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© 2021 American Chemical Society.The advent of three dimensionally (3D) printed customized bone grafts using different biomaterials has enabled repairs of complex bone defects in various in vivo models. However, studies related to their clinical translations are truly limited. Herein, 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/TCP) and TCP scaffolds with or without recombinant bone morphogenetic protein -2 (rhBMP-2) coating were utilized to repair primate's large-volume mandibular defects and compared efficacy of prefabricated tissue-engineered bone (PTEB) over direct implantation (without prefabrication). 18F-FDG PET/CT was explored for real-time monitoring of bone regeneration and vascularization. After 3-month's prefabrication, the original 3D-architecture of the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold was found to be completely lost, while it was properly maintained in TCP-BMP scaffolds. Besides, there was a remarkable decrease in the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold density and increase in TCP-BMP scaffolds density during ectopic (within latissimus dorsi muscle) and orthotopic (within mandibular defect) implantation, indicating regular bone formation with TCP-BMP scaffolds. Notably, PTEB based on TCP-BMP scaffold was successfully fabricated with pronounced effects on bone regeneration and vascularization based on radiographic, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and histological evaluation, suggesting a promising approach toward clinical translation.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the performance of sodium borohydride in reducing indigo at room temperature, the divalent copper ion complex was combined with electrochemical technology for the reduction of indigo by sodium borohydride. Design/methodology/approach According to the K/S value of the dyed cloth sample, find a more suitable ligand for the copper ion in the catholyte. Response surface analysis tests were performed to evaluate the effects of sodium borohydride concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration and copper sulfate pentahydrate concentration on the reduction potential of the dye solution and the K/S value of the dyed fabric samples. Findings Sodium gluconate was found to be a more suitable ligand for copper ions in catholyte. The effects of NaOH concentration as well as the interaction of NaBH4 and NaOH on the reduction potential of the catholyte and the K/S value of the dyed fabric samples were extremely significant. The optimal concentrations of NaBH4, NaOH and CuSO4•5H2O were 0.5, 2.5 and 0.65 g/L. In the case of the optimized condition, the absolute value of the reduction potential was 968, and the K/S value was 11.92, which is comparable with that of the conventional reduction process with sodium dithionite. Originality/value The divalent copper ion complex combined with electrochemical technology was applied in the process of reducing indigo with NaBH4 at room temperature.

BackgroundAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is still the first line method to treat PCa. However, after a period of therapy, primary PCa will inevitably progress into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Enzalutamide (MDV3100) is an androgen receptor (AR) signal inhibitor which can delay the progression of CRPC and increase survival of patients with metastatic CRPC. However, the mechanisms of enzalutamide resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer (EnzR CRPC) are still controversial. MethodsWe collected RNA-seq data of enzalutamide resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line LNCaP (EnzR LNCaP) from GSE44905, GSE78201 and GSE150807. We found hub gene from the three datasets. Then we tested the expression of hub gene in TCGA database and potential drug that has effect on hub gene. Finally, we verified the hub gene expression and drug function.ResultsFrom GSE44905, GSE78201 and GSE150807, we found 45 differently expressed genes (DEGs) between LNCaP and EnzR LNCaP. Ten hub gene were found in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The hub gene expression and survival analysis were analyzed by GEPIA depend on TCGA database. We found that CDK6 was highly expressed in both EnzR LNCaP cell and prostate cancer patients. Ten potential small molecules can suppress CDK6 expression from CMap. Finally, we verified the expression of CDK6 in both CRPC patients’ samples and prostate cancer cell lines. The function of three potential CDK6 inhibitors, apigenin, chrysin and fisetin, was tested in prostate cancer cell lines.ConclusionsThe study proved that the mutation of CDK6 maybe a reason to the occurrence of CRPC and suppress CDK6 expression may be a potential way in treating CRPC.

