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Herbal cosmetics are a valuable gift of nature and their demand is increasing in the world market. They have good activity with no side effects as compared to synthetic cosmetics. Herbal cosmetics are beauty products and because of natural ingredients, they possess desirable physiological activities. The present research work aimed to formulate and characterize cost-effective herbal nourishment cream containing Aloe vera gel and tomato powder. Four formulations i.e. F1, F2, F3, and F4 were prepared with varying concentrations of Aloe vera gel and tomato powder, while the composition of the cream base was kept the same. The oil phase of the cream base consisted of liquid paraffin (5.0 ml), stearic acid (4.8 g) and coconut oil (3.0 ml). The aqueous phase consisted of triethanolamine (1.5 ml), glycerin (5.0 ml), citric acid (0.4 g), methylparaben (0.1 g), water (q.s.) and key ingredients. The concentration of Aloe vera gel was 2.0 ml, 4.0 ml, 6.0 ml, 8.0 ml and the concentration of tomato powder was 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g in F1, F2, F3, and F4 respectively. The characterization of the formulated creams was carried out by standard methods, such as homogeneity test, smear type, irritancy test, pH test, spreadability test and acid value test. The stability test was carried out at different temperature conditions at 40 °C, below 5 °C and room temperature. All creams were homogeneous, non-irritant and easily removable. The pH of creams was in the range of 7.3–7.6 which is safe for human skin. Spreadability was in the range of 9–13. Acid values of the prepared creams were 5.6, 5.6, 6.4 and 7.2 respectively. Stability was examined by two parameters, homogeneity and pH change. The economical herbal creams prepared by using fewer chemicals are good for skin with moisturizing properties. The efficiency of creams can be improved by increasing the concentration of Aloe vera gel and tomato powder.

The family of Brassicaceae accounts for one of the earliest cataloged annual oilseed referred to as Mustard. Brassica nigra and Brassica rapa var. toria are two of the commercially important varieties of mustard seed which are endowed with biomedical properties. The present study was designed for the comparative scrutiny of quality and physicochemical parameters of both oilseed mustard varieties. Oil content, near infrared reflectance analysis, moisture content, color, pungency, free fatty acid value, acid value, presence of argemone test and gas chromatography were studied. B. nigra and B. rapa toria showed oil content corresponding to 37.68% and 43.06% respectively. Less moisture content was observed in B. rapa toria (5.33 %) in comparison to B. nigra. Higher color units were investigated in B. nigra in comparison to B. rapa toria. B. rapa toria showed lesser pungency with 0.034 % allyl isothiocynate content. B. nigra illustrated free fatty acid (FFA) content of 0.79% and high acid value (1.58%). While B.rapa toria showed less FFA and acid value. Argemone oil contamination was not seen in oil of both varieties. B. nigra showed 6.45%, 69.25%, 24.29% of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively. B. rapa toria demonstrated valuable gas chromatographic analysis with lesser saturated fatty acid and higher monounsaturated fatty acid. In comparison to B. nigra, higher oil content, lesser moisture, low FFA value, less acid value and favorable fatty acid composition analysis has been shown by B. rapa toria there upon, indicating superior quality of B. rapa toria oilseed.

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark ( Scheleicera oleosa ) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark ( Schleichera oleosa ) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006. Keywords: Crude palm oil, antioxidant, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value

Over exploitation of non-renewable energy reserves will lead to increase in price of petroleum fuels. Therefore there is a need for suitable and sustainable substitutes (renewable resource) for conventional fuels. In this study, an efficient and environmental friendly method for production of bio-diesel from Pongamia (Karanja) oil has been developed using a solar reactor. During the experimental study, the maximum temperature attained by the pongamia oil during the transesterification process was 64.1°C. The transesterification reaction was studied by varying different parameters such as reactant flow rate (5-20 LPH), stirring speed (150-450 r·min-1), catalyst loading (0.5 wt% -2 wt%) and methanol to oil ratio (3:1 to 15:1). The maximum biodiesel yield was 83.11% at a flow rate of 5 LPH, stirring speed of 350 rpm, a methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, catalyst loading of 1wt % and reaction time of 270 min. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel was analyzed as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards and it had density of 938 kg·m-3, viscosity (28.7 cSt), acid value (9.45 mg KOH·(g oil)-1) and flash point (215°C). The energy efficiency of solar heating process was determined by comparing the net energy ratio of direct heating process and solar heating process. For solar heating the net energy ratio (NER) was found to be 31.85 against 5.73 for direct heating. Similarly, net energy efficiency index was calculated for 10 kg production scale and was found to be increasing when scaled up which means that the solar heating process is more effective even in scaled up production.

Because of the heavy metal content and other toxic chemicals, used lubricating oil remains one of the most serious environmental concerns. The target of this work is the synthesis of γ-Al2O3 from waste aluminum foil and re-refining waste lubricating oils using solvent extraction pursued by hydrotreatment. The trimetallic CoNiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared via a co-impregnation method. The support and tri-metallic supported alumina are characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, HRTEM, and EDX. The catalyst was evaluated in the hydrotreating of extracted waste lubricating oils. The results confirmed that the solvent to oil ratio of 3 gave the higher performance with the highest percent of sludge elimination at room temperature. Hydrotreating of extracted lube oil was investigated to determine the effect of variables such as temperature, pressure, liquid hour space velocity, and hydrogen to oil feed ratio. The results indicated that the optimum conditions are (temperature 400 °C, Pressure 60 bar, 0.75 h−1 LHSV). The results showed improvement of the hydrotreated waste lubricating oils properties by decreasing the refractive index from 1.480 to 1.460, the total acid number decreased from 8.164 to 0. 459, the Viscosity Index increase from 78 to 129, and the Sulfur content decreased from 6752 ppm to 543 ppm.

