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To develop a green drilling fluid additive, the modification and application of persimmon peel in a water-based drilling fluid was studied in this work. A natural product derivative, aluminium chloride–persimmon peel (ACPP), was prepared from aluminium chloride and persimmon peel and was assessed as a shale inhibitor. The clay-swelling ratio in 0.30% ACPP-3 solution was reduced to 28.10% from 69.50%. The rolling recovery tests and rheological evaluation of drilling fluids concluded that ACPP-3 has a high inhibition property to montmorillonite-hydrated expansion. ACPP-3 can adjust the particle size of montmorillonite to a large degree. ACPP-3 effectively reduces the apparent viscosity of carboxymethyl cellulose drilling fluids and the volume of filtration; furthermore, ACPP-3 can reduce the viscosity and the volume of filtration under high temperature, which means it can be used as an additive for deep drilling. The inhibition mechanism of ACPP-3 was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results of this scientific research will be beneficial to the eco-friendly drilling fluid materials.

This work explains the production and synthesis of white paint pigment colour from waste titanium dioxide (TiO2). Pigments are widely employed in paper, plastic, and paint production. A white pigment called TiO2 is responsible for about seventy percent of pigments used today. Even though minerals that contain TiO2 within the earth's crust are relatively abundant, the production of virgin TiO2 for industrial application consumes enormous energy and can lead to an environmental problem. Hence, a need arises for the paint industry to seek an alternative to replacing virgin TiO2 pigment that is commonly utilised in formulating paints. This study was conducted to examine the probability of using secondary TiO2 pigments as an alternative to virgin pigments to formulate white paint from industrial waste. In this study, the prospect of using waste TiO2 to formulate white paint pigment in different ratios is compared with the paint industry. The paint industry and TiO2 pigments were characterised by utilising thermo quantitative analysis TGA, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The obtained result showed 20% TiO2 formulated paint provide the best result for the adhesion test that testify the optimum pH and viscosity for the paint with the classification of 3B which is comparable to paint industry performance.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to monitor the pH stability over a period of 6 months of two-bottle self-etching (SE) primers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four commercially available two-bottle SE primer solutions, Adhese SE (Ivoclar Vivadent; Schaan, Liechtenstein), Clearfil SE (Kuraray; Tokyo, Japan), Contax Primer (DMG; Hamburg, Germany), and Enabond SE (Micerium; Avegno (Ge), Italy), containing water as the main solvent were selected. The pH values during a 6-month storage period at intermittent temperature were daily measured by means of a microprocessor-based pH/temperature meter and hence recorded, tabulated, and analyzed. RESULTS The mean values of overall pH measurements and standard deviation for Adhese SE, Clearfil SE, Contax Primer, and Enabond SE are, respectively, 1.70 (±0.01), 1.72 (±0.01), 1.20 (±0.01), 1.80 (±0.01). One-way ANOVA did not detect any significant change of the mean pH values of all measurements over time. CONCLUSION The conventional 6-months storage did not affect the pH values of the water-containing primers of two-bottle SE adhesives. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence that conventional storage under adequate conditions did not affect the pH values of the water-containing primers of two-bottle SE adhesives with different monomer formulations. Clinicians may rely on the known pH value of the selected SE adhesive during shelf-life.

Traditional actuators, such as motors as well as hydraulic or pneumatic artificial muscles, demonstrate excessive noise, a heavy weight, and a large size, which limit their practical application in many areas. Therefore, for many decades, scientists have worked to develop new types of silent, small, and light actuators. In this article, a novel soft actuator (actuator

The heat transfer characteristic of nanofluids is tremendously improved by suspending a nano-sized solid particles with a diameter below 20 nm and are considered as prospective working fluids for m...

In the majority of rechargeable batteries including lithium‐ion batteries, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) binders are the most commonly used binder for both anode and cathode. However, using PVdF binder requires the organic solvent of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone which is expensive, volatile, combustible, toxic, and has poor recyclability. Therefore, switching to aqueous electrode processing routes with non‐toxic binders would provide a great leap forward towards the realization of ideally fully sustainable and environmentally friendly electrochemical energy storage devices. Various water‐soluble binders (aqueous binders) were characterized and compared to the performance of conventional PVdF. Our study demonstrates that the electrochemical performance of Zn/MnO2 aqueous batteries is significantly improved by using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder. In addition, CMC binders offer desirable adhesion, good wettability, homogeneous material distribution, and strong chemical stability at certain pH levels (3.5–5) without any decomposition for long‐cycle life.