Background: 14-3-3ζ is overexpressed in brain regions affected by tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and its expression correlates with disease progression. The nuclear protein SET is a specific and efficient endogenous inhibitor of PP2A, which acts as a major protein phosphatase regulating tau phosphorylation and is compromised in AD. However, whether 14-3-3ζ mediates the cytoplasmic retention of SET and its related downstream events in AD remains elusive. Methods: We performed Spearman correlation analysis between 14-3-3 and SET in normal control brains and AD brains in a large-scale proteomic study of AD, and observed the distribution of SET and 14-3-3 in AD brain neurons, thus finding the cytoplasmic retention event of SET. We synthesized the peptides that prevented SET from binding to 14-3-3, and evaluated the effects of these peptides in blocking tau pathology. Results: Here, we reported that there is a significant increase in 14-3-3ζ interaction with SET during aging in 3´Tg AD mice and the human AD brain. 14-3-3ζ captures and sequesters SET in the cytoplasm and subsequently inhibits PP2A activity, induces tau hyperphosphorylation and triggers neurodegeneration, leading to behavioral impairments in mice infected with adeno-associated virus encoding 14-3-3ζ. Interestingly, as a dimer and scaffold protein, 14-3-3ζ was found to bind to SET while simultaneously recruiting CKII, which induced SET phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention. Conversely, silencing 14-3-3ζ impeded CKII phosphorylation of SET. Moreover, blocking the 14-3-3ζ interaction with SET with the peptide NESGDPSSKST substantially induced SET translocation back to the nucleus, augmented PP2A activity and subsequently led to reduced tau hyperphosphorylation, decreased synapse loss and rescue of cognitive deficits in 14-3-3ζ mice. Furthermore, the peptide NESGDPSSKST but not the scramble peptide attenuated tau pathology and cognitive deficits in a 3´Tg AD mouse model. Conclusions: Our data strongly indicate that 14-3-3ζ captures SET in the cytoplasm and simultaneously recruits CKII, and this interaction plays a critical role in mediating tau-related clinical and neuropathological alterations. Inhibition of the 14-3-3ζ interaction with SET may be therapeutically useful for treating AD.

Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a powerful antioxidant that mediates cell survival under oxidative stress; however, its protection neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the precise regulating role of PON2 in neuronal survival under oxidative stress. An in vitro model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was used to assess the effect of PON2 on oxidative stress induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Results showed that PON2 expression in neurons was decreased due to OGD/R exposure. A series of functional experiments revealed that upregulated PON2 improved OGD/R-impaired viability and attenuated OGD/R-induced increases in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in neurons. Decreased PON2 expression enhanced neuronal sensitivity to OGD/R-induced injury. Overexpressed PON2 markedly enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nucleus and increased the levels of Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Furthermore, PON2 enhanced the Nrf2 activation by modulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inhibition of GSK-3β substantially abrogated the PON2 knockdown-mediated suppression of Nrf2 activity. Notably, Nrf2 inhibition partially reversed the neuroprotective effects of PON2 overexpression in OGD/R-exposed neurons. These findings indicate that PON2 alleviates OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurons by potentiating Nrf2 activation via GSK-3β modulation. This study highlights the potential neuroprotective function of PON2 against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Abstract 1H NMR spectroscopy was adopted to determine compositional changes (mainly sugars, organic acids and amino acids) involved in cold-stored immature soybean grains after exogenous spermine treatment. Significant changes of sugars, including sucrose, galactose, myo-inositol, glucose and fructose were detected in soybean after spermine treatment. As for the organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, the levels of malic and fumaric acids decreased but the level of citric acid increased. However, no significant changes were observed for amino acids in spermine-treated soybeans. By using metabolic profile analysis, a difference was observed between the aging of soybean grains as such and those treated with spermine. This study provides an insight into the accumulation of metabolites in postharvest immature soybeans after exogenous spermine-treatment. Graphical abstract