The main challenge associated with the upgrading of crude rice bran oil (RBO) rests with their high content of free fatty acids (FFA). In this study, we describe a green and sustainable process for the deacidification of high-acid RBO using d -isoascorbic acid as a novel acyl acceptor in combination with a newly prepared immobilized Aspergillus Niger lipase (ANL). The process contributed a high deacidification efficiency of 97.53 % with a desirable d -isoascorbic acid ester (DIAE) content of 36.10 %. The immobilized ANL could be used consecutively for at least 10 batches with only 7.86 % of activity loss. Scale-up reaction was implemented to verify the amenability of the procedure, and a low acid value of 1.46 mg KOH/g conformed to the quality criteria of edible RBO was then obtained. Physicochemical indices analysis indicated that this procedure was amicable to bioactive phytochemicals in RBO. In addition, the Rancimat test suggested that this process greatly improved the shelf life of deacidified RBO due to the formation of DIAE. This is the first time that d -isoascorbic acid has been used in the refining of RBO. Overall, we report an economically and efficiently viable process for the upgrading of high-acid RBO.

A new muesli formulation was developed by immobilization of encapsulated probiotics and fortifying with matcha tea leaves powder at 10 and 15% (w/w). Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus reuteri were entrapped within the alginate microbeads with encapsulation efficiencies of 52.81% and 58.3% (w/w), respectively. Then, the physiochemical, microbial, and sensorial properties of produced muesli samples were determined. The muesli with 10% of matcha tea leaves powder showed higher antioxidant activity, lower acid value, and lower peroxide value than the muesli samples that were not incorporated with matcha (control). It was observed that although the incorporation of 15% w/w of matcha led to significantly higher antioxidant activity (68.42%), lower acid value (0.27% w/w oleic acid), and lower peroxide value (0.61 meq/kg oil) than the incorporation of 10% w/w, it also caused antimicrobial impacts that significantly reduced the number of probiotics from 7.66 to 5.05 log CFU/g. Indeed, a higher concentration of matcha led to the manifestation of highlighted antimicrobial effects and the probiotic numbers were decreased. Matcha inclusion increased the L* value. The results of probiotic cell enumeration indicated that entrapment of cells significantly increased their viability in the gastric condition due to the alginate microbead preserving effects. Based on the antioxidant activity, acid value, and sensory evaluation, using 10% of matcha tea leaves powder exhibited higher desirability.

The fat obtained from the ripened seeds of Diploknema butyracea is widely used as a vegetable oil in rural areas of Nepal. This study was aimed for the physicochemical evaluation (acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, ester value, pH, and liquefaction point) of the Diploknema butyracea seed extract (chyuri fat) and the formulation of 2% w/w ketoconazole ointment by using it as a base. All the physicochemical parameters were determined quantitatively by using the method of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), volume-I. By fusion method, 3 different formulations F-A, F-B, and F-C were prepared, in which different proportions of chyuri fat, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 600), Tween 80, and propylene glycol were used as an ointment base. Various quality parameters such as spreadability, extrudability, viscosity, smoothness, pH, average fill weight, assay, content uniformity, accelerated stability, and drug release profiles were determined. HPLC was used for the determination of ketoconazole content in the ointment formulations. Physicochemical evaluation of the chyuri fat ensured its suitability for industrial purpose. The active ingredient release profile of formulations F-A (87.71%), F-B (88.89%), and F-C (91.09%) after 5 hours were within acceptable range along with other parameters. Assay of the formulations F-A, F-B, and F-C were reported to be 103.01, 107.9, and 102.45%, respectively. Overall, evaluation of the formulation F-A, prepared by using chyrui fat only, gave satisfactory results and most of the parameters were statistically similar (p>0.05) to the F-B and F-C formulated by incorporating a certain proportion of synthetic base. Thus it can be concluded that chyuri fat can be the best alternative to replace the expensive synthetic base.

Ion-engineered water injection (EWI) is one of the advantageous enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques that gained considerable attention in recent years. Many mechanisms have been proposed for additional oil recovery with modified seawater composition when injected into carbonate formations. However, the prediction of EWI is a big challenge due to complex rock/fluid interactions at pore level and related mechanisms. Thus, an efficient design method for water composition is required. This study investigates the optimization of EWI through the concentration of the active and non-active ions in injection water at laboratory scale for chalk core samples by considering the most dominant design parameters. Data from many imbibition tests of chalk core samples were selected. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to screen the significant contributing parameters. The sensitivity analysis showed that the four most important design parameters are crude oil acid number (TAN), crude oil base number (TBN), temperature, and injected water salinity. An optimum EWI design was suggested, and the predicted responses were validated using other experimental results that have not been used for model development with high accuracy. The model can be applied for experimental design and optimum water composition.

