowing: (i) keep the fruit warm; (ii) keep the leaves exposed to sunlight; (iii) achieve vine balance; (iv) minimize water stress. Practices that are particularly relevant to these basic pillars include hedging and basal leaf removal; training systems; vine spacing; crop control and shoot density; vineyard floor management; irrigation. Fruit exposure, canopy manipulation, prefermentation practices, and vineyard site may influence in particular the concentration of aroma compounds in grapes and wines. These differences can sometimes be confirmed organoleptically in wines. In the case of monoterpenes: (i) potentially volatile terpenes (PVT) are more responsive to viticultural and oenological practices than free volatile terpenes (FVT); (ii) FVT and PVT are rarely correlated with soluble solids, titratable acidity, or pH, and thus cannot be predicted by standard harvest indices; (iii) losses in FVT and PVT can occur between the berry and juice stages, hence the desirability of skin contact; (iv) FVT and PVT concentrations can, in some cases, be related to wine tasting results.

Fertilizer and irrigation regimes can have profound effects on soil carbon (C) emissions; however, information regarding the effects of fertilizer and irrigation management on the components of soil respiration (Rs) and the underlying bacterial community characteristics in vineyard ecosystems remains limited. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in a wine-grape vineyard (WGV) and table-grape vineyard (TGV). For this experiment, each vineyard included two fertilizer and irrigation regimes: farmers’ practice (FP) and recommended practice (RP). The trenching method was employed to separate Rs into heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra) and soil bacterial community structure was examined after the 2-year experiment. Fertilizer and irrigation regimes have caused no effect on Ra, but RP treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the average daily Rh by 15.13% and 17.11% in the WGV and TGV, respectively, leading to significant (P < 0.05) decreases in annual total Rs values at the scale of whole-vineyard by 8.93% and 11.78%, respectively. The lower annual total Rh was partially ascribed to the significant (P < 0.05) decline in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes relative abundance, which decreased the rate of organic matter decomposition. When compared with WGV, the higher fertilizer and water input in the TGV resulted in 11.53% and 15.74% higher annual total Rs and Rh values on the scale of whole-vineyard, respectively, while the lower grapevine density and more frequent summer pruning resulted in an 18.83% lower annual total Ra. Overall, RP treatment was found to be a suitable strategy for reducing soil C emissions and benefiting SOC storage in vineyards around North China.

This investigation was conducted during the two successive seasons i.e. 2018 and 2019 on Early Sweet Seedless grapevines grown in Eiat vineyard, El-Odesate district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Five treatments of GA3 urea plus active dry yeast, roselle, lemongrass spraying and unsprayed one (control) at various stage of cluster and berry development were evaluated. The experimental vines were arranged in a complete randomized design with three replications. GA3, roselle and lemongrass were applied thrice, where urea twice followed active dry yeast once. From the results, it could be concluded that spraying either GA3, roselle or lemongrass at pre-bloom, full bloom and pea stage. In addition, spraying 1.5% urea at pre-bloom and full-bloom followed 0.4% yeast at pea stage gave heavy and less compact clusters and hastens the ripening with fairly good Early Sweet Seedless berries quality. In addition, it could be used urea plus yeast as well as roselle or lemongrass instead of GA3 in grape production to overcome the adverse GA3 effects.

Producción Científica, Although water deficit and iron deficiency chlorosis are common environmental stresses in the Mediterranean area, few data are reported in the literature on their effects on vineyards, when acting simultaneously. The main objective of this research was to study the combined effects of iron deficiency and water status on vigor, yield and fruit composition in rainfed vineyards. Moreover, the investigation aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using foliar chlorophyll content (Chl) and predawn leaf water potential (LWP), measured at veraison, to assess potential quality of grapes in the framework of precision viticulture. For this, 24 non-irrigated ‘Tempranillo’ vineyard subzones were monitored in Ribera del Duero (North-Central Spain) during three consecutive seasons (2011-2013). The analysis of variance and principal component analysis showed that malic acid concentrations of the must were impacted only by Chl, whereas total soluble solids and total acidity were mainly modified by LWP. Both water and iron status reduced yield and berry weight and had additive effects on extractable anthocyanin content in grapes, total polyphenol index and color density of the must. In all seasons, the ratio Chl/LWP had a better predicting value for quality parameters of these grapes than leaf area index, Chl or LWP individually. The present work demonstrates the potential interest of physiological indexes combining water status and foliar chlorosis as indicators of grape phenolic potential in rainfed vineyards affected by iron deficiency., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project RTA2014- 00077-C02-02), Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación - Ref. Project VA013P17)

