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The batch distillation experiments of bio-oil model compounds were carried out in a pilot rectification column. The distilled fractions of bio-oil model compounds at atmospheric pressure and vacuum distillation were compared by changing the vacuum degree in the system, and the variations of each component in the fractions were analyzed and summarized. The results showed that the total distillate rate of bio-oil model compounds increased and the coking rate decreased, the water was more likely to be evaporated, the initial distillation temperature of organics in the fraction decreased and the distillation rate increased with the decrease of vacuum degree in the system. Therefore, increasing the vacuum degrees can effectively separate the components of the bio-oil model compounds and reduce the energy loss. When the vacuum degree is −0.08 MPa, the distillation effect of the bio-oil model compounds are optimum. The distillation rates of acetic acid and furfural can reach 99.50% and 65.88%, and the distillation rates of phenol and guaiacol both exceed 25%.

Harnessing the rhizospheric microbiome, including phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (PMB), is a promising technique for maintaining sustainability and productivity in intensive agricultural systems. However, it is unclear as to which beneficial taxonomic group populations in the rhizosphere are potentially associated with the changes in soil microbiomes shifted by fertilization regimes. Herein, we analyzed the diversity and community structure of total bacteria and PMB in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soils under 25 years of four fertilization regimes (compost, biocompost, chemical, or non-fertilized) via selective culture and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Plant development explained more variations (29 and 13%, respectively) in the composition of total bacteria and PMB in the rhizosphere of maize than the different fertilization regimes. Among those genera enriched in the rhizosphere of maize, the relative abundances of Oceanobacillus, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Ensifer, Paracoccus, Ramlibacter, and Luteimonas were positively correlated with those in the bulk soil. The relative abundance of Paracoccus was significantly higher in soils fertilized by compost or biocompost than the other soils. Similar results were also observed for PMB affiliated with Ensifer, Bacillus, and Streptomyces. Although plant development was the major factor in shaping the rhizospheric microbiome of maize, fertilization regimes might have modified beneficial rhizospheric microbial taxa such as Bacillus and Ensifer.

Difficulty in induction of adventitious rooting in vitro and poor survival of transplanted plantlets are the most important factors that restrict tissue culture of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). The primary reason for the low transplant survival is that the plantlet ceases growth and is dormant after rooting. However, the mechanism for plantlet dormancy remains unclear. In this study, the transcriptome and contents of endogenous phytohormones, phenolic compounds, and carbohydrates in the leaves and stems of tree peony plantlets in vitro were analyzed before and during culture on rooting medium for 0, 15, 30, and 45 days. Significant differences in the contents of endogenous hormones, phenolic acids, and carbohydrates before and after rooting were observed. A total of 97.45 Gb clean data were obtained and 43,741 unigenes were assembled. The differentially expressed genes detected at the timepoints before and during culturing on rooting medium were predominantly enriched in the ‘plant hormone signal transduction’, ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, and ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’ pathways. The dormancy of the plantlet after culturing on rooting medium was directly correlated with the increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and decrease in gibberellic acid (GA3) contents, which was regulated by auxin response factor ARF2, abscisic acid-receptor protein PYR/PYL, GA-signaling pathway DELLA protein SLR1, GA-receptor factor GID1 and PP2C proteins. Additionally, phenolic and carbohydrate metabolism were affected, thereby changing the phenolic compound and carbohydrate contents. This study provides a theoretical foundation for elucidating the dormancy and dormancy release mechanisms of tree peony plantlets in vitro. Endogenous hormone imbalance causes dormancy after rooting of tree peony plantlets in vitro, which affects phenolic and carbohydrate metabolism, thereby changing the phenolic compound and carbohydrate contents.

Electrolytic water splitting using surplus electricity represents one of the most cost‐effective and promising strategies for hydrogen production. The high overpotential of the oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) caused by the multi‐electron transfer process with a high chemical energy barrier, however, limits its competitiveness. Here, a highly active and stable OER electrocatalyst was designed through a cobalt‐induced intrastructural enhancement strategy combined with suitable electronic structure modulation. A carved carbon nanobox was embedded with tri‐metal phosphide from a uniform Ni−Co−Fe Prussian blue analogue (PBA) nanocube by sequential NH3 ⋅ H2O etching and thermal phosphorization. The sample exhibited an OER activity in an alkaline medium, reaching a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 182 mV and displayed a small Tafel slope of 47 mV dec−1, superior to the most recently reported OER electrocatalysts. Moreover, it showed impressive electrocatalytic durability, increasing by approximately 2.7 % of operating voltage after 24 h of continuous testing. The excellent OER activity and stability are ascribed to a favorable transfer of mass and charge provided by the porous carbon shell, synergistic catalysis between the three‐component metal phosphides originating from appropriate electronic structure modulation, more exposed catalytic sites on the hollow structure, and chainmail catalysis resulting from the carbon protective layer. It is foreseen that this successfully demonstrated design concept can be easily extended to other heterogeneous catalyst designs., Make it better: This combined cobalt‐induced intrastructural enhancement and proper electronic structure modulation strategy is developed to fabricate a Ni−Co−Fe−P@CC‐E‐15 carved nanobox as a highly active and stable oxygen evolution electrocatalyst.