Simulation of Computational Fluid Dynamic is applied to present the thermal performance of water-based Yttrium oxide nanofluid in subchannel of pressurized water reactor (PWR) system. Thermal hydraulic aspect such as pressure drop and heat transfer are estimated in typical conditions of pressurized water with flow rates ranged (20×103≤Re≤80×103) using fresh water (0 %vol.) and different volume fraction of water-Yttrium oxide nanofluid (2 and 4% vol.) as coolant fluid. Results were obtained and compared with correlations of single-phase pressure drop and convective heat transfer for the case of fully developed turbulent flow. The addition of Yttrium oxide nanoparticles to the coolant fluid in pressurized water reactor led to increase in convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. Increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction of (2 and 4% vol.) causing an increase in the average Nu by 3.46% and 7.61%, respectively. The CFD model established in ANSYS software was validated by comparing the pressure drop of CFD results with Blasius correlation and Nu with Ma¨ıga et al. correlation and gave a good agreement.

In this contribution, the investigation conducted on alternative fuels includes methanol 20% blended with gasoline 80% and emulsion-based fuel with the composition of gasoline 80%, ethanol 15%, and H2O 5% are compared with 100% conventional gasoline fuel. These fueled single-cylinders spark ignition engine is studied for checking their performance and emission characteristics as per future emission norms. This work is performed on One-dimensional AVL Boost Simulation Software. The simulations predicted the performance and emission characteristics were far lesser than conventional 100% gasoline. These fuels meet the strict emission regulations of Euro VII. The main purpose of this investigation is to use alternative fuels to improve the performance and emission characteristics of the single- cylinder spark ignition engine and reduce the consumption of fossil fuel reserves. This investigation led to the conclusion that by using methanol 20% in 80% gasoline and micro-emulsion, fuel improves the power, BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption), thermal efficiency and combustion properties of the single-cylinder spark-ignition engine. The CO, HC and NOx emissions were also reduced for alternative fuel than 100% gasoline fuel. The novel water-based emulsion fuel showed the lowest value of NOx emissions as compared to blended 20% methanol with 80% gasoline and 100% gasoline fuel.

In this study, the optimization of flexographic water-based ink formulation was carried out. The aim is to minimize the contact angle of the ink on polymer substrates. A factorial design was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of three factors, which are dispersant, wetting agent and antifoam concentration on the wettability of ink. The optimal conditions obtained from the desirable response are dispersant of 9.65%, wetting agent of 0.58% and antifoam of 0.55 %. Under these conditions, about 15O of contact angle is obtained. The validity of the statistical experimental strategies was verified by the ink samples prepared under the optimized conditions.

Salvadora persica L. (Sp) has been widely used as folk medicine. This study aimed to identify and assess the significant phenolics' antioxidant activities in young (S1) and old (S2) leaves of Sp. Six flavonoids; isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, apigenin-O-hexoside, isorhamnetin and isorhamnetin-3-neohesperidoside, were identified for the first time in Sp leaves using LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS analysis. The flavonoid-rich fraction obtained after purification of S1 (S1TF7) has the highest TFC (358.88 ± 0.12 mg rutin equivalent/g) and TPC (180.82 ± 0.82 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and exhibits significant (p 0.05). The study concludes that S1TF7 can serve as a mean to prevent oxidative diseases, and it merits further pharmacological investigations.