Introduction. Phytoecdysteroids are a group of natural compounds related in structure and physiological effect to ecdysone - the hormone of insect molting. Phytoecdisteroids have been found to have an antiflammatory effect, which suggests that they have regenerative properties. The development of a soft dosage form containing phytoecdysteroids is of interest.Aim. Improvement of ointment compositions with phytoecdysteroids by optimizing the composition of base adjuvants.Materials and methods. As an active substance was used Serpisten, containing the sum of phytoecdysteroids, the main of which is 20-hydroxyecdysone and obtained from the leaves of Serratulaecoronatae. Raw materials "Serpukhi crowned leaves" were registered by the Federal Service Rospotrebnadzor (Moscow) for the production of dietary supplements (Gr. No. 77.99.23.3.U.1922.3.08), substance Serpisten (Gr. No. 77.99.23.3.U.1923.3.08. TU 9369-002-15092611-2008). In work were used the excipients allowed for medical use: the monoglycerides distilled, T-2 emulsifier, tween 80, sodium - carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxide of aluminum, aero forces, vaseline, oil vaseline, sunflower oil. Optimization of ointment auxiliary substances composition was carried out according to the Greco-Latin 4 x 4 square plan with repeated observations. The concentration of hydrogen ions from aqueous ointments was evaluated as process parameters; acid number; release of serpistene from ointment into agar gel, thermal stability of structure. The structural and mechanical properties of the optimal composition ointment composition were determined on a RV type REOTEST 2.1 rotary viscometer (RHEOTEST Medingen GmbH, Germany). Ointment Bepanten (GP Grenzach Produktions GmbH, Germany) was used as a comparison preparation.Results and discussion. During optimization of the composition of the diphilic ointment with serpistene, was found that the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases should be 1 : 1, it is advisable to introduce into the ointment base an emulsifier T-2, aerosil and a mixture of vaseline and vaseline oil in the proportion of 1 : 1. As a result of the carried out studies on the optimization of ointment compositions, the following serpisten ointment composition is proposed: serpisten - 0.02; emulsifier T-2 - 3.0; aerosil - 3.0; vaseline - 23.0; vaseline oil - 23.0; ethyl alcohol 40 % - 1 ml; purified water to 100.0. Comparative analysis of effective viscosity showed that the proposed composition is as close as possible to the Bepanten ointment.Conclusion. A set of technological studies was carried out to optimize the composition of the Serpisten, 0.02 °% ointment on a diphilic basis. The developed composition and technology made it possible to obtain a composition with thermal stability, bring the hydrogen index of the ointment closer to the pH of human skin and achieve the parameters included in the rheological optimum for dermatological ointments (0.34-108 Pa • s).

Novel azophenols (AP) were used as additives to improve the oxidation of a base oil. Two different azo phenol compounds, 2-(tert-butyl)-4-(p-tolyldiazenyl) phenol (1a) and 4-((4-bromophenyl) diazenyl)-2-(tert-butyl)phenol (1b) were prepared and characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. To evaluate their suitability as antioxidants in base oil, the change in total acid number (TAN) and viscosity were investigated. Results revealed that the values of TAN and viscosity decrease after the addition of the AP, with 1a being a more effective antioxidant. Quantum chemical calculations (EHOMO, ELUMO and ∆E (–ELUMO – (–EHOMO)) showed good compatibility with the experimental results.

The effect of extraction methods and storage time on the quality of moringa seed oil was investigated. Cold water, hot water, and n-hexane extraction methods were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the oils were determined using standard methods. The n-hexane had the highest yield of 56%, hot water 40%, and cold water 30%. The chemical properties ranged as follows: peroxide value: (12.98–22.50, 10.36–33.12 and 9.12–23.93 Meq/kg), saponification value: (189.01–160.23, 222.17–122.72 and 184.17–110.82 mgKOH/g), iodine value: (65.17–14.37, 60.49–16.25 and 59.46–16.84 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (14.58–74.14, 12.99–78.07 and 17.96–46.19 mgKOH/g), respectively for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Moringa olelifera seed oils are good sources of alternative oil for both commercial and industrial applications.

Fluted pumpkin, a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is a versatile fruit and is used for various food processing application in Nigeria. As a result of its versatility, this study was conducted to ascertain the physiochemical characteristics and some vitamins content of its seeds oil. The pumpkin pods were gotten from a local farm in Benin metropolis, Edo state, Nigeria. The extraction of oil was conducted by the use of Seed-2-oil ® hot press machine. Various other standard methods were employed in the study. The physicochemical characteristics showed that the light yellow oil had a refractive index of 1.4710C ± 0.001 and melting point of 19.670C ± 1.80 while the chemical properties revealed acid value (0.64 mg KOH/ g of oil ± 0.05), peroxide value (0.99 Meq of 𝑂2/Kq of Oil ± 0.01), saponification value (189.73 mg KOH/g of oil ± 5.20) and p-anisidine (0.09 ± 0.01) respectively. The findings for the vitamins revealed vitamin A (781IU ± 1.35), D (1361IU ± 0.14) and K3 (8.145IU ± 0.36) respectively. The findings from this study revealed that pumpkin seed oil can be a good nutritive enrichment of foods and food products and a possible utilization in pharmaceuticals.

