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A practical and environment-friendly methodology for the construction of β-keto sulfones through visible-light induced direct oxysulfonylation of alkenes with sulfonic acids at ambient temperature under open-air conditions was developed. Most importantly, the reaction proceeded smoothly without the addition of any photocatalyst or strong oxidant, ultimately minimizing the production of chemical waste.

Polyphenols are major functional components of the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus . Compared with the wide application of surfactants in medicinal mushroom polysaccharide production, using surfactants to enhance mushroom polyphenol production and antioxidant activity is a relatively new approach. For the first time, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of Tween-20 on the growth-associated generation of different compositions and antioxidant activity expression of exo-polyphenol product (EPC) and endo-polyphenol product (IPC) of liquid cultured I. obliquus . The IC 50 values against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals of EA-EPC, NB-EPC, and IPC from the Tween-20 (5.0 g/l on Day 1) adding medium were between 40 and 47 mg/l, significantly ( p i.e., ferulic acid and gallic acid, and flavonoids, i.e., epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and naringin, were the main components in EPC and IPC analyzed by HPLC. The production of ferulic acid, ECG, EGCG, and naringin was significantly increased by 106.0%, 157.7%, 37.3%, 75.2% in EA-EPC, 372.9%, 133.7%, 117.3%, 19.4% in NB-EPC, and 10.4%, 102.7%, 57.7%, 322.2% in IPC. The antioxidant activity expression of EA-EPC, NB-EPC, and IPC from both the control and Tween-20 media was highly correlated with the growth-associated generation of these flavonoids during fermentation. The significantly higher antioxidant activity of EPC and IPC from the Tween-20 medium compared with the control was also attributed to the higher content of the flavonoids. The strategy of supplementation of surfactants has the potential for other medicinal mushroom fermentation processes to enhance the production of highly bioactive flavonoids.

To study the process conditions for preparing aspirin β-cyclodextrin inclusion.Method: Choose the usage ration of aspirin with β-cyclodextrin and the time of reaction as the main factors, and use the inclusion yield as evaluated indicators and the process condition to conduct orthogonal experiment Optimization Pack aspirin.Outcome: The optimum inclusion process condition: molar ratio of the aspirin with β-cyclodextrin is 1:3, inclusion time is 60 minutes.Conclusion: The process condition of using β-cyclodextrin inclusion to inconcluse aspirin is feasible, effective, and of applicative value.

To study the process conditions for preparing sultamicillin tosilate β-cyclodextrin inclusion.Method: Choose the usage ration of sultamicillin tosilate with β-cyclodextrin, the inclusion temperature and the time of reaction as the main factors, and use the inclusion yield as evaluated indicators and the process condition to conduct the L9 (34) orthogonal experiment Optimization Pack sultamicillin tosilate.Outcome: The optimum inclusion process condition: molar ratio of the sultamicillin tosilate with β-cyclodextrin is 1:8, inclusion temperature is 47°C, inclusion time is 40 minutes.Conclusion: The process condition of using β-cyclodextrin inclusion to inconcluse sultamicillin tosilate is feasible, effective, and of applicative value.

Polysaccharides and polyphenols are important secondary metabolites from the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus. The objectives of this work were to investigate the ability of I. obliquus under submerged fermentation for the peanut shell biomass degradation and for the simultaneous enhancement of production and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and polyphenols. Approximate 66.2%, 67.6%, and 70.2% of the initial cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the peanut shells were degraded after 12 days of fermentation. The lignocellulose degradation showed a stimulatory effect on mycelial yield, production and antioxidant activity of extra- and intra-cellular polysaccharides and polyphenols. Highly active polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin-3-gallate, phelligridin G, davallialactone, and inoscavin B were generated in larger amounts and phenolic acids such as gallic acid and ferulic acid were decreased dramatically by the lignocellulose degradation.

In this work, a series of theoretical methods were employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of ribosomal peptide bond formation catalyzed by peptidyl transferase. For the studies described in this paper, reaction pathways and free energy barriers for the model reaction of the peptide bond synthesis were studied by performing Ab initio calculation. Two self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) methods were used to calculate of the whole reaction pathway. These results show that the present theoretical reaction mechanism is a potential and competitive one for the reaction modeling of the ribosomal peptide synthesis.

Although Apocynum leaves have been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the study on active compounds of Apocynum venetum L. is little. In this paper,high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) were used for the active ingredient in qualitative analysis of Apocynum leaves, based on the information of the mass spectrum molecular ion peak [M-and some characteristic fragment ions, and combined with UV spectral characteristics we initially speculated that Apocynum leaves water extract isolated to 10 components.

The medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus has been a folk remedy for a long time in East-European and Asian countries. It has been ascribed to a number of triterpenoids that show various biological activities. In this study, the response surface methodology was employed to optimise the medium composition for triterpenoids production by I. obliquus in shake flask culture. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of different components in the medium. Glucose, peptone, yeast powder, and CaCl2 were important factors significantly affecting I. obliquus triterpenoids production. These selected variables were subsequently optimised using steepest ascent method, a central composite design, and response surface methodology. The optimal medium composition was (% w/v): glucose, 5.92; peptone, 0.23; CaCl2, 0.048; yeast powder, 0.12; KH2PO4, 0.1; MgSO4, 0.02. Under optimal conditions, triterpenoids production by I. obliquus reached 5.51%, representing an increase of 1.4-fold compared with that using the basal medium (3.98%).