Efficacy of five water based insecticides on Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus),and multiple grasshoppers species applied as low volume (LV) and Ultralow volume (ULV) were tested. Obtained data indicated that descending order of insecticides efficacy were as follow: chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram + methoxyfenozide, chlorantraniliprole then pyridalyl, in case of S. gregaria both spinetoram + methoxyfenozide and chlorantraniliprole were quite similar. Concerning spray characteristics, the effectiveness of spraying tested water based pesticides diluted with 30% Propylene glycol water mixture as ULV spray technique was obvious, where the droplets size, relative span, and number of droplets per cm2 were suitable for locust control.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the controlled-release properties of nutrients from coconut water-based hydrogel. Hydrogels were prepared at varying proportions of gellan and xanthan gums such that the total weight of the gelling agents for all 11 formulations was 1% (w/w) in coconut water. The formulation of the hydrogel was selected using gravimetric analysis by evaluating the dissolution weight of the hydrogel in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. Interestingly, hydrogel with 0.7% gellan gum and 0.3% xanthan gum showed the most tolerance towards simulated gastric and intestinal fluids over a 1-h period. The in-vitro release study was performed in simulated gastric fluid and followed by simulated intestinal fluid for about 2 h. The trend of release profile showed that the hydrogel had the ability to sustain the nutrients release over a period of 1 h. After 75 min, the release trend was static indicated the nutrients was released from the hydrogel. In conclusion, a coconut water-based hydrogel formulated with 0.7% of gellan and 0.3% of xanthan gum has demonstrated its controlled-release property as evidenced by its effectiveness in the sustained release of nutrients over a period of 1 h.

To guarantee the flow assurance of drilling fluid in deep-water drilling, the inhibitory effect of PVP-K90 on methane hydrate formation was measured at 275.15 and 277.15 K with an initial pressure ...

Due to its low toxicity and because they are environmentally friendly, water-based paints are the most employed in the world, mainly to coat buildings. In these systems, the water evaporation process is important to determine the final paint quality and should be carefully evaluated. This work evaluated the suitability of Crank’s model, solution of the Fick’s second law, to experimental drying data of water-based architectural paints to better understand this process. Therefore, the data were adjusted to the linearized and original model and the number of terms used in its approximation was varied. For each model, the diffusion coefficient of the water in the coating material and the coefficient of determination were calculated. The results showed that the use of the linearized model is not adequate to determine the diffusion coefficient, but the nonlinear adjustment of the original model can adjust the data for some paints. These results also suggest the addition of terms to the sum of the model to improve its quality in the initial stages of drying. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i1.1508

This study aims to understand the interactions among SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and the main chemical constituents of bentonite-free water-based mud, including CaCO3 and xanthan gum. To this end, bot...

Waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) has the advantages of environmental, excellent film‐forming property and high bonding strength. However, the mechanical strength of waterborne polyurethane in coating products is not enough, and its wear resistance and softness are poor. In this paper, the Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) AQ3 obtained by acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose was successfully dispersed in the waterborne polyurethane matrix to prepare nanocomposite films with different contents. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, wear resistance and softness of the nanocomposite films were studied by Thermogravimetric (TG), tensile test, dry friction test and KES test. The morphology of CNC dispersed in waterborne polyurethane matrix was studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the lower content of CNC was uniformly dispersed in the waterborne polyurethane matrix and the interaction between the two forms hydrogen bonds. Compared with waterborne polyurethane, the initial degradation temperature of the nanocomposite films made by adding only 1 wt% CNC increased by 50°C, the tensile strength increased by 179.3%, the wear resistance increased by 19%, and the minimum bending stiffness B reached 0.161 (gf·cm2). The results of this study can be used for textile coating applications, such as polyurethane synthetic leather.

The natural convection heat tranfer in annulate region confined between two homocentric cylinders were numerically studied in the present work. The annulus was filled by ethylene glycol / water based Titania nanofluid. Both internal and external cylinders are presereved at an isothermal hot and cold temperatures respectively, whereas, the upper and lower walls are adiabatic. The numerical solution is obtained by applying the finite volume method along with the SIMPLER, and TDMA algorithms. In the current study, the solid volumetric fraction is varied as (0 % ? ? ? 3 %), the volume ratios of EG to water are varied as (0:100 %, 40 : 60 %, 100:0 %), while both the Rayleigh number and radii ratio are considered fixed at (Ra = 104 and ? = 2). The obtained results indicated that, the average Nusselt number increases as the solid volumetric fraction and the volume ratio of ethylene glycol in the base fluid increase. Moreover, the velocity profiles reach their maximum value in the half region adjacent the internal hot wall when TiO2 – water nanofluid is used. Also, the temperature profiles decrease along the radial distance for all considered values of volume ratios of EG to water.