Transforming growth factor-β type III receptor (TβR3), as a co-receptor of TGF-β superfamily, plays critical roles in development and growth as well as some disease pathogeneses by presenting ligands to other receptors in vertebrates. However, the identification and functional characterization of TβR3 had not been reported yet in invertebrates. In the present study, TβR3 was first identified and characterized in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The obtained cDNA length of SpTβR3 was 2, 424 bp with a 1, 854 bp open reading frame, which encoded a putative peptide of 617 amino acids containing a typical transmembrane region and a Zona pellucida (ZP) domain. Real-time PCR results showed that SpTβR3 was predominantly expressed at early embryonic development stage and early postmolt stage, suggesting its participation in development and growth. We report, for the first time in invertebrates, the challenge of both Vibro alginolyticus and Poly (I:C) could alter the expression patterns of SpTβR3. Notably, the expression levels of SpIKK, two NF-κB members (SpRelish and SpDorsal), and five antimicrobial peptide genes (SpCrustin and SpALF1-4) were significantly suppressed when SpTβR3 was interfered in vivo. Secondly, the overexpression of SpTβR3 in vitro could activate NF-κB signaling through the dual-luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, the bacterial clearance assay after SpTβR3 was silenced in vivo highlighted the potential of SpTβR3 in activating the innate immune responses. These results implied the involvement of SpTβR3 in the innate immune responses by regulating the NF-κB pathway. This study first indicated that TβR3 was present in invertebrate, and it participated in not only the development and growth but also the innate immunity of S. paramamosain. It also provided new insights into the origin or evolution of TGF-β receptors in crustacean species and even in invertebrates.

Deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox are used for the treatment of systemic iron overload, although they possess limitations due to lack of oral activity, lower efficacy, and side effects. These limitations led to a search for an orally active iron chelator with an improved therapeutic index. The lower efficacy of deferiprone is due to rapid glucuronidation, leading to the formation of a nonchelating metabolite. Here, we demonstrate that the influence of metabolism can be reduced by introducing a sacrificial site for glucuronidation. A log P-guided investigation of 20 hydroxpyridinones led to the identification of CN128. The Fe(III) affinity and metal selectivity of CN128 are similar to those of deferiprone, the log P value is more lipophilic, and its iron scavenging ability is superior. Overall, CN128 was demonstrated to be safe in a range of toxicity assessments and is now in clinical trials for the treatment of β-thalassemia after regular blood transfusion.

N-doped carbon armored metal phosphides were anchored in-situ on backbones of nickel foam (NF), by using polydopamine as both carbon source and targeted precursor delivery vehicle. The product served as a highly efficient chainmail bi-functional catalyst toward electrolytic water splitting, requiring small operating cell voltages of only 1.65, 1.73, and 1.79 V at 50, 100, and 250 mA/cm2, respectively for overall water splitting. More importantly, the product catalyst also possessed excellent long-term stability, even tested at 250 mA/cm2. The excellent activity and durability may be ascribed to the positive synergistic effects between well-mixed metal phosphides, advantageous nanostructure of interwoven thin vertical nanosheets, protective and conductive N-doped carbon matrix, hydrophilic and aerophobic characteristics, and well dispersed and utilized active materials on skeleton surfaces of the highly conductive NF. This synergistic effect boosting and protective layer armored design for highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts is unique and scalable, suitable for large-scale applications not only in the field of electrocatalysis, but also in other heterogeneous catalysis.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen production driven by surplus electric energies is considered a promising sustainable process for hydrogen supply. The high overpotential and low energy-conversion efficiency caused by the slow kinetics of the four-electron transfer oxygen-evolution reaction (OER), however, hamper its competitiveness. Herein, a highly stable, efficient OER catalyst was developed, taking the effects of both composition and nanostructure into account for the catalyst design. N-doped carbon-armored mixed metal phosphide nanoparticles confined in N-doped porous carbon nanoboxes, a particle-in-box nanostructure, were synthesized from monodisperse Ni3[Fe(CN)6]2·H2O nanocubes through sequential conformal polydopamine coating, ammonia etching, and thermal phosphorization. The product exhibited outstanding catalytic abilities for the OER in 1.0 M KOH, delivering 10, 100, and 250 mA/cm2 at ultrasmall overpotentials of 203, 242, and 254 mV, respectively, with an ultrasmall Tafel slope of 38 mV/dec, outperforming most recently reported top-notch iron-group-based OER catalysts. The long-term stability was also excellent, showing a small chronopotentiometric decay of 2.5% over a 24 h operation at 50 mA/cm2. The enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability may be attributable to the unique particle-in-box structure as a nanoreactor offering a local, fast reaction environment, the conductive N-doped porous carbon shell for fast charge and mass transport, the synergistic effect between multicomponent metal phosphides for enhanced intrinsic activities, and the carbon protection layer to prevent/delay the catalyst core from being deactivated. This combined particle-in-box and chainmail design concept for electrocatalysts is unique and advantageous and may be readily applied to the general field of heterogeneous reactions.

The key to develop efficient catalysts is to improve the quantity and activity of catalytic sites of the catalysts through optimal structural and compositional design. Accordingly, open-mouth N-doped carbon nanoboxes embedded with mixed metal phosphide nanoparticles are fabricated from monodisperse Ni3[Fe(CN)6]2·H2O nanocubes through conformal Ni3[Co(CN)6]2·12H2O layer coating, ammonia etching, and thermal phosphorization, sequentially. The product catalyst exhibits highly efficient electrocatalytic performances, achieving low overpotentials of 204 and 129 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively, and a small working voltage of 1.57 V for the overall water splitting, all at 10 mA cm-2. Its long-term electrocatalytic stability is also outstanding, experiencing only minor chronopotentiometric decay after a 24 h operation at 10 mA cm-2. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance may be attributed to the synergistic effects between the mixed metal phosphides, the protective function offered by the chainmail catalyst design, and the fast mass transport channels for the electrolyte and gaseous products afforded by the large openings on the nanobox shell, as well as the easy access of the inner active sites of the nanobox. The ingenious open-mouth nanobox structure together with embedded mixed metal phosphide nanoparticles is a unique design for improving the quantity and activity of catalytic sites of the catalyst for high efficiency electrolytic water splitting. The present design concept can be readily applied to the fabrication of other heterogeneous catalysts.

