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NEURONAL activity is dependent on the ability of nervous tissue to control the concentration of electrolytes across the nerve cell membrane. The most important component of this process is the active extrusion of sodium from the neuronal cytoplasm against an osmotic gradient. A nerve impulse is normally initiated by the production of an area of increased permeability on the cell surface which allows the outward flow of potassium ions and the inward flow of sodium ions1. After the passage of the impulse, energy is required to restore the electrolyte distribution associated with the resting polarized state1. Nerve impulses can also be initiated by altering the electrolyte content of the fluid surrounding the neurone. Electrolyte disturbances occur in oedematous brain following trauma and cold injury and have been studied in detail by Pappius and Gulati, but in such conditions the mechanism of water accumulation and other ionic changes are not known2. The following experiments were carried out on anoxic-ischaemic brain damage in rats3 in order to investigate the role of changes in the electrolyte and water content of the brain in the production of the hemiplegia and convulsions which occur in this condition, and their relationship to cerebral protein synthesis and energy production.

In this work, the metallic capillary discharge is operated with two different ambients: air and argon. In the experiments reported here, the chamber is first evacuated to 10−5 mbar. The discharge is initiated by the transient hollow cathode effect generated electron beam, with either air ambient or argon ambient at 10−4 mbar. The bombardment of electron beam at the tip of the stainless steel anode gives rise to a metallic vapor, which is injected into the capillary and initiates the main discharge through the capillary. The EUV emission is measured for different discharge voltages for both conditions and compared. It is found that the metallic capillary discharge with argon ambientis able to produce higher EUV energy compared to that with air ambient. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The effects of experimental parameters on the emission of Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) from plasma produced by vacuum spark discharge using Tin as anode material were studied. The operating pressure for all the experiments carried out was maintained at below 10−4 mbar. The discharge voltage tested was from 10 kV to 25 kV. The inter-electrode distance suitable for high intensity and reproducible EUV emissions was obtained to be in the range of 3.6 mm to 5.6 mm. The output EUV energy was found to scale as ∼V20∼V02 , where V0 is the discharge voltag Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A strategy for spectroscopic analysis of single element plasmas is through modeling. An experimental investigation or generation of a specified emission spectrum can be attempted based on the modeling results which are currently under investigating by many researchers in the world. In the emission spectroscopy, the K-shell emission is more interesting than emissions from other shells due to their unique EUV and SXR frequencies that can be applied in various scientific and industrial applications. Population information of our model is based on a steady state kinetic code which is calculated for a given electron temperature and an estimated electron density. Thus for each single element plasma it needs large amounts of experimental or theoretical database. Depending on the parameter of the plasma, theories based on local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE are considered. In the non-LTE case, the Corona model is used and the total absolute number densities are calculated based on the ion densities that are related to the electron density corresponds to the mean charge of the ions. The spectra generated by the model can then be compared with spectroscopic data obtained experimentally. Refereed/Peer-reviewed