In this study, micron-sized flake shaped carbonyl iron (CI) water-based MR fluids were prepared with adding laponite and oleic acid as an additive and surfactant, respectively. The MR suspensions are comprised of the fixed CI particles and water weight %, while weight % of laponite and oleic acid changes from 1 to 3 wt% and 0.5 to 1.5 wt%, respectively. The remarkable enhancement in magnetorheological properties was obtained with improved sedimentation stability for CI/water MR suspensions with the addition of laponite and oleic acid. It was found that at the lowest magnetic field strength, the higher laponite concentration is effective, while at the highest magnetic field strength, the smaller concentration was effective. It was because of the combined effect of the field-induced CI chains and the laponite clay gel network. Its storage moduli showed a stable plateau area for whole angular frequencies, suggesting distinguished solid-like behavior of the MR fluid. Finally, a novel correlation was obtained between the initial settling rate of the CI particles and magnetorheological behavior of CI/laponite/OA MR suspensions with 1 wt% laponite and 0.5 wt% oleic acid, which has less zero-field, high on-state shear stress with enhanced sedimentation stability. The prepared MR fluids are a reliable industrial application vibration-isolation, clutch, and brake.

With increasing intensified environmental pressure and a complex drilling environment, developing high-performance fluid loss additives with environmental acceptability is becoming a research focus...

This comprehensive review paper compares the different methods developed experimentally to produce hydrogen by reacting aluminum and water. The alumina oxide layer which forms on the exterior surfa...

This study aims to evaluate the effect of wheat flour as a natural and environmentally friendly material on the properties of water-based mud. Recently, many experiments have been conducted with various additives to improve the properties of drilling fluids. The effect of using wheat flour as a new additive to drilling fluid was studied to improve rheological and filtration properties. In the laboratory several samples of water-based mud were prepared, different concentrations of wheat flour from 1 wt% to 7 wt% were added to the mud and tested by using a Fann 35 viscometer, 140 Fann Mud balance, and an API LT-LP filter press. The results showed that adding 7 wt% of wheat flour was the optimal concentration. It was found that the apparent viscosity and yield point increased by 50% and 35%, respectively, when 7 wt% of wheat flour was added to the water-based drilling fluid. Likewise, the fluid loss rate was reduced by 25% when using the same concentration of wheat flour.

Water-based manufacturing processes are under development for greener manufacturing of lithium ion batteries but their environmental impacts are unclear with new introduced materials and a large consumption of deionized water. We report a life cycle assessment (LCA) study on the water-based manufacturing of the most popular NMC-graphite battery pack configured with 57 kWh capacity. A life cycle model has been developed based on experimental and mathematical studies of the water-based manufacturing processes. Per kg battery pack produced, the water-based manufacturing can reduce the manufacturing energy by 43% and lower the cradle-to-gate life cycle impacts by 0.6%∼88% over conventional battery manufacturing.

This investigation is based on the fabrication and characterization of nano-biocomposites made from natural resources like jute and soy seeds along with glutaraldehyde as curing agent. Water based soy resin was modified with different weight percentages of natural and organically modified nanoclay and applied as matrix along with jute to prepare the nanocomposites. Composites were degraded under soil burial condition and lost 60–75% of their original weight after 60 days. These composites were characterized from various aspects like thermal stability, mechanical testing and fire retardancy to ensure them to be used for end application like furniture, and automobile interiors.