The present study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of ceftiofur (as measured by ceftiofur and its active metabolites concentrations) in a small-size dog breed, Peekapoo, following a single intravenous or subcutaneous injection of ceftiofur sodium. The study population comprised of five clinically healthy Peekapoo dogs with an average body weight (BW) of 3.4 kg. Each dog received either intravenous or subcutaneous injection, both at 5 mg/kg BW (calculated as pure ceftiofur). Plasma samples were collected at different time points after the administration. Ceftiofur and its active metabolites were extracted from plasma samples, derivatized, and further quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations versus time data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters. The terminal half-life (t1/2λz ) was calculated as 7.40 ± 0.79 and 7.91 ± 1.53 hr following intravenous and subcutaneous injections, respectively. After intravenous treatment, the total body clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution at steady-state (VSS ) were determined as 39.91 ± 4.04 ml hr-1 kg-1 and 345.71 ± 28.66 ml/kg, respectively. After subcutaneous injection, the peak concentration (Cmax ; 10.50 ± 0.22 μg/ml) was observed at 3.2 ± 1.1 hr, and the absorption half-life (t1/2ka ) and absolute bioavailability (F) were calculated as 0.74 ± 0.23 hr and 91.70%±7.34%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ceftiofur and its related metabolites demonstrated their quick and excellent absorption after subcutaneous administration, in addition to poor distribution and slow elimination in Peekapoo dogs. Based on the time of concentration above minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) values calculated here, an intravenous or subcutaneous dose at 5 mg/kg of ceftiofur sodium once every 12 hr is predicted to be effective for treating canine bacteria with a MIC value of ≤4.0 μg/ml.

The Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM) regions have the second-largest areas of permafrost in China and serve as sinks of heavy metals like mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As). However, to date, we lack detailed information on Hg and As reserves, sources, and pollution assessment in the region, and this may bring increasing uncertainty when studying Hg and As cycle. By investing Hg and As contents of soil, plant, and litter samples from 22 typical wetlands in the GKM, we found that the average Hg content was 0.11 mg/kg in the soil, higher than the soil background value. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed that Hg pollution degree ranged from mild to moderate grade. The average soil As content was 16.1 mg/kg. Hg and As storage in wetland soils, vegetation biomass, and litter were estimated to be 4.32 mg/m2 and 995 mg/m2, 159 μg/m2 and 494 μg/m2, and 13.9 μg/m2 and 113 μg/m2, respectively. About 61% As was from endogenous sources contribution, and about 84% Hg was derived from exogenous sources. A positive correlation was observed between Hg in the litter and temperature and the precipitation-to-temperature ratio. This implied that Hg accumulation in the litter should be paid more attention to considering current climatic warming in the GKM.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is ubiquitously reported in global water bodies and exhibits various environmental and human health risks. However, the effects of DEHP chronic exposure on the intestinal microbiota and associated host health concerns in aquatic species are still largely unexplored. In this study, chronic exposure to DEHP at environmental levels significantly increased the body weight, length, and body mass index (BMI), especially in male fish. The microbial community was disrupted with the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and genera diversity for Prevotella-7, Deefgea, PeM15, Halomonas, Akkermansia, Chitinibacter, and Roseomonas, which are significantly activated in zebrafish after exposure to DEHP. The height of the gut villus, the thickness of muscularis layer, and the number of goblet cells per villus were significantly decreased, as well as showed differences between female and male zebrafish. Further, the levels of energy-related metabolites in gut tissues were increased, compared to the control group. The expression levels of immune-related genes (interleukin 8, il-8, also referred to as cxcl8a), microbial defense-related genes (lysozyme, lyz, interleukin 10, and il-10), and obesity-related genes (aquaporin 8a, aqp8, mucin 2.1, muc2.1, fibroblast growth factor 2, fgf2, and proopiomelanocortin a, pomca) were significantly up-regulated in zebrafish, except the down-regulated expressions of toll-like receptor-5 (tlr-5) and interleukin 1β (il-1β) in the females and pomca in the males, respectively. Importantly, Spearman’s correlation analyses revealed that the levels of metabolites and gene expressions in the gut were closely related to the dominant microbial genera, such as Aeromonas, Deefgea, Akkermansia, PeM15, Mycobacterium, and Rhodobacter. Taken together, chronic exposure to DEHP at environmental levels disturbed bacterial composition accompanied by the altered expressions of intestinal metabolites and the critical immune and intestinal function-related genes, which provided novel insights into DEHP effects on perturbation of gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in zebrafish.

To overcome the deficiency in which 2-Deoxy- d -ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) exhibits low levels of catalytic efficiency in aldol reactions and poor tolerance for high concentrations of aldehyde, two novel deoC genes encoding DERAPyc and DERAMet were identified in Pyrobaculum calidifontis and Meiothermus ruber that had heterologous expression in E. coli BL21. The specific activities toward 2-Deoxy- d -ribose-5-phosphate (DR5P) of DERAPyc and DERAMet were 13.6 ± 0.1 and 85.2 ± 0.7 U/mg, respectively. Almost 56.2% (DERAPyc) and 21.7% (DERAMet) of their activity remained after being incubated for 6 h in 300 mM acetaldehyde at 25℃. In addition, the DR5P concentration in the reaction catalyzed by DERAPyc and DERAMet was almost 0.31 and 2.63 times the amount catalyzed by DERAEco after reacting for 6 h, respectively. These results suggest that these two novel DERAs with a high tolerance for a high concentration of aldehyde have the potential to be widely used in industrial settings.

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites that are involved in providing flower petal pigmentation. In plants, anthocyanin synthesis is regulated positively by a conserved MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex and negatively by repressors. We isolated a repressor of anthocyanin synthesis, MYBx1, from a moth orchid Phalaenopsis cv. Big Chili. MYBx1 encodes a typical R3-MYB protein and exhibited diverse expression patterns in four Phalaenopsis cultivars, Big Chili, Fuller’s Sunset, Sogo Yukidian “V3”, and Sogo Lit-Sunny. A yeast two-hybrid assay analysis indicated that MYBx1 can also participate in the MBW complex by interacting with the transcription factors ANTHOCYANIN (AN) 1 and AN11. Over-expressing MYBx1 in the petunia hybrid M1 × R27 resulted in reduced accumulations of flower petal pigments through the repression of anthocyanin activities. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the expression patterns of anthocyanin synthesis-related structural genes in the transgenic petunia flower petals showed that the expression levels of chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, and dihydroflavonol reductase genes were considerably down-regulated. However, no significant changes in the expression levels of the MBW complex members, AN1, AN2, and AN11, were observed. This study improves our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis-related regulatory networks in plants and also provides an important foundation for the further genetic engineering of ornamental plant flower colors.