The concentrations of sugars and acids are very important for the quality and the stability of wines. In addition, the proportion of the two main acids, i.e., tartaric acid and malic acid, is a significant factor for wine taste and stability. Over a period of three seasons in an organic vineyard, the influence of leaf area on the concentration of total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), the concentration of tartaric acid and malic acid, and their mutual proportions were monitored. Vines of three varieties (‘Rhine Riesling’, ‘Pinot Gris’, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’) were treated using three different treatments (proportion of leaves removed 0%, 40%, and 70%). All varieties exhibited positive correlations between leaf area and TSS. In terms of relationships between TA and leaf area, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ was the most sensitive variety. The highest differences between the individual variants were found for this variety. The tartaric to malic acid ratio displayed a significant seasonal effect, which was mostly more important than leaf area reduction. The size of the leaf area mainly affected the accumulation of sugars in the grapes, while content and ratio of acids was not affected so significantly. Therefore, leaf area regulation is one of the ways to optimize the composition of grapes in organic vineyards.

BACKGROUND Cultivation of grapes is a major agricultural crop globally, particularly in support of the wine production industry which has significant economic impact in numerous countries. Sour rot is an economically important disease of grapes. It is caused by an interaction of yeast + acetic acid bacteria, and vectored by Drosophila spp. Substantial control of sour rot in wine grape vineyards has been achieved by control of Drosophila using insecticides such as zeta-cypermethrin. An outbreak of sour rot and high populations of Drosophila melanogaster were observed in 2018 in a vineyard in New York (Finger Lakes region), USA. Flies from this population were found to be resistant to zeta-cypermethrin (the active ingredient in Mustang Maxx®), but whether or not this was a widespread problem was not known. To determine if resistance was geographically limited, we surveyed populations of D. melanogaster collected from nine vineyards across New York State and one in Missouri (USA). We also evaluated 19 alternative insecticides for their potential use for control of D. melanogaster, by determining their toxicity to a susceptible strain and by examining cross-resistance using a field collected population. RESULTS There were high levels of resistance to zeta-cypermethrin, malathion and acetamiprid found in all populations sampled, and resistance to zeta-cypermethrin and malathion was stable over 33 months. Results from two vineyards also suggested that resistance to spinetoram was starting to evolve. The alternative insecticides we evaluated had LC50 values to the susceptible strain ranging from 0.65 to 15,000 ng/cm2 . CONCLUSION Resistance to zeta-cypermethrin, malathion and acetamiprid is geographically widespread and the levels of resistance are similar between early season and late season collections. Cross-resistance was detected against all the insecticides tested, with the lowest levels seen for broflanilide, fipronil and flumethrin. These patterns of resistance/cross-resistance/multiple resistance are discussed in terms of selection within and outside of vineyards. The implications of these results to insecticide resistance monitoring and management are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Quercetin haze has been observed over the last few years in some aged Sangiovese wines. This problem could be due to an excess of the quercetin in the wine. Leaf removal increases the exposition of clusters to sunlight, which may enhance flavonol synthesis in the grapes. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics related to extractable flavonols in grapes grown in three usually defoliated Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. Sangiovese vineyards, whose wines showed quercetin precipitates. The particular structure of the vineyards in which the leaf removal experiments were carried out allowed the influence of vineyard, biotype and rootstock on grape flavonol contents at mid-maturation and technological maturity to be evaluated. The leaves were removed at pre-flowering (early) and at veraison (late). Leaf removal increased the content of extractable glycosidic flavonols in grapes at the two tested ripening stages. In addition, vineyard, biotype and rootstock affected the content of glycosidic flavonols and the interaction between the studied variables was significant. Even though leaf removal induced an increase in extractable quercetin glycosides which can increase the risk of quercetin haze in wine, an examination of the scientific literature on this topic showed that this risk does not depend on the absolute content of these compounds alone.