The study aimed to investigate and evaluate the oxidative stability of chicken thighs with skin stored in freezing conditions due to the effect of oregano essential oil for various times. The results were compared with a control group without the use of oregano essential oil. Samples of chicken thighs with skin were obtained from an experiment performed on a poultry farm in a deep litter breeding system. The results obtained from the application of oregano essential oil to chicken thighs with skin did not show a statistically significant difference (p >0.05) in the dry matter content, fat content and acid value compared to the control group, where coccidiostats were used in starter and growth feed mixtures. A statistically significant difference was found in the peroxide value by applying oregano essential oil to chicken thighs with skin compared to a control group containing coccidiostats in starter and growth feed mixtures when stored for 1 day at room temperature (p £0.01) and 12 months in freezing conditions at -18 °C (p £0.05) and a statistically non-significant difference (p >0.05) when thighs with skin were stored for 6 and 9 months in -18 °C freezing conditions. In the conclusion, it was stated that maintaining the oxidative stability of chicken meat means knowing the factors that affect it and prepare the conditions for its maintenance. Chicken meat is generally susceptible to oxidative damage because it is characterized by a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. With a sufficient amount of effective antioxidants, chicken meat could be a homoeostatic system, but it remains limited or free of oxidized compounds and reactive components. These questions are the subject of further research in the field of oxidative stability of chicken meat.

Background As one of the most important modified products of rosin, rosin glyceride was widely used in many aspects. However, the preparation of rosin glyceride is always unfriendly due to the use of liquid catalyst, such as H2SO4 and H3PO4. Methods The rosin glyceride with low acid value was synthesized in vacuum conditions using a novel Lewis acidic ionic liquid 1–butyl–3–methylimidazolium chloroscandinate[BuMeim][Sc2Cl7] as catalyst. The [BuMeim][Sc2Cl7] is of excellent catalytic activity and stability. The efficient catalytic activity was studied via the combined Density Functional Theory (DFT) and experimental conditions. Significant findings The DFT proved the free energy of the esterification could reach to 31.6 Kcal/mol, which illuminates that the excellent coordination of the anions and cations in the [BuMeim][Sc2Cl7] greatly reduces the reaction energy barrier and promotes the efficient progress of the reaction. As a result, [BuMeim][Sc2Cl7] is a good catalyst for the esterification of rosin and glycerol to prepare rosin glyceride. Furthermore, [BuMeim][Sc2Cl7] could be a potential catalysts for the other esterification.

The corrosive sulfur phenomenon has decades of history and current research is mainly focused on DBDS. However, the transformer oil usually contains multiple sulfides. Up to now, there is still a lack of appropriate quantitative methods to characterize the degree of multiple sulfur corrosion. In this paper, accelerated thermal aging experiments on oilpaper insulation containing dibenzyl disulphide (DBDS), dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) and dodecyl mercaptan (DDM) with different concentrations at 140 °C are described. During the aging process, samples are regularly taken characteristic indexes, such as the color of copper sheet, the degree of polymerization of the insulating paper, the furfural in the oil, the moisture in the oil and paper, and the acid value in the oil are measured. Data are processed by the entropy-weight method and the contribution of each group of sulfides to the deterioration of the insulation system are comprehensively evaluated. Finally, a general formula for the relationship between the aging time and the deterioration degree under different sulfides is obtained, which can quantitatively predict the degree of sulfur corrosion. This study can provide some reference for monitoring the protection of oil-paper insulation and prevent the occurrence of sulfur corrosion failure.

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of refining process on the chemical properties (fatty acid composition and tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenolic contents), qualitative parameters (peroxide value, acid value, and p‐anisidine value), and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay and FRAP test) of Baneh (Pistacia atlantica var mutica) kernel oil. The results revealed that the refining process had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition. A major finding of this research was the increase in the tocopherol and sterol content up to the bleaching stage followed by their decrease in the deodorizing phase. Some tocopherol and sterol compounds in crude oil were dimerized or attached to other compounds by ester bonding, which are released during some stages of the refining process and this factor is responsible for their increase. In fact, during this process, these compounds are regenerated. The occurrence of this phenomenon in the refining process improved the DPPH radical scavenging power of Baneh kernel oil up to the bleaching stage. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds decreased after refining of Baneh kernel oil, and only in the deodorizing stage, an increase of these compounds was observed. In general, the results of this study showed that the refining process had a completely different effect on the antioxidant compounds (especially tocopherols) compared to other oils.

Mango seeds are discarded as waste after the extraction of mango juice. This study aims to valorise the kernels oils of mango (Mangifera indica). In this study, the kernel of four mango varieties (Amelie, Brooks, Kent and Keitt) that are grown and processing in north of Cote d’Ivoire investigated were used. The oils of these kernels were extracted by Soxhlet at 80 °C. Their physicochemical properties were determinate using standard methods. Physicochemical properties of the kernels oil were: specific gravity, 0.80±0.08 to 0.93±0.01; refractive index (50 °C), 1.43±0.07 to 1.47 ± 0.10; iodine value, 44.84 ± 0.05 to 59.41 ± 0.03 g I2/100 g; peroxide value, 0.50 ± 0.00 to 1.90 ± 0.00 meq.O2/kg; acid value, 2.00 ± 0.00 to 7.65 ± 0.01 mg of KOH/g and saponification value, 167.53 ± 0.04 to 188.44 ± 0.04 mg KOH/g. Results revealed that these kernels oil contained a significant presence of oleic (31.14 ± 0.27 to 37.19c ± 0.23) and stearic (20.11 ± 0.12 to 40.43 ± 0.03) fatty acids. All these interesting characteristics confirm their usefulness for different nutritional and industrial applications.