Composite photocatalytic system based on interface structure design is deemed to be a feasible method to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of sillenite-type photocatalytic material. Therefore, we reported the successful construction of novel tetrahedron-like Ag Bi25GaO39 Bi2WO6 heterostructure through a partial chemical conversion strategy coupling with the photo-reduction method. Experiment indicated that the as-prepared Ag Bi25GaO39 Bi2WO6 heterogeneous structure possessed excellent photo-degradation activity for the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) and 95% of RhB molecules could be decomposed after 20 min of UV–vis light irradiation by comparison of single Bi25GaO39 and Bi2WO6, as well as the Bi25GaO39 Bi2WO6 heterostructure. Moreover, the resulted Ag Bi25GaO39 Bi2WO6 product also exhibited outstanding photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of other pollutant such as phenol and toxic Cr(VI) solutions. Due to the resulted advantages derived from the rational design of interface structure (matching band structure, intimate interfacial contacts, “face-to-face” contact mode of hetero-interface and the famous “schottky barriers"), the photo-generated charges generated in the composite photocatalytic system could be separated quickly, thus exhibiting excellent photocatalytic ability. This design concept can provide new ideas for the construction of other similar composite photocatalytic systems.

Increasing water discharge has resulted in rising dissolved organic matter (DOM) in draining peatlands. However, how contents and spectral characteristics of DOM changed by increasing terrestrial ants in peatland with water level decreasing, were not well revealed. In the present work, chemical and molecular composition of DOM in ant and nearby soils were characterized using UV–Visible absorption and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results indicated that four fluorescence components were identified, of which endogenetic fluorophores accounted for a higher proportion (79.21 ± 0.06%) of the total variability of all four. DOM from ant mound soils had lower aromaticity, humification degree, and smaller molecular size than those from control soil. The influence of microorganisms on the content and structure of DOM was crucial in the ant mound soil, whereas the effect from soil physicochemical properties was apparently more pronounced in the control soil. The study demonstrated that the endogenetic and microbial substances were closely related to the compositional variability of DOM in ant and control soils of peatlands.

The 2-Deoxy- d -ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) enzyme in psychrophilic bacteria has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. A novel gene, deoC (681 bp), encoding DERAPsy, was identified in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified via affinity chromatography, which yielded a homodimeric enzyme of 23 kDa. The specific activity of DERAPsy toward 2-deoxy- d -ribose-5-phosphate (DR5P) was 7.37 ± 0.03 U/mg, and 61.32% of its initial activity remained after incubation in 300 mM acetaldehyde at 25 °C for 2 h. Based on the calculation results (dock binding free energy) with the ligand chloroacetaldehyde (CAH), five target substitutions (T16L, F69R, V66K, S188V, and G189R) were identified, in which the DERAPsy mutant (G189R) exhibited higher catalytic activity toward DR5P than DERAPsy. Only the DERAPsy mutant (V66K) exhibited 12% higher activity toward chloroacetaldehyde and acetaldehyde condensation reactions than DERAPsy. Fortunately, the aldehyde tolerance of these mutants exhibited no significant decline compared with the wild type. These results indicate an effective strategy for enhancing DERA activity.

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an important molecule in the mucosal immunity of teleosts. Previous studies have shown that pIgR can bind and transport polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs), but few studies have focused on the binding of teleost pIgR to bacteria. In this study, we identified a gene encoding pIgR in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The pIgR gene contained two Ig-like domains (ILDs), which were homologous to ILD1 and ILD5 of mammalian pIgR. Our results showed that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could combine with IgM. Moreover, we also found that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could bind to Aeromonas hydrophila and Micrococcus luteus. Further analysis showed that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could also combine with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and various saccharides, and reduced binding to bacteria was observed with LPS and PGN treatment, indicating that largemouth bass pIgR could bind to bacteria to prevent infection and that saccharide binding is an important interaction mechanism between pIgR and bacteria. These results collectively demonstrated that largemouth bass pIgR not only combines with IgM but also binds to bacteria by various saccharides.

Thiamethoxam (TMX) is one of the major compounds of neonicotinoids, the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide. Previously, TMX was considered a non-toxic neonicotinoid insecticide to mammals. However, the genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity of TMX in mammals were recently reported. Thus far, the effects of TMX on the mouse liver and its detailed mechanism remain unclear. NNMT, strongly expressed in the liver, plays a critical role in body energy expenditure. To confirm the potential pathogenesis of liver dysfunction induced by TMX, ICR mice were exposed to TMX at a dose of 4 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg by gavage administration for 12 weeks. The data showed that chronic TMX exposure caused dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. Moreover, aggravated oxidative stress, dysfunction, and disorganized structure were also observed in TMX-treated mouse livers. In addition, increases of PPARγ, fatty acid synthase, and NNMT expression, as well as decreases of PPARα and GNMT expression, S-adenosylmethionine deficiency, and methionine metabolism disorder were also observed in TMX-treated mouse livers. These results suggest that chronic TMX exposure induces dyslipidemia and NAFLD in mice. Moreover, inhibition of NNMT in hepatocytes significantly reversed the effects of TMX. The molecular mechanism of TMX-induced NAFLD is mostly through NNMT-mediated methionine metabolism and methyl donor balance, which ultimately regulates PPARα signaling pathway. Inhibition of NNMT could be a potentially novel strategy for blocking the progression of NAFLD induced by TMX.