We have designed and synthesized an SFC (solvatofluorochromism)/AIEE (aggregation-induced emission enhancement)-based fluorescence sensor TPE-(An-CHO)4 composed of an electron-donating tetraphenylethene (TPE) core and four electron-accepting anthraldehydes as peripheral units. TPE-(An-CHO)4 possesses both solvatofluorochromic properties and AIEE characteristics for detection of water over a wide range from low water content to high water content region in organic solvents. TPE-(An-CHO)4 showed a feeble fluorescence band at around 500 nm originating from the anthraldehyde units in absolute THF. The addition of water to the THF solution containing TPE-(An-CHO)4 caused red-shifts of the fluorescence band and changes in the fluorescence intensity. In the low water content region below 30 wt%, TPE-(An-CHO)4 exhibited a linear increase in the fluorescence intensity with a red-shift of the fluorescence band with the increase in the water content, that is, the positive solvatofluorochromic properties based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics due to increasing the solvent polarity. A broad fluorescence band at around 540 nm originating from the AIEE characteristics due to the restricted intramolecular rotation (RIR) of the TPE core associated with the aggregate formation was enhanced and dominated the fluorescence spectra from the relatively low water content of 40 wt%. Indeed, the plots against the water fraction in the THF solutions for TPE-(An-CHO)4 indicated that the fluorescence intensity gradually and almost linearly increased with the increase in the water content over a wide range from 0 wt% to 90 wt%. In contrast, TPE-(An-CHO) composed of a TPE and an anthraldehyde unit exhibited AIEE characteristics in the high water content region over 80 wt%, although in the low water content region below 20 wt%, TPE-(An-CHO) showed positive solvatofluorochromic properties. The AIEE characteristics of TPE-(An-CHO)4 observed in the low water content region are attributed to the fact that the four anthraldehyde units lowered the solubility in organic solvents and water. This work reveals the solvatofluorochromic properties and the AIEE characteristics of donor–acceptor-type TPE–anthracene-based fluorescence sensors for water.

A new metal–organic framework (MOF) compound [Mn2(2,2′-bca)2(H2O)2]n (Mn-MOFs) was successfully synthesized by solvothermal method, and Mn-MOFs@Zn material was prepared by loading zinc phosphate onto Mn-MOFs by ball milling, then Mn-MOFs@Zn was added to the water-based acrylic paint to prepare Mn-MOFs@Zn@acrylic coating. The AC impedance test results showed Mn-MOFs@Zn@acrylic coating has higher corrosion inhibition performance and stability to mild steel when compared with blank coating. The impedance modulus of the blank coating in the low frequency region decreased by 90%, and the Rct showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing over time, the maximum Rct was only 303.8 Ω, which was only Mn-MOFs@Zn@acrylic coating one-seventh of the Rct value. The artificial scratch experiment showed that the Mn-MOFs@Zn@acrylic coating only slightly corrodes at the scratches, because Mn-MOFs@Zn material made the coating a self-repairing function and improved the durable anticorrosion performance of the acrylic coating.

Barite settling is one of the common drilling fluid issues encountered while drilling deep wells. In this study, the effect of perlite on the properties and stability of water-based drilling fluid was investigated. Perlite is an inexpensive additive used in different industrial applications such as bricks, concrete, thermal insulators, sludge absorbents, fillers, tiles, ruminants, and poultry. Perlite additive was also introduced to the oil industry in drilling applications as an effective fluid loss control agent to reduce the drilling fluid invasion into the formations. Perlite was added to the drilling fluid in various concentrations, ranging between 0 and 3.0 lb/bbl. The sag test was performed to assess the drilling fluid's stability under dynamic and static conditions at a temperature of 120/250 °F. Then, the impact of perlite on the properties of drilling fluid was assessed by measuring the density and pH at room temperature. While the rheological, viscoelastic, and filtration properties were evaluated at 250 °F. This study showed that an increase in perlite concentration, from 0 to 3 lb/bbl, slightly reduced the pH of the drilling mud; however, all of the values were within the acceptable pH range (9-11). In contrast, this concentration of perlite had an immeasurable impact on drilling fluid density. Perlite enhanced the drilling fluid's homogeneity and stability by reducing the dynamic and static sag factors, and 3.0 lb/bbl perlite was adequate to eliminate barite sag at a temperature up to 250 °F. Perlite was found to be effective in improving the rheological and viscoelastic properties. A significant enhancement of filtration properties was observed by the reduction in filtrate volume and filter cake thickness by 64 and 31%, respectively.