Algae is rich in storage lipids and fats that can be converted into biodiesel. This study determined the algal oil from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato as biodiesel source. Samples were prepared at varying treatments and ratio with n-Hexane. The algal oil was extracted and efficiency % were determined. FFA% and Acid Number of the oil extract were identified using chemical titration. FTIR was used for Chemical characterization while GC-MS identified fatty acid and other organics. With the constant volume of solvent and by changing the mass of dried algae, the percent yield of oil increases as the solvent to algae ratio increases. Therefore, biomass ratio with n-Hexane should be 1:3. The IR spectra of the oil extract indicated the presence of functional groups such as amine and carbonyl group of amides, methylene, methyl, and alkene. While, GC-MS showed that the fatty acids found can be a potential biodiesel.

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of antioxidant beta-carotene and storage temperature on hydrolytic and oxidative processes occurring during storage of extra virgin olive oil obtained from olives grown in the soil and climatic conditions of Syria. The aim is to study the effect of temperature and beta-carotene on the kinetics of reactions of hydrolysis of triacylglycerides (TAG) and oxidation of free fatty acids (FFA) of olive oil during storage. The object of the study was extra virgin olive oil obtained from olives grown in the soil and climatic conditions of Syria according to the generally accepted technology (harvest 2019). Control sample № 1 (without the addition of antioxidant) and experimental samples with the addition of beta-carotene in the amount of 400 (№ 2) and 600 mg/100 g (№ 3) were stored at a temperature of 18 °C for 7 months. Oil sample № 4 without the addition of antioxidants was stored at 4 °C. In the samples under study, the acid value was periodically determined by the titration method, according to the change in which the formation of free fatty acids during the hydrolysis of TAG, as well as the peroxide value characterizing the formation of FFA oxidation products, was estimated. The organoleptic assessment of the oil quality indicators according to the studied descriptors was 5 points. The rate constants of TAG hydrolysis and oxidation of FFA in olive oil have been calculated. It has been shown that during the storage of experimental oil samples the hydrolytic and oxidative processes of TAG significantly slow down with the addition of the antioxidant beta-carotene. It was found that minimal changes in the content of TAG hydrolysis products and FFA oxidation during storage of olive oil at a temperature of + 18 °C are characteristic for samples containing 400 mg/L of beta-carotene and for oil samples stored at a temperature of + 4 °C without the addition of an antioxidant. Expiration dates of olive oil are substantiated depending on the dose of beta-carotene and storage temperature

Most common cooking oil, such as soybean oil, can not be used for high-temperature applications, as they are highly susceptible to oxidation. Sesame seed oil rich in natural antioxidants provides high oxidative stability. Therefore, blending sesame oil with soybean oil offer improved oxidative stability. This study aims to determine the effect of frying on the physicochemical properties of sesame and soyabean oil blend. Soybean oil (SO) was blended with sesame seed oil (SSO) in the ratio of A-40:60, B-60:40 and C-50:50 so as to enhance its market acceptability. The changes occurring in soybean and sesame seed oil blend during repeated frying cycles were monitored. The parameters assessed were: Refractive index, specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value, free fatty acid (FFA) , peroxide value, and acid value. Fresh and fried oil blends were also characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant changes were observed for refractive index and specific gravity values in oil blends. Viscosity of blend B blend was the least, making it desirable for cooking purposes. However, FFA, acid value and peroxide value increased after each frying cycle. The increment of FFA and AV was found low for blend A (10% and 10%,) than blend B (27%,13%) and blend C (13%,13%). The peroxide value of all samples was within the acceptable range. The results of the present study definitely indicated that blending sesame oil with soybean oil could produce an oil blend which is economically feasible and provide desirable physicochemical properties for cooking purposes.

Cooking oil that is used repeatedly at high temperatures will reduce the quality of cooking oil. This will trigger the hydrolysis and oxidation processes that will change the characteristics of the oil, such as an increase in free fatty acid levels and peroxide numbers. Purification of used cooking oil can be carried out physically and chemically. The physical purification of oil is carried out by using adsorbents, while chemically purification process is carried out with an alkaline solution. Physically, natural materials such as zeolite can be used, where zeolite is a natural rock or mineral which chemically has a large surface area to be used in the adsorption process. Chemically with alkaline solution you can use sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this study, used cooking oil is purified by three stages of the process, namely despicing, neutralization and bleaching to comply with the SNI quality standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum operating conditions for the purification of used cooking oil in accordance with the quality standards for cooking oil. based on the results obtained by adding a NaOH concentration of 19% in the neutralization process and a zeolite concentration of 90% can reduce the acid number value of 2.4 mg NaOH/gr, the peroxide number is 7 mekO2/kg, the color degradation of used cooking oil is 51.83%.

Aliphatic linear oligoesters with terminal hydroxyl groups and given molecular weight characteristics, hydroxyl and acid numbers were synthesized by esterification of adipic acid, ethylene glycol and butanediol-1,4. It was found that the main properties of complex oligoesters largely depend on the ratio of the starting reagents. The kinetic regularities of the process of esterification of adipic acid, ethylene glycol and butanediol-1,4 have been studied and determined. It was found that the duration of the vacuum stage of esterification in the presence of organomodified montmorillonite is noticeably shorter than when using a commercial catalyst.