Microplastics contamination is one of the leading environmental catastrophes for the marine ecosystem, but the molecular toxicity mechanism of those microplastics remains elusive. This study aims to determine the acute and chronic toxicity after exposure to polystyrene microplastics in brine shrimp with various concentrations. Our results demonstrated that acute exposure to polystyrene microplastics induced no significant effects on the survival of brine shrimp. Interestingly, the concentration-dependent increase in both bioaccumulation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed after acute and chronic exposure. Moreover, the histopathology analysis revealed the deformation of epithelial cells in the midgut region after both acute exposures at 100 mg/L and chronic exposure at 1 mg/L to polystyrene microplastics. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of microplastics-mediated toxicity, the transcriptome analysis was performed after chronic exposure, and the result showed 721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with 156 known KEGG pathways. 292 DEGs genes were significantly upregulated and 429 genes were significantly downregulated. The transcriptome analysis further revealed the DEGs related pathways. Taken together, this study not only highlighted the negative effects but also provided detailed sequencing data from transcriptome profiling to enhance our understanding of the molecular toxicity of polystyrene microplastics in brine shrimp.

Rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, is a common and major serious pest of rice, maize, and wheat crops across Asia, Europe, and Oceania countries. Its sex pheromone consists of three analogously compounds, i.e., (Z)-hexadec-11-enal (1), (Z)-octadec-13-enal (2), and (Z)-hexadec-9-enal (3), as long-chain aliphatic internal cis-alkenyl aldehydes. In order to perform an economic and widespread pest control management of rice stem borer, a versatile and efficient synthetic strategy is required. A versatile and efficient synthesis using a common synthetic route for cis-alkenals with high overall yields is described. Commercially available inexpensive aliphatic diols were chosen as starting materials. Two key steps were employed to synthesize the long-chain aliphatic internal cis-alkenes in excellent yields, including the alkylation of terminal alkynes without the utilization of a highly polar aprotic cosolvent and the versatile cis-selective semihydrogenation for the reduction of internal alkynes with excellent stereoselectivity. The results of field tests showed that the synthetic sex pheromone blend was highly effective for the capture of rice stem borer.

Transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain-containing 1 (Tmub1) encodes a protein (TMUB1) containing an ubiquitin-like domain and plays a negative regulatory role during hepatocyte proliferation, but its mechanism in this process is still unknown. Here, TMUB1 interfered with the binding of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) to cyclophilin B, which may represent a key role in the negative regulatory process of TMUB1 in hepatocyte proliferation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays in rat BRL-3A cells confirmed the interaction between TMUB1 and CAML; significant regulation of the influx of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and hepatocyte proliferation occurred following TMUB1 overexpression or knockout. Deletion of the TM1 hydrophobic domain of TMUB1 completely abolished this interaction and led to loss of TMUB1’s regulatory effects on cytological behavior. Furthermore, overexpression of TMUB1 completely abolished the interaction between CAML and its downstream protein cyclophilin B, which can act upstream of calcineurin by increasing [Ca2+]i during cell proliferation. Taken together, our results indicate that TMUB1 regulates BRL-3A hepatocyte proliferation by interacting with CAML and further interferes with the binding of CAML to cyclophilin B to decrease cellular [Ca2+]i.

Quercetin, a natural antiglycative agent, was incorporated into steamed bread to produce a functional food that has high potential to lower the risk of diabetes. With the incorporation of quercetin at 1.20, 2.40, and 3.60%, the volume of steamed bread significantly decreased and the hardness of the crumb correspondingly increased with incremental quercetin content, while incorporation levels below 1.20% had no impact. Within this range of enrichment (1.2-3.6%), quercetin negatively affected the yeast activity with significantly less CO2 produced in dough during proofing. The wheat protein structure was altered by quercetin in terms of a higher level of β-sheets and a lower level of β-turns. The antioxidant capacity of the steamed bread with quercetin (0.05-0.2%) was significantly enhanced dose-dependently. A high inhibitory activity of quercetin-enriched steamed bread (0.05-0.2%) against fluorescent advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) via several different mechanisms was observed. The inhibition of total AGEs from 0.2% quercetin-enriched steamed bread was around 40% during in vitro protein glycation. Overall, the results support quercetin-enriched steamed bread to be a promising functional food with high antioxidant and antiglycation properties.

In this paper, the effects of CuO sintering aids on microstructure and electric properties are investigated for the non-stoichiometric (Na0.48K0.473Li0.04Sr0.007)(Nb0.883Ta0.05Sb0.06Ti0.007)O3+x mol% CuO lead free ceramics. As the amounts of CuO equal 1 mol%, the sintering temperature is 975 °C and the piezoelectric parameters are d33 = 200 pC/N, g33 = 38 (10−3 Vm/N), d33 × g33 = 7600 (10−15 m2/N), kp = 0.38, Qm = 240, Pr = 18.93 μC/cm2 and EC = 8.75 kV/cm. The piezoelectric properties are changed to hard type and suitable for energy harvester with multilayer technology. The physical response mechanisms are suggested that the diffused phase transitions are enhanced, the Cu2+ ions substitute for the B-site ions with forming the Oxygen vacancies and the domain walls are pinning.