This study synthesized the water-permeable and hydrophobic property of water-based polyurethane (WPU) and applied it to nylon fiber-based functional textiles. Specifically, poly-stearyl acrylate (PSA) homopolymers with different molecular weights were used as end-capping agents in the WPU to form water-based polyurethane with acrylate terminal (WPUA). In the WPUA process, dimethylacetamide was adopted as a neutralizing agent to form a stable WPUA emulsion. The effects of the design parameters, such as the hydrophilic ionic group dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), the PSA molecular weight and content, were set as the control factors and are analyzed by the Taguchi method and gray relational analysis (GRA). The water-repellent characteristic, water vapor permeability (WVP) and fabric flexural rigidity were considered as performance parameters as multi-qualities. The Taguchi method was based on the analysis of variance and implemented orthogonal arrays for experimental design. Each performance parameter was optimized independently. Then, the performance parameters were optimized together with GRA. According to the experimental results, the most important factor for the water-repellent characteristic, WVP and fabric flexural rigidity is the DMPA content, followed by the PSA molecular weight and content. The corresponding results showed that in the optimal parameter combination, the content of DMPA was 30.8 phm (parts per hundred monomer by weight), the PSA molecular weight was 3000 g/mol and the PSA content was 4 phm. After WPUA padding, the water contact angle of the water-repellent nylon was 135.3°, the WVP was 2271.7 g/m2/day and the flexural rigidity was 2.7 cm.

Seven different manufacturers of paints were purchased from two major cities in southwest Nigeria. At least one sample from the same manufacturer and colour, was identified and analyzed for dibutyl phthalate (DBP). GC/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of dibutyl phthalate in water-based paints after solvent extraction. The highest level of DBP found was 47,100 ppb (unregistered manufacturer), followed by 45,100 and 19,400 in a white, pink and cream coloured paint, respectively, while the lowest concentration was 721 ppb in a cream coloured paints, unregistered manufacturer. The PCA results were in good accordance with the findings of the correlation coefficient. DBP is used by all manufacturers for flexibility and better spreadability. It is a cheap alternative and readily available. It's an emerging contaminant newly reported in paints and its toxicological effects should not be underestimated, since there is no regulation in place.

A green synthetic route to the facile one-pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines and pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines have been developed using magnetized deionized water (MDW) as a green solvent under catalyst-free conditions. All reactions carried out in a short period of time and the products are obtained in high-to-excellent yields. The developed synthetic technique offers numerous advantages including eco-friendly, clean synthesis, simplicity, low cost, short reaction times, high reaction yields, and easy workup compared to the traditional synthetic method. Moreover, the reaction rates were followed spectrophotometrically by monitoring the changes in the absorption spectrum of the reaction mixture in ordinary deionized water and MDW.

Popular ruthenium sensitizer (RuP) and ruthenium catalyst (RuOEC) are studied in the cosensitized configurations of a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell with several frequently used electroly...

This work reports the main findings of the studies related to the problem of liquid radioactive waste utilization conducted at the Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 2013–2018. It has been shown that, during the electrochemical treatment of model aqueous solutions containing Co-EDTA, the complex is destroyed and cobalt precipitates in the form of oxides, hydroxides, and spinel of variable compositions.

This study synthesized water-based polyurethane with acrylate terminal group (WPUA) using the long carbon chain of stearyl acrylate to synthesize hydrophobic poly-stearyl acrylate (PSA). The proposed process could minimize environmental pollution caused by fluorine-containing monomers. As a water-based polyurethane (WPU) end-capping agent, the hydrophobic PSA and the hydrophilic and water vapor permeable WPU are copolymerized to form a WPUA functional resin with simultaneous water vapor permeability (WVP) and water repellency. Here, 2-mercaptoethanol was used to control the molecular weight of PSA to prepare the acrylate end-capping agent. PSA was then employed in WPU to form WPUA, which is characterized by the moisture permeability of WPU and water repellency of acrylic resin simultaneously. During the WPUA process, dimethylacetamide was used as a neutralizer to replace the traditional toxic chemical control drug triethylamine. This study set up the material and chemical structure to replace the toxic chemical-controlled drugs and organofluoride in the traditional preparation of moisture permeable and water repellent materials. The proposed process was proven to reduce the consumption of organic solvent, achieve WPUA copolymer stability, and provided moisture permeable and water repellent functions. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of WPUA, while thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to establish the thermal properties of WPUA. After the WPUA was padded on nylon fabric, its water drop contact angle was observed through a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the contact angle of nylon fabric increased significantly, water repellency was reached, and WVP rises by 23.75%.

The capture of toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3) can mitigate widespread air pollution. An emerging class of adsorbents known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer high ...