“Dichotomic” substituents such as PhBMes2 and py that have opposite inductive effects and can form an internal B ← N bond have been found to have a distinct impact on the electronic and photophysical properties of regioisomers with an unsymmetrical backbone., 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of pyrido[2,1-a]isoindole with internal alkynes functionalized by a BMes2ph and an N-aromatic heterocycle leads to the formation of two types of regioisomers (major a and minor b) that have distinct physical and photophysical properties. Examination on 5 pairs of regioisomers unveils that the major isomers consistently have a smaller optical energy gap and emission energy than the corresponding minor isomers, which is greatly amplified by the formation of an internal B ← N bond. The regioisomers with a B ← N bond display contrasting temperature-dependent structural dynamics and response to fluoride ions, owing to an entropy-driven or fluoride initiated B ← N bond rupture/ring-opening process and the different B ← N bond strength. The opposite inductive effect and the Lewis pair properties of the dichotomic substituent units are responsible for the contrasting properties of the regioisomers in this system.

The peroxide dianion reacts with CO2 in polar aprotic organic media to afford the hydroperoxycarbonate and carbonate radical anions. These highly reactive species, if formed in lithium–O2 cells, can lead to cell degradation via oxidation of the electrolyte and electrode., When solubilized in a hexacarboxamide cryptand anion receptor, the peroxide dianion reacts rapidly with CO2 in polar aprotic organic media to produce hydroperoxycarbonate (HOOCO2 –) and peroxydicarbonate (–O2COOCO2 –). Peroxydicarbonate is subject to thermal fragmentation into two equivalents of the highly reactive carbonate radical anion, which promotes hydrogen atom abstraction reactions responsible for the oxidative degradation of organic solvents. The activation and conversion of the peroxide dianion by CO2 is general. Exposure of solid lithium peroxide (Li2O2) to CO2 in polar aprotic organic media results in aggressive oxidation. These findings indicate that CO2 must not be introduced in conditions relevant to typical lithium–O2 cell configurations, as production of HOOCO2 – and –O2COOCO2 – during lithium–O2 cell cycling will lead to cell degradation via oxidation of organic electrolytes and other vulnerable cell components.

A WC-reinforced composite coating was fabricated on the surface of 45 steel samples by plasma, cladding process with WC powder added to the molten pool synchronously or in the tail of the molten pool. The microstructure, phase composition, and element distribution in the coating were analyzed. The results show that the undissolved WC particles and crystallized carbide (WC, W2C) were distributed uniformly in the sub-eutectic matrix in both cases. Fewer of the WC particles are dissolved in the matrix when they are injected into the tail of the molten pool. There are fewer needle-like tungsten carbide formations seen in the composite coating fabricated by back-feeding process than in that formed by synchronous feeding. The former results in a finer microstructure and a higher concentration gradient of elements near the interface between the WC particles and the coating matrix.

Background Apoptosis, reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and inflammation act as the pivotal pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). Our prior study and other investigation have demonstrated the participations of src homology 2 (SH2) B adaptor protein 1 (SH2B1) in ischemic injury and cardiac hypertrophy; whereas, the involvements of SH2B1 in MIRI and underlying mechanisms are completely unknown. Method In present study, MIRI model in vivo was induced by 30 min of ligation of LAD coronary artery and 24 h of reperfusion, and primary cultured cardiomyocytes were challenged with 2 h of hypoxia followed by 4 h of reoxygenation (H/R) to mimic MIRI in vitro. Adenovirus encoding for SH2B1 or GFP were pre-transfected into myocardium prior to MIRI both in vivo and in vitro. The myocardial damage, cardiac function, apoptosis, ROS and inflammation were evaluated systematically. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were alternatively performed to detect protein expression. Results The results exhibited that H/R or I/R significantly reduced SH2B1 in cardiomyocytes, followed by impaired cell survival and function, which were strongly reversed after the adenovirus-mediated SH2B1 up-regulation. Meanwhile, I/R- and H/R-elevated inflammation, apoptosis and ROS were also alleviated by SH2B1 up-regulation. A mechanistic study suggested that the protective contributions of SH2B1 on H/R-suffered cardiomyocytes were based on the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The abolishment of the PI3K/AKT via a pharmacological inhibitor (LY294002) repressed anti-H/R capabilities of SH2B1. Conclusion Therefore, SH2B1 prevents cardiomyocytes from inflammation, apoptosis and ROS in MIRI partially through the PI3K/AKT-dependent avenues. It may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of MIRI.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of BV2 microglia and inflammatory factor release, and the mechanism involved. Different concentrations of naringin were used to pretreat BV2 cells for 30 min, after which they were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS for different durations. The levels of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α in the cell culture medium was determined with ELISA and Griess method. The mRNA expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α was determined with RT-PCR. Changes in ERK and p65/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins were assayed with Western blotting. After 12 h stimulation of BV2 cells with LPS, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the cell culture medium were significantly increased, but naringin had no significant effect on these inflammatory factors. In the cells pretreated with naringin, LPS stimulated the activation of microglia to produce IL-1β and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Naringin inhibited LPS-induced release of IL-1β, to a certain extent. The TNF-α gene was overexpressed. In addition, LPS stimulated a dose-dependent decrease in NO production by BV2 after pretreatment with different concentrations of naringin. Naringin pretreatment of cells significantly inhibited the activation of p65/NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner. In BV2 microglia, naringin inhibits LPO-induced production of NO and inflammatory factors, through a mechanism involving inhibition of activation of the p65/NF-κB signaling pathway.