Fatty acid alkyl esters (FAMEs) derived from waste vegetable oils and non-edible oil sources are the most attractive alternative liquid biofuel in the energy field. Substitute methyl esters derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) have a lower induction period (3.12 h) and do not satisfy the Biodiesel EN 14214:2012 Standard (8 h). In this study, concentrations of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of four different types of phenolic antioxidants—butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG)—were used to examine oxidative stability and improve fuel quality. PG (250 ppm) showed the most effective result of 18 h to 12.17 h of the induction period of 6 months of storage. Antioxidant effectiveness increased with regard the oxidative stability of waste cooking oil methyl ester in the following order: BHT

Direct production of biodiesel by both esterification and transesterification of renewable oils with acid value (AV) of 9.6-28.9 mg KOH/g using calcined blast furnace dust is studied. Blast furnace dust calcined at 600-700 degrees C obviously promotes efficient biodiesel production because of the crystal form transformation from lead sulfate particles in dust into active lead oxide, lead sulfide, and lead particles. It is found for the first time that lead oxide, lead sulfide and lead particles can resist saponification from fatty acids to catalyze raw renewable oils to biodiesel with catalytic activity order as follows: lead oxide > lead > lead sulfide > lead sulfate. Biodiesel production process is optimized according to an orthogonal design with biodiesel yield of 92 wt% obtained at AV of 9.6 mg KOH/g (82 wt% after 5 cycles). Biodiesel yield of 84 wt% is achieved at AV of 28.9 mg KOH/g with acidity of 0.18 mmol/g. Calcined blast furnace dust presents potential applications in the production of biodiesel from renewable oils with high AVs. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Buah merah oil and red palm oil are red colored and unrefined edible oils. Because of this color characteristic, measuring acid value by titration method can be uncertain and subjective, so more accurate and objective methods are needed. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) methods were developed to determine acid value in 3 buah merah oils and 1 red palm oil by measuring free fatty acid contents. The acid value was high in the order of titration > GC-FID > HPLC-ELSD in all samples. GC-FID method showed accurate and reliable results, whereas HPLC-ELSD showed rough data partly due to the non-linear standard curve and high limit of detection. Difference in acid value between titration method and GC-FID might be due to unrefined components that reacted with KOH titration solution. GC-FID can be used measuring free fatty acid contents in red colored oils. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00964-2.

The quantitative calculation of emulsified water fractions of crude oil-water systems is of great significance for the study of flow characteristics of multiphase flow pipelines. For a crude oil-water system with a high water fraction, the emulsified water fraction under different influencing factors was determined by emulsification experiments. It was found that the emulsified water fraction under different shearing conditions correlated well with the exergy loss rate and could be described by a power-law equation, in which two undetermined parameters relate to the crude oil physicochemical properties. Six representative parameters were selected to describe the crude oil physicochemical properties, i.e., the sum of asphaltene and resin contents, wax content, mechanical impurity content, crude oil acid number, crude oil average carbon number, and crude oil viscosity. Further, the correlations between the two undetermined parameters and the crude oil physicochemical properties were derived by regression analysis. Thus, the prediction model of emulsified water fraction was determined, which could be conveniently adopted to predict the emulsified water fraction with different crude oils and shearing conditions. The validation results showed that the mean relative deviation of the model prediction is 4.5%.

The escalating prices of petroleum fuels, the uncertainties in their supply and the wreckage of global climate caused by their continual use have rekindled research interests in the use of plant oil for fuels and other biofuels. Sponge gourd seeds were investigated for its biodiesel properties with the aim of determining the desirability of incorporating the oil into bio-fuel. The seeds were sourced for, processed and extracted while the bio-fuel oil obtained were analyzed. 31.0 Percentage (%) of oil yield was obtained from Luffa cylindrica seeds according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standards which were used to determine other Biofuel properties of luffa cylindrica seed. The laboratory analysis revealed that the oil obtained has higher viscosity at 40°C (15.55 mm2/s) which can perfectly meet up with an established standard of biodiesel on reduction after transesterification. The analysis obtained had a flash point of (150°C), Cetane number of (71.90), Refractive index of (1.645 nm), Acid value of (34.10 mg KOH/g) and Iodine value of (86.20 mgI2/g) obtained compared with most standard biodiesel which is in agreement with the specified ASTM biodiesel standard.

Vegetable tars are newly formed resinous products extracted by pyrolysis from wood or bark. Since prehistoric times, they have been used for their adhesive, water-repellent, repellent and finally medicinal properties. This work investigated the use of these vegetable tars as sources of bio-fungicides. The physicochemical properties of the tars obtained in the labor-atories showed a significant yield of 1.22%, 0.66% and 0.51% respectively for the wood of (Jeniperus phoenicea, Olea europeae sylvestris and Acacia torti-lis Sub raddiana). They also showed a density value of 1.22 and a refractive index of about 1.5115 for J.phoenicea, an acid number of 0.39 and a dry matter ratio of 19.86% for A. tortilis Sub raddiana. Considerable antifungal activity of the acetate of three tars against certain fungal phytopathogens (Fusarium) was observed with the most remarkable MIC values ranging from 0.1 mg / ml to 0.46 mg / ml. The J. phoenicea extracts were more active against F. oxysporum f sp albedinis (FOA) strains. The growth of F. solani was more sensitive to acetate extracts from O. europeae. Dichloromethane ex-tracts of A. tortilis Sub raddiana yielded with an average MIC of 0.16 and 1.02 mg / ml, respectively for strains of F. oxysporum and F. graminearum. The bioautography test revealed the presence of 3 antifusaric molecules of interest. These MIC results further merit in vivo tests for the development of future biofungicides.