Thermoresponsive nonionic block copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (MPEG-b-PNIPAM), were investigated as chemical aids for the water-based oil sands extraction ...

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with nanoscale dimension, high aspect ratio, and easily modified surface chemistry show great potential as novel rheological and filtration modifiers in bentonite water-...

International audience; This study reports an optimization of the extraction of sinapine from industrial mustard bran using an ethanol/water mixture as a green solvent. Response Surface Methodology was used to determine the optimal operating conditions for the extraction process. The results show that to obtain a maximum yield of sinapine, the extraction process must be carried out at 75 °C with 70% ethanol and a ratio of 10 mL/gBDM. Under these conditions, the extraction kinetics have shown that equilibrium is reached for a concentration of 8.8 ± 0.1 mg/gBDM in 30 min. The mustard bran is exhausted to 95% sinapine after two successive extractions. The selectivity of the extraction process for sinapine could be increased by 20% using an ethanol concentration of 83%, the yield of sinapine is then 8.0 ± 0.1 mg/gBDM.

In oil and gas industry, the nanotechnology has been applied in different fields. Reservoir, exploration, drilling, completion, production, processing, and refinery are nanotechnology applications fields. Nanoparticles materials are one of the areas that are utilized in preparing drilling fluids. These nanomaterials are used to formulate high performance drilling fluids. In other words, these nano particles materials can be used to design smart drilling fluids. The properties of these drilling fluids can be met the well conditions requirements. The aim of this study is to enhance the performance of Iraqi bentonite in drilling fluids using nanomaterials. Iraqi calcium montmorillonite clay (Ca- bentonite) from Wadi Bashera in Iraqi Western Desert was obtained and studied in order to use it as an alternative active solid to the imported commercial bentonite. Water based drilling fluids were prepared with 3, 6, and 12 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. Mgnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) and ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) with different concentrations were used. The experimental work showed that, MgO NPs resulted in a significant increase in the rheological properties of drilling fluids prepared with 3 and 6 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. In contrast, moderate effect on the rheological properties of drilling fluid prepared with 12 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite were obtained with low concentrations of Fe2O3 NPs. Basically drilling fluids prepared with Iraqi bentonite had extreme filtrate volume compared with API specifications and poor controlling to filtration properties were obtained with MgO NPs and Fe2O3 NPs additions. The impact of these two nanomaterials was revealed on the stability of drilling fluids prepared with Iraqi bentonite, where an enhancemment from 65 % to 100% was observed.

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite (PAL) by adding different chemical additives such as caustic soda NaOH and soda ash Na2CO3 with a different concentration in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid to satisfy the API specification and to compete with imported palygorskite. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert of Iraq within the Digma Formation. In this study, two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results of rheological properties showed that the performance of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL was more affected by caustic soda than Trefawi PAL. In contrast, Trefawi PAL performance was more affected with low concentrations of soda ash than Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid. Also, these additives lead to improve the value of pH in both fresh and salt drilling fluid that increases the ability of clay to be more dispersed in drilling fluid. Besides that, enhancement of drilling fluid prepared with Iraqi palygorskite stability to 85 and 80 in fresh and saltwater, respectively, was observed with soda ash additions.

In this paper, the cross-linked micro-gel polymer between acrylamide (AM) and N, N-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was synthesized by dispersion polymerization. The initiator and crosslinking agent concentration were used to control the particle size of micro-gel polymer. The filtration property and mechanism of micro-gel were investigated comprehensively. The characteristics of micro-gel were checked by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size distribution, respectively. The results indicated that the cross-linked micro-gel polymer exhibited several outstanding merits, such as thermal stability (up to 200 °C), filtration control and rheological property. Microstructure analysis and particle size distribution examinations showed that the scale of micro-gel polymer was micro, which is in accord with design. Rheological tests demonstrated that the nonlinear structure of micro-gel polymer showed less impact on the apparent viscosity. The anti-high temperature property of micro-gel polymer was better than poly anioniccellulose (PAC) and asphalt widely applied in drilling fluid for anti-high temperature fluid-loss additive. As a result, the cross-linked micro-gel polymer had great potential to be applied in high temperature water-based mud.