The viscous flow activation energy and non-Newtonian index properties of polymer based on feature size were studied through a series of experiments on the rheological properties of amorphous polymer polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), semi-crystalline polymer polypropylene (PP), and crystalline polymer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using capillary die with hole diameters of φ0.3 mm, φ0.5 mm, φ1.0 mm, and φ2.0 mm. The results show that the viscous flow activation energy of PMMA decreases with the feature size under microscopic scale. And the viscous flow activation energy of PP and HDPE increases with hole diameters of the die. Under macroscopic scale, the difference in viscous flow activation energy of all polymer materials is significantly reduced with hole diameters of the die. For the non-Newtonian index of the three polymer materials, it decreases with the feature size under the microscopic scale while it increases or does not change with the feature size under the macroscopic scale. At the same time, for different high polymer materials, the viscous flow activation energy model (SVAE model) and non-Newtonian index model (SNNE model) based on feature size were established. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the SVAE model and the SNNE model are verified by comparing with the traditional model and reference data. The viscous flow activation energy and non-Newtonian index values of the polymer material can be calculated conveniently and accurately.

Reactivity studies of a rare example of a molecular titanium nitride are presented. A combination of theory and NMR spectroscopy provide a description of the bonding in the these nitrides, the role of the counter cation, K+, as well as the origin of their highly downfield 15N NMR spectroscopic shifts., In this contribution we present reactivity studies of a rare example of a titanium salt, in the form of [μ2-K(OEt2)]2[(PN)2Ti 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 N]2 (1) (PN– = N-(2-(diisopropylphosphino)-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylanilide) to produce a series of imide moieties including rare examples such as methylimido, borylimido, phosphonylimido, and a parent imido. For the latter, using various weak acids allowed us to narrow the pK a range of the NH group in (PN)2TiNH to be between 26–36. Complex 1 could be produced by a reductively promoted elimination of N2 from the azide precursor (PN)2TiN3, whereas reductive splitting of N2 could not be achieved using the complex (PN)2Ti 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 NNTi(PN)2 (2) and a strong reductant. Complete N-atom transfer reactions could also be observed when 1 was treated with ClC(O)tBu and OCCPh2 to form NCtBu and KNCCPh2, respectively, along with the terminal oxo complex (PN)2TiO, which was also characterized. A combination of solid state 15N NMR (MAS) and theoretical studies allowed us to understand the shielding effect of the counter cation in dimer 1, the monomer [K(18-crown-6)][(PN)2TiN], and the discrete salt [K(2,2,2-Kryptofix)][(PN)2TiN] as well as the origin of the highly downfield 15N NMR resonance when shifting from dimer to monomer to a terminal nitride (discrete salt). The upfield shift of 15Nnitride resonance in the 15N NMR spectrum was found to be linked to the K+ induced electronic structural change of the titanium-nitride functionality by using a combination of MO analysis and quantum chemical analysis of the corresponding shielding tensors.