Magnesium and oxygen are critical elements in the solid Earth and hydrosphere. A better understanding of the combined behavior of Mg and O isotopes will refine their use as a tracer of geochemical processes and Earth evolution. In this study, the Mg-isotope compositions of garnet and omphacite separated from well-characterized xenolithic eclogites from the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe (South Africa) have been measured by solution multi-collector ICP-MS. The reconstructed whole-rock δ 26 Mg values of Type I (metasomatized) eclogites range from − 0.61‰ to − 0.20‰ (Type IA) and from − 0.60‰ to − 0.30‰ (Type IB) (mean − 0.43‰ ± 0.12‰), while δ 26 Mg of Type IIA (fresh, least metasomatized) eclogites ranges from − 1.09‰ to − 0.17‰ (mean − 0.69‰ ± 0.41‰); a Type IIB (fresh, least metasomatized) has δ 26 Mg of − 0.37‰. Oxygen-isotope compositions of garnet were analyzed in situ by SIMS (CAMECA 1280) and cross-checked by laser fluorination. Garnets have δ 18 O of 6.53‰ to 9.08‰ in Type IA, 6.14‰ to 6.65‰ in Type IB, and 2.34‰ to 2.91‰ in Type IIB. The variation of δ 26 Mg and δ 18 O in Type IA and IB eclogites is consistent with the previously proposed model for the evolution of these samples, based on major and trace elements and radiogenic isotopes. In this model, the protoliths (Type II eclogites) were metasomatized by carbonatitic to kimberlitic melts/fluids to produce first Type IA eclogites and then Type IB. Metasomatism has changed the O-isotope compositions, but the Mg-isotope compositions of Type IA are mainly controlled by the protoliths; those of Type IB eclogites reflect mixing between the protoliths and the kimberlitic melt/fluid. The combination of a large range of δ 26 Mg and low δ 18 O in Type II eclogites cannot be explained easily by seawater alteration of oceanic crust, interaction of carbonate/silicate sediments with oceanic crust, or partial melting of mafic rocks.

To evaluate the roles of climate and hydrology in continental-scale silicate weathering, we applied Li isotopes to the Yellow River and systematically investigated seasonal Li flux, Li isotopic compositions and potential sources. We collected samples from the middle reaches of the Yellow River weekly over the full hydrological year of 2013. We find that the dissolved Li is mainly derived from silicates and evaporites in the arid to semi-arid Yellow River basin. Silicate weathering of loess during the monsoonal season dominates the Li flux in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a positive relationship between dissolved Li flux and physical erosion rate. Evaporite contribution for riverine Li was relatively constant in the middle reaches of the Yellow River but slightly increased after the storm event, with an average proportion of ∼25%, which might represent the proportion of evaporite contribution to global oceans. Seasonal variations in the riverine Li isotopic compositions are dominantly controlled by temperature with a fractionation gradient as −0.182‰ per °C over the full year with deviations likely driven by re-dissolution of suspended particulate matter, extreme hydrological events, and groundwater contribution. Temperature dependent δ7Li value variation of river water inputted into oceans indicates that Cenozoic climate cooling itself may be able to explain ∼2‰ of the 9‰ rise of Cenozoic seawater δ7Li value (Misra and Froelich, 2012). The seasonal variation in riverine Li isotopes highlights that erosion and weathering of loess may provide valuable clues on secular chemical weathering and seawater δ7Li variation spanning a range of time scales.

Due to their inherent structural and functional defects, most bifunctional catalysts usually delivered excellent electrocatalytic activities for one half-reaction at expense of the performances for another one, thus exhibiting inconspicuous electrocatalytic abilities for overall-water-splitting. In the present work, a novel strategy of controllable assembly and synergistic catalysis based on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) active and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) active single functional sites, was ingeniously assembled to high-performance catalysts for overall-water-splitting. Monodispersed zeolitic imidazolate framework cubes were adopted as the reaction precursors to construct bi-functional electrocatalysts through conformal Prussian blue analogue layer coating and the subsequent thermal phosphorization process. HER active Co-P and OER active Co-Fe-P hetero-components were simultaneously anchored on the shell layers of the resulted Co-Fe-P hollow nanoboxes. Benefiting from the unique structural design and functional integration, the product catalyst afforded small overpotentials of 174 and 53 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for the OER and HER in alkaline media, respectively and a ultra-low operating cell voltage of 1.46 V for overall-water-splitting, superior to most recently reported striking bi-functional electrocatalysts. Moreover, its ultrastable catalytic activity was also impressive, delivering only negligible performance loss after a 24 h durability testing. More broadly, this combined double functionalization concept and nanoscale hollowing design is unique and advantageous, especially suitable for developing highly active and durable electrocatalysts of energy conversion reactions.

The electrochemical and water transport properties of silicone-epoxy coatings on Al-alloy pretreated with silane films are investigated in NaCl solution. The results show the non-continuity of water concentration at the interface of silane film and silicone-epoxy coating. The silane film as pretreatment provides enhanced barrier properties and excellent corrosion protection. Considering water concentration jump on the silane film/silicone-epoxy boundary, diffusion coefficient of the coating obtained by validation model is similar to that obtained from the experimental method. In addition, relative to the other three coating systems, the best adhesion is maintained for the silicone-epoxy/silane film (pH 3.5)/Al-alloy system.

Comparison of failure mechanisms of silicone-epoxy hybrid coatings on mild steel and Al-alloy immersed in 5 wt.% NaCl solution was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, pull-off tests, differential scanning calorimetry and ultra-depth three-dimensional microscope. The results show that there were the effects on diffusion behavior in middle immersion and oxide film formed on metals in final immersion for mild steel and Al-alloy substrates. The effect of coating thickness on the cross-linking density of silicone-epoxy polymer was obvious. The delaminated area and the roughness of coating/metal interfaces were discussed from their respective break-point frequency and fractal dimensions deduced from impedance measurements.

Silicone–epoxy coatings containing siloxane-modified polyacrylate (SMP) were prepared. The effects of SMP on the hydrophobicity and water uptake behavior and on the corrosion resistance provided by the coatings were examined using contact angle measurements, glass-transition temperatures, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The water uptake behavior of silicone–epoxy coatings with higher SMP content decreased to a greater extent for coatings with higher hydrophobicity. The anticorrosion protection of 2024 Al-alloy by silicone–epoxy coatings containing SMP correlated well with their water uptake and hydrophobicity.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of bare type A3 mild steel and silicone-epoxy hybrid coatings/mild steel system in 5 wt.% NaCl solution has been investigated, respectively. The analyses of impedance models and water uptake behaviors of silicone-epoxy hybrid coatings have been studied during the aging process of the coatings. Taking into account the diffusion of oxygen, water and corrosion products as well as the formation of the passive film, six distinguishing impedance models were used to fit the EIS spectra of the coatings on type A3 mild steel. The water uptake was estimated from the Brasher–Kingsbury relation using CPE and two effective capacitances ( C e f f e c t B and C e f f e c t H ) which were also used to calculate the coating thicknesses. A comparison between the coating thicknesses calculated from the effective capacitance C e f f e c t B and thickness gauge measurements suggested a surface distribution of time constant on the surface of the coatings. The use of C e f f e c t B allows estimating the “true” values of water uptake in the silicone-epoxy hybrid coatings.