Corrosion of biodiesel-filled fuel tanks has become a major problem in the use of biodiesel as a new green energy source. The ionic liquid 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C10H19N2]+[C2F6NO4S2]− was used to control corrosion of C-steel in non-edible biodiesel to resolve this problem. The anti-corrosion and antioxidant properties of the [C10H19N2]+[C2F6NO4S2]− were characterized using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, total acid number measurements beside SEM and EDX analysis. The findings show that [C10H19N2]+[C2F6NO4S2]− plays an important role in preventing C-steel corrosion in biodiesel with an efficiency close to 99 percent. The adsorption capability and antioxidant properties of [C10H19N2]+[C2F6NO4S2]− are the major contributors to the ionic liquid's anti-corrosion properties. We anticipate that this work will help to sustainable expand the use of biodiesel as a renewable energy source.

The present investigation reports the soxhlet assisted solvent extraction technique to derive the oil from seeds of the rain tree. The optimization of the factors affecting the extraction process has been carried out by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique, and a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) consisting of three process variables has been developed to optimize the yield of oil. Using the RSM technique, the predicted optimum oil yield of 11.15% at an optimized condition of powder weight of 20 g, volume of solvent of 380 mL, and extraction time of 6 h. The physiochemical properties of the oil showed liquid greenish-yellow with 0.88, 1.473 of specific gravity and refractive index, respectively. Similarly, the moisture content, free fatty acid, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value were found to be 0.16%, 13.615, 27.23, 187.1 mg KOH per g oil, 65.8 g I2 per 100 g, and 4.02 meq O2 per kg, respectively. From the obtained results, it was found that the extracted oil could be used for various applications.

We demonstrated a possibility of using a chemical sensor array for the control of the formation of the aroma of confectionery masses during conching. The correlation between the results of sensor-metric analysis and physical and chemical indicators of the quality of confectionery masses was evaluated. An array of chemical sensors enables the assessment of the intensity and shift of the composition of the aroma during conching as the key stage of production. It ensures a rapid assessment of standard indicators, that is, the acid number of lauric substitute for cocoa butter by the signal of the sensor with polyethylene glycol adipate (Pearson’s correlation degree R = 0.94), the acidity of confectionery masses of different nature by the signals of sensors based on crown ether and Tween-40 (R = 0.90–0.92). The most valuable achievement is the ability of controlling the decrease in the concentration of nonvolatile compounds and the total concentration of sugars and reducing sugars during conching, based on the signals from two sensors (R = 0.90–0.93). We also show a possibility of introducing an electronic nose gas analyzer based on adsorption-type sensors into the control system of confectionery production for determining physical and chemical parameters and digitizing the most unstable property, that is, aroma, compliance and optimization of recipes, an objective and reproducible assessment of the quality of raw materials and confectionery products, and the control of the reproducibility of the integral indicator (aroma) for different batches of finished products.

Postharvest processing and preservation of fish have great influence on fish quality and consumption. Freshwater fish in Sudan are facing problems related to bad handling and improper storage which reduce their quality. This study investigated the changes in the chemical composition, mineral contents, pH and acid value during storage (−18°C) of five commercial fish species (Bagras bayad, Lates niloticus L., Mormyrus casahive L., Oreochromis nilotica L., and Synodrontis schall) from the River Nile coast of Sudan. The fish species are rich in protein (17.22%–23.60%) but have low fat and ash contents. Frozen storage of the fishes for 45 days reduces their protein contents while the fat and ash contents were increased (p ≤ .05). Potassium and iron are the predominant major and trace minerals and their values were increased with storage period. The pH range from 5.74 (O. niloticus) to 6.24 (B. bayad) while acid value range from 0.02 (M. casahive) to 0.12 (L. niloticus). Both pH and acid values increased with storage period. In conclusion, storage of these fish species for up to 45 days did not adversely affect their nutritional value., Freshwater fish in Sudan are facing problems related to bad handling and improper storage which reduce their quality. This study investigated the changes in the chemical composition, mineral contents, pH, and acid value during storage (−18°C) of five commercial fish species from the River Nile coast of Sudan. Storage of these fish species for up to 45 days did not adversely affect their nutritional value.

Payenapara lleloneura Kurz. (Kan-zaw), an endemic medicinal plant only found in Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar, is widely used in the treatment of various cancer and different ailments. In the present research, the seeds were phytochemical investigated for their nutritional potential for their use as functional foods or novel diet oil resources. Nutritional evaluation showed that the seeds are rich in fats and carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch). Fatty acid analyses showed that the seeds accumulate very rich α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA, 18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans), an important conjugated fatty acid, up to more than 70 ​% of total fatty acids. The seed oil derived from the Kan-zaw tree contains approximately 3.25 ​% β-eleostearic acid (18:3Δ9trans,11trans,13trans), an unusual conjugated fatty acid that imparts a potent anticancer application and industrially important drying qualities to Kan-zaw oil. Physicochemical properties of the Kan-zaw seeds were examined; petroleum ether (60–90 ​°C) extract of seed oils were also investigated for the saponification value, iodine value and estimation of acid value. Further, the present study investigated cytotoxic potential of ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform Kan-zaw seed extracts and commercial Kan-zaw oil against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The Kan-zaw extracts and oil have shown significant anticancer activity on HeLa cells.

This study aims to improve the oxidative stability of olive oil using microformulated vitamin‐C (Vit‐C). The microemulsion containing 10,000 µg/ml Vit‐C with a droplet size of 1,000 ± 68 nm was first prepared. Free radical scavenging of olive oil and olive oil containing blank microemulsion, different amounts of formulated Vit‐C (100–500 µg/ml), and TBHQ (100 and 200 µg/ml as a standard antioxidant) was around 90% during 21 days of incubation at 60°C. The oxidative stability of the mentioned samples during incubation was investigated using the rancimat test, and their quality criteria analysis was studied by peroxide and the acid values. Results showed that the sample's acid value containing 500 µg/ml of Vit‐C did not show significant differences (p, The clear stable microemulsion of vitamin‐C was prepared using span 80, tween 80, and sesame oil. Samples containing 500 µg/ml of formulated vitamin‐C was effective in controlling virgin olive oil stability. Microemulsion of vitamin‐C could be used as a natural antioxidant in the oil industry instead of harmful synthetic TBHQ.

Background Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) has a high yield of oil, with the potential to produce biologically active natural products and can be considered a new "superfruit" with high value added. Methods Acid value, peroxide value, refractive index, saponification value, p-anisidine value, relative density, iodine value, total oxidation value, specific extinction coefficients at 232 and 270 nm (K232 and K270), ΔK, and color were determined. Results The most significant changes in the quality values, such as peroxide (26.25 mEq·kg-1), p-anisidine (11.41), acidity (14.66 mg KOH·g-1 oil), and total oxidation (63.92) were determined for 15 min of microwave heating. Conclusions The microwave heating promoted the acceleration of oxidative processes showing that, overall, much care should be taken when heating the bacaba oil by microwave to avoid oil degradation.

The effects of extraction methods and time of storage on the yield and qualities of neem seed oil were investigated. Three extraction methods: cold water, hot water, and n-hexane were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The yield, chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the fresh and stored oils were evaluated at every two-month interval using standard methods. The results showed that n-hexane gave the highest oil yield (62 %), followed by hot water (49 %), and cold water (42 %). The chemical properties ranged as follows; peroxide value: (7.02–25.56, 6.30–26.76 and 8.99–24.16 Meq/kg), saponification value: (133.95–245.26, 114.09–288.09 and 141.11–250.12 mg KOH/g oil), iodine value: (51.69–6.98, 56.73–7.88 and 54.87–9.51 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (18.01–55.99, 11.34–85.12 and 14.62–56.88 mg KOH/g oil) for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, triterpenoid, and steroid contents. Conclusively, the extraction methods and storage time affect the yield and qualities of the extracted neem seed oil, while the chemical and phytochemical results revealed that the extracted oils were good for both medical and industrial applications. Keywords: Neem seeds, oils, extraction methods, storage time, chemical and phytochemical properties

Vegetable oils are a valuable multivitamin raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industry due to the content of effective biologically active organic components and mineral substances. To assess the quality and food safety of unrefined vegetable oils obtained from sunflower seeds and flax of Kazakhstan agro-formations by the method of «cold pressing,» we studied the basic indicators of their qualitative and quantitative composition. It was found that the organoleptic characteristics (transparency, color, smell and taste) of the tested vegetable oils correspond to unrefined sunflower oil of the highest grade, unrefined linseed oil of the first grade. Studies of the physicochemical parameters of sunflower and linseed oils: colored number (14,40 mg of iodine), acid number (1,4-1,5 mg KOH/g), weight fraction of phosphoruscontaining substances (0,18% and 0,5%), humidity (0,13%; 0,17%), peroxide number (6,7 and 9,0 mmol of active O2/g), iodine number (132 and 176 gJ2/100) and saponification number (188 and 187 mg/g) also correspond the requirements of regulatory documents and standards. In sunflower oil samples, the amount of oleic acid is 52,21%, linoleic acid 28,97% is determined, which are within the normal range, although they are adjacent to the levels of higher limits. Analysis of linseed oil fatty acids showed that samples contain linolenic acid 50,1%, All other fatty acids are noted within the permissible limits, and oleic acid 14,13%, linoleic acid 17,9% are close to the upper limits of permissible limits. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the optimal ratio of ω-6 andω-3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of the studied vegetable oils correspond to their name in the ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In the recent decades, peoples concentrate more on reduced-consumption of diets containing saturated fatty acids and replace them with essential polyunsaturated ones, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, due to their promising nutritional benefits. Therefore, the production of chicken meat having lower fat compositions, and riches in pro-healthy fatty acid and other macro-and micronutrients deserves great attention in the food industry. The research aimed to characterize meat oils of two commercially available, domestic and poultry, chickens in the Northern part of Bangladesh (Rajshahi), followed by the investigation of their nutritional compositions and hypoglycemic effect in vivo. In this work, the oil was isolated