A cofacial di-tin(ii) hexacarboxamide cryptand that binds sulfur to form a complex containing μ-S and bridging μ-S5 ligands and acts reversibly as a source of S3˙– in DMF solution is described., Cofacial bimetallic tin(ii) ([Sn2(mBDCA-5t)]2–, 1) and lead(ii) ([Pb2(mBDCA-5t)]2–, 2) complexes have been prepared by hexadeprotonation of hexacarboxamide cryptand mBDCA-5t-H6 together with double Sn(ii) or Pb(ii) insertion. Reaction of 1 with elemental sulfur or selenium generates di-tin polychalcogenide complexes containing μ-E and bridging μ-E5 ligands where E = S or Se, and the Sn(ii) centers have both been oxidized to Sn(iv). Solution and solid-state UV-Vis spectra of [(μ-S5)Sn2(μ-S)(mBDCA-5t)]2– (4) indicate that the complex acts reversibly as a source of S3˙– in DMF solution with a K eq = 0.012 ± 0.002. Reductive removal of all six chalcogen atoms is achieved through treatment of [(μ-E5)Sn2(μ-E)(mBDCA-5t)]2– with PR3 (R = tBu, Ph, OiPr) to produce six equiv. of the corresponding EPR3 compound with regeneration of di-tin(ii) cryptand complex 1.

A new multi-effect solar desalination system based on humidification–and dehumidification (HDH) process was investigated experimentally in this paper. Several hourly yields with operation temperatures were tested and analyzed. The warm saline water is sprayed upon the porous ball humidifiers, which is simple and effective for enhancing the evaporation process. A mathematical model based on the mass and energy balances in each unit of the system is developed which is used to optimize the test. In addition the performance ratio (PR) of the device was investigated under different feeding water mass flow rates and heating temperature conditions. The experimental results indicate that the yield of system increases with the increase in water flow rate and air flow rate. The maximum PR of the system at the heating temperature of 85 °C can reach up to about 2.65. When the heating temperature increases from 60 to 90 °C and the feed water flow rate is 2 t/h, the fresh water yield increases from 59.41 to 182.47 kg/h. The yield per unit volume is calculated as 22 kg/m3 h. The numerical results based on the mathematical model are well in agreement with the experimental results. The maximum relative deviation is only 5%.

A high-voltage half-bridge gate drive circuit for E-mode GaN device with high-speed low-power and high-noise-immunity level shifter is proposed in this paper. It adopts digital-level detection concept by combining fast-slewing and output-maintain circuits in high noise environments to achieve both small response time and high dV sw/dt noise immunity. The proposed gate driver is fabricated in 0.5μm 80V HV CMOS process where the active area is 1699×1522μm2. Simulation and experimental results of the level shifter demonstrate that propagation delay is only about 1.618ns and dV sw/dt noise immunity is up to 50V/ns with a low FOM equal to 0.04ns/μm·V.

The effect of exogenous spermine on chilling injury (CI) and antioxidant defense system of immature vegetable soybean (Glycine max L.) during cold storage were investigated. Freshly harvested immature soybeans were treated with 0.8 mmol/L spermine at room temperature for 20 min and then stored at 5 ± 1 °C or 1 ± 1 °C and 85–95% relative humidity for up to 60 days. Results showed that exogenous spermine alleviated the CI, delayed the gradual decreasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and maintained a favourable balance in reactive oxygen species levels at storage period. Although cold temperature (1 ± 1 °C) inhibited the synthesis of l-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (MACC), raised ethylene production, and resulted in membrane damage, exogenous spermine obviously hindered the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). It was concluded that exogenous spermine alleviated CI of cold-stored immature soybeans through regulating the antioxidant system and ACC metabolism.

Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the different flower development stages of Cananga odorata for the evaluation of floral volatile polymorphism as a basis to determine the best time of harvest. Electronic nose results, coupled with discriminant factor analysis, suggested that emitted odors varied in different C. odorata flower development stages, including the bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, wilted-flower, and dried flower stages. The first two discriminant factors explained 97.52% of total system variance. Ninety-two compounds were detected over the flower life, and the mean Bray–Curtis similarity value was 52.45% among different flower development stages. A high level of volatile polymorphism was observed during flower development. The VOCs were largely grouped as hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, acids, ketones, and ethers, and the main compound was β-caryophyllene (15.05%–33.30%). Other identified compounds were β-cubebene, D-germacrene, benzyl benzoate, and α-cubebene. Moreover, large numbers of VOCs were detected at intermediate times of flower development, and more hydrocarbons, esters, and alcohols were identified in the full-flowering stage. The full-flowering stage may be the most suitable period for C. odorata flower harvest.

The Apocynum venetum L. of Apocynaceae plant is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In this paper, we analyzed qualitatively the active compounds in the aqueous extract from the leaves of Apocynum venetum L. by HPLCMS and HPLCDAD. The aqueous extracts method of the mainly active compounds from dried leaves of Apocynum venetum L. was based on HPLC/DAD coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. Overall, 8 constituents were separated and identified, which belong to flavonoids.

An effective method was established for the determination and classification of flammable liquids by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). The volatile components, equilibrium temperature and equilibrium time of gravure ink were investigated. The volatile components of flammable liquids were identified by comparison with the standard mass spectrum databases, and quantified by the external standard method. The recoveries were in the range of 92.8%-103.1% with the relative standard deviations between 0.88% and 2.88%. The flash points of the samples were calculated by a prediction model and compared with the experimentally measured values. The results showed that the maximum deviation between the predicted and measured flash points was 3.2℃. This method provides a novel, efficient and convenient way for the classification of flammable liquids.

To enhance the wear resistance of mechanical components, laser cladding has been applied to deposit in situ VC–Cr7C3 ceramic coating on steel substrate using a pre-placed powder consisting of vanadium, carbon and high-carbon ferrochrome. The laser cladding samples were subjected to various microstructure examinations, microhardness and wear tests. The results showed that defect-free coating with metallurgical joint to the steel substrate was obtained. The quantity of VC–Cr7C3 particles gradually increased from the bottom to the top of the coating. The VC particles in nanometer were observed within the coating. Average hardness of the coating up to 1050 HV was significantly higher than that of the substrate 150 HV. Wear tests indicated the wear resistance of the clad coating was 4 times that of the steel substrate.

Aims To better understand the effects of the selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist 4-[2-(Methylthio)phenyl]-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide hydrochloride (LP44) on micturition in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–275 g were used. SCI was produced in 8 of the 16 rats by transection at the T10 level; cystometric study occurred 8–12 weeks post-transection. Intravesical pressure was monitored in urethane-anesthetized animals via a transvesical catheter. The selective 5-HT7 antagonist (R)-3-[2-[2-(4-Methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl] phenol hydrochloride (SB-269970) was administered after each LP44 dose–response curve (all drugs were administered intravenously, i.v). Results Compared to controls, SCI rats had a higher bladder capacity and residual volume, and a lower voiding efficiency. In SCI rats, LP44 (0.003–0.3 mg/kg, i.v) induced significant dose-dependent increases in micturition volume, significant dose-dependent decreases in residual volume, resulting in significant increases in voiding efficiency. CMG measurements showed a dose-dependent increase of the high-frequency oscillation (HFO) activity, including the number of small oscillation per voiding. This was correlated with the improved voiding efficiency. SB-269970 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v) partially or completely reversed all LP44-induced changes. Conclusions HFOs seems to be correlated with external urethral sphincter (EUS) bursting activity during voiding. Both the bladder voiding efficiency and the periodic EUS activity were decreased in SCI rats. 5-HT7 receptor agonist can enhance HFO activity, thereby improving voiding efficiency. Whether or not these results may have implications for the future treatment of voiding dysfunction in SCI patients remains to be studied. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1165–1170, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The mechanisms involved in diabetic neuropathic pain are complex and involve peripheral and central pathophysiological phenomena. Proinflammatory tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and TNF-α receptor 1, which are markers of inflammation, contribute to neuropathic pain. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on diabetic pain in rats. We tested 24 rats with diabetes induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and 24 healthy control rats. Twelve rats in each group received 60 mg/kg oral curcumin daily for 28 days, and the other 12 received vehicle. On days 7, 14, 21, and 28, we tested mechanical allodynia with von Frey hairs and thermal hyperalgesia with radiant heat. Markers of inflammation in the spinal cord dorsal horn on day 28 were estimated with a commercial assay and Western blot analysis. Compared to control rats, diabetic rats exhibited increased mean plasma glucose concentration, decreased mean body weight, and significant pain hypersensitivity, as evidenced by decreased paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey hairs and decreased paw withdrawal latency to heat. Curcumin significantly attenuated the diabetes-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia and reduced the expression of both TNF-α and TNF-α receptor 1. Curcumin seems to relieve diabetic hyperalgesia, possibly through an inhibitory action on TNF-α and TNF-α receptor 1.