Water diffusion in a composite coating on 2024 Al alloy was experimentally studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The composite coating contained an inner silane film and an outer silicone-epoxy layer. The measured value of water diffusion coefficient of the composite coating by the EIS method was compared to the value predicted using a mathematical model. The results indicated the non-continuity of water concentration at the interface of silane film and silicone-epoxy layer. Considering water concentration jump on the silane film/silicone-epoxy boundary, the diffusion coefficient of the composite coating obtained by validation model was similar to that obtained from the experimental method.

A silicone-epoxy hybrid coating cured with amino silane was developed to provide corrosion protection on 2024 Al-alloy using air spraying. Water uptake characteristics of the silicone-epoxy hybrid coatings were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 5 wt% NaCl solution. The effect of mixture ratio of silicone-epoxy and amino-silane on the water uptake (solubility, diffusion coefficient and permeation) was studied by using a single frequency (10 kHz) capacitance method. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was also investigated through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) before and after immersion in the NaCl solution. Consequently, the excess of silicone-epoxy resin or amino silane improved the solubility of water in the coatings. A low water permeation coefficient was obtained with the mixing ratio 8/2 of silicone-epoxy and amino-silane, in which the Tg value was found to be larger than other three mixing ratios before immersion. After immersion for 750 h, the impedance modulus of EFA 2 coating (mixing ratio 8/2) in the low frequency was still close to 108 Ω cm2 that accounts for the good protective performance.

article i nfo We present a method for precise measurement of Mg isotope ratios for low-Mg rock samples (where MgO b1 wt.%) by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The efficiency of Mg purification is significantly improved by using a newly calibrated HNO3 + HF step to remove undesired matrix elements(suchasTi,Al,Fe,andK)inlow-Mgsamples.Wealsoestablishthatincreasingtheamountof Mgloaded to the chromatographic column minimized blank effects of organics leached from cation resin. All parameters that could affect the accuracy and precision of Mg isotope analyses were rigorously examined by two indepen- dent laboratories in Beijing and Hefei. The δ 26 Mg of mono-elemental Mg standard CAM-1 measured in the two laboratories were −2.597 ± 0.042‰ (2σ, n = 49) and −2.598 ± 0.039‰ (2σ, n = 79), respectively; in house standard IGGMg1 were −1.742 ± 0.041‰ (2σ, n = 53) and −1.749 ± 0.049‰ (2σ, n = 72), respectively. The average δ 26 Mg over ten months of two synthetic standards, made by doping IGGMg1 and IGGMg2 with matrix elements, agrees well with their recommended values, within error. The robustness of our method was further assessed by replicated analyses of sixteen rock standards with MgO contents from 0.28 wt.% to 49.4 wt.%. The δ 26 Mg of USGS rhyolite standards RGM-1 and RGM-2 are −0.188 ± 0.031‰ (2σ, n = 35) and −0.182 ± 0.041‰ (2σ, n = 72), respectively; granite standard GA is −0.165 ± 0.038‰ (2σ ,n=5 7), G-2 is −0.129 ± 0.045‰ (2σ, n = 34), GS-N is −0.204 ± 0.059‰ (2σ, n = 33), GSP-2 is 0.042 ± 0.020‰ (2σ, n = 15), and GSR-1 is −0.234 ± 0.016‰ (2σ, n = 17). Based on repeated analyses of standards, the long- term external precision of our method is better than ±0.05‰ for δ 26 Mg. This precision allows us to distinguish the fractionation of Mg isotopes in low-Mg granites and rhyolites as well as that between mantle minerals.

Deproteinized calf blood extractive was bioactive components, including natural amino acids, small peptides, glycolipids, nucleosides and carbohydrates, extracted from calf serum. The main pharmacological activities of deproteinized calf blood extractives contained several vital processes, such as enhancing the uptake and utilization of oxygen and glucose, boosting the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, promoting the transport of nutrients, facilitating the tissue repair and regeneration. In this article, from the review of the researches on the clinical application of deproteinized calf blood extractives, we concluded that it was worth on clinical promotion.

Essentials M1/M2 imbalance is involved in many autoimmune diseases, and could be restored. The expressions and functions of M1 and M2 were investigated in an in vitro culture system. A preferred M1 polarization is involved in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). High-dose dexamethasone or all-trans-retinoic acid restores M1/M2 balance in ITP patients. SummaryBackground Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. Deficiency of immune tolerance in antigen-presenting cells and cross-communication between antigen-presenting cells and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Macrophages can polarize into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes in response to different environmental stimuli, and have diverse immunologic functions. Objectives To investigate the M1/M2 imbalance in ITP and whether high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) or all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) could restore this imbalance. Methods The numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages in the spleens of ITP patients and patients with traumatic spleen rupture were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured and induced with cytokines and drugs. The expression of M1 and M2 markers and functions of M1 and M2 macrophages before and after modulation by HD-DXM or ATRA were evaluated with flow cytometry and ELISA. Results There was preferred M1 polarization in ITP spleens as compared with healthy controls. Monocyte-derived macrophages from ITP patients had increased expression of M1 markers and impaired immunosuppressive functions. Either HD-DXM or ATRA corrected this imbalance by decreasing the expression of M1 markers and increasing the expression of M2 markers. Moreover, HD-DXM-modulated or ATRA-modulated macrophages suppressed both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and expanded CD4+CD49+LAG3+ type 1 T-regulatory cells. HD-DXM or ATRA modulated macrophages to shift the T-cell cytokine profile towards Th2. Treating patients with HD-DXM or ATRA revealed that macrophages induced from responders showed a predominant M2-like phenotype and immunosuppressive function. Conclusions Aberrant macrophage polarization is involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Either HD-DXM or ATRA is able to correct this imbalance.

Ion chromatography (IC) method was applied to detection of fluorine in the atmosphere calm wind conditions at the area around the yellow phosphorus enterprise. The results indicated that the recovery of standard addition of Fluroide is 96.7%~100.6%. It gives a linear response of chromatographic peak height with respect to the fluoride in the range of 1~25 μg/mL, and the coefficient correlations R value is 0.9994. The concentration of Fluorine in the surrounding of yellow phosphorus enterprise ranging from 100~1500 m varies from 0.641~0.070 mg/m3. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method is between 2.10%~0.50%. This method is sensitivity and selectivity, low disturbance, and it is considered as a promising method for the detection of Fluorine surrounded yellow phosphorus enterprise.

BackgroundDNA methylation in CpG context is fundamental to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in high eukaryotes. Disorganization of methylation status is implicated in many diseases, cellular differentiation, imprinting, and other biological processes. Techniques that enrich for biologically relevant genomic regions with high CpG content are desired, since, depending on the size of an organism’s methylome, the depth of sequencing required to cover all CpGs can be prohibitively expensive. Currently, restriction enzyme based reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and its modified protocols are widely used to study methylation differences. Recently, Agilent Technologies and Roche NimbleGen have ventured to both reduce sequencing costs and capture CpGs of known biological relevance by marketing in-solution custom-capture hybridization platforms. We aimed to evaluate the similarities and differences of these three methods considering each targets approximately 10-13% of the human methylome.ResultsOverall, the regions covered per platform were as expected: targeted capture based methods covered >95% of their designed regions whereas the restriction enzyme-based method covered >70% of the expected fragments. While the total number of CpG loci shared by all methods was low, ~30% of any platform, the methylation levels of CpGs common across platforms were concordant. Annotation of CpG loci with genomic features revealed roughly the same proportions of feature annotations across the three platforms. Targeted capture methods encompass similar amounts of annotations with the restriction enzyme based method covering fewer promoters (~9%) and shores (~8%) and more unannotated loci (7-14%).ConclusionsAlthough all methods are largely consistent in terms of covered CpG loci and cover similar proportions of annotated CpG loci, the restriction based enrichment results in more unannotated regions and the commercially available capture methods result in less off-target regions. Quality of DNA is very important for restriction based enrichment and starting material can be low. Conversely, quality of the starting material is less important for capture methods, and at least twice the amount of starting material is required. Pricing is marginally less for restriction based enrichment, and number of samples to be prepared is not restricted to the number of samples a kit supports. The one advantage of capture libraries is the ability to custom design areas of interest. The choice of the technique should be decided by the number of samples, the quality and quantity of DNA available and the biological areas of interest since comparable data are obtained from all platforms.

To decompose efficiently hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in exhaust gas, g-Al2O3-supported bimetallicbased Cu–Ni catalyst was prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method. The effects of the calcination temperature, H2O/HCN volume ratio, reaction temperature, and the presence of CO or O2 on the HCN removal efficiency on the Cu–Ni/g-Al2O3 catalyst were investigated. To examine further the efficiency of HCN hydrolysis, degradation products were analyzed. The results indicate that the HCN removal efficiency increases and then decreases with increasing calcination temperature and H2O/HCN volume ratio. On catalyst calcined at 400°C, the efficiency reaches a maximum close to 99% at 480 min at a H2O/HCN volume ratio of 150. The HCN removal efficiency increases with increasing reaction temperature within the range of 100°C–500°C and reaches a maximum at 500°C. This trend may be attributed to the endothermicity of HCN hydrolysis; increasing the temperature favors HCN hydrolysis. However, the removal efficiencies increases very few at 500°C compared with that at 400°C. To conserve energy in industrial operations, 400°C is deemed as the optimal reaction temperature. The presence of CO facilitates HCN hydrolysis andincreases NH3 production. O2 substantially increases the HCN removal efficiency and NO x production but decreases NH3 production.

In an effort to direction convert biomass by means of pyrolysis for fine chemicals as a substitute fuel, some inorganic matters were chosen to investigate the possibility of improving the catalysis of biomass pyrolysis. Inorganic acids are catalysts to be found effective for giving high selectivity to furfural chemicals.

Recently, electrospinning of nanofibers based on chitosan has been widely studied and numerous chitosan based nanofibers have been prepared, for the enormous possibilities of applications in various areas such as filtration, enzyme immobilization, tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery, and catalysis. Because most of the chitosan based nanofibers are soluble in aqueous solutions and the other properties such as mechanical properties are not suitable for the further applications. It is necessary to improve the properties of chitosan based nanofibers. Various post-processing has been done to the chitosan based nanofibers and many post-processing products have emerged. This article discusses the post-processing of the chitosan based nanofibers involving methods, mechanisms, changes of nanofiber properties, and applications of the post-processing products in details. The post-processing is divided into alkali treatment, crosslinking, and functionalizing.

In order to make a further understanding of flow pattern and back mixing in the flotation process, the study about particle residence time distribution of collection zone in a packed column has been designed. The pulse tracer method was applied and the particle tracers were the mineral gangue in special size class. The residence time distribution curves of our experiment data shows that there are particle back mixings which were caused by fluid flow and geometry factors in the column. The tank-in-series model has a better fitting to the particle residence time distribution in the column according the comparison research between the tank-in-series model and axial dispersion model. The operation parameters have different effects on the particle residence time distribution according to our experimental study.

The expression level of chicken β-defensin Gal-3 was influenced by lactose concentration, induction time and initial cell density, and IPTG induction was used as a control. The optimal parameters of various factors were confirmed. the optimal parameters with lactose induction was 37°C of culture temperature, 2 g/L of joining lactose final concentration when the recombinant strain growth density A600 achieved 0.8 and induction maintained 3 hours, the production of fusion protein reached the highest level. This study provides a good experimental basis for the large production of Gal-3.