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for electrochemical square-wave stripping voltammetric (SWV) determination of antimony (III) was introduced. Various experimental parameters, such as the amounts of carbon nanotubes, the deposition potential and time, the electrolyte solution, etc, were thoroughly optimized and discussed. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the MWCNTs-modified GCE exhibited well linear behaviour in the antimony(III) concentration range from 0.04 to 0.26 mg/L (R=0.9983) with a detection limit of 3.20×10-4 mg/L (S/N=3) under a 360 s accumulation. The proposed electrode also exhibited encouraging properties for measurements of simulated water samples.

In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of variable temperature infrared samples measurement, this paper proposes a kind of method called air indirect heating variable-temperature method which is to design a close box but there are two holes in and to make sample heated in box through use of air conduction and convection by temperature control circuit. This method can enhance the temperature of the test samples faster and is more effective in eliminating the temperature gradient within the sample, so the efficiency of experimental gets to improve. In another hand, this method is convenient in operation experimental. The paper also proposes a specific implementation technology

Developing of a surface hybrid calcium phosphate-degradable polymer materials is always attractive since it could have high bone bonding ability and proper mechanical properties as natural bone substitute. In this article, a solution blending method was used to make the poly-[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)] (PHBV)/collagen composite with high surface calcium apatite deposition capability. Before the blending, the pseudo ternary phase diagram of CH3COOH-CHCl3/PHBV-H2O/collagen at 20°C was plotted. Three compositions selected from the homogenous zone in the diagram were chosen to fabricate the PHBV/collagen composites. Water contact angle, water absorbance ratio, and FTIR spectra showed the collagen contents in the final composites increased with its original blending ratio. The composite with the highest collagen content was chosen for the biomineralization experiment in simulated calcium solution (SCS). Scanning electronic microscopy showed the morphology of the deposition changing from porous structure to plate structure. The FTIR spectra displayed the precipitate was calcium phosphate containing collagen content. The X-ray Diffractometer spectra displayed that the precipitate has the similar characteristic peaks as calcium apatite and the crystalline increased with the biomineralization time. The concentration of calcium and hydrogenphosphate ions in the SCS monitored in the first 4 h decreased to 29.5 and 1.8 ppm, respectively. The Ca/P of the precipitate stabilized at 1.3 in the first 4 h. The FTIR spectra showed that the amide absorption band shifted to low wavelength, which was caused by the electrostatic force between the calcium ions and the amide bond p-π conjugation system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

On the basis of Osborne fractionation, albumin, globulin, prolamine, and gluletin in selenium (Se) rich rice were extracted with water, 2% NaCl solution, 70% alcohol, and 0.5% alkaline solution subsequently. The content of Se in these protein extracts was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The chemical forms of Se in albumin extract and enzymatic digests of rice were analyzed with a hyphenated technique of high performance liquid chromatography and ICP-MS. The Se content in four types of extracts shows an order of gluletin > prolamine > albumin > globulin. The protein with molecular weight of 12.6 kDa is the primary Se-containing protein in extracts of albumin, and the Se from selenocysteme is approximately 30% of the total Se present in the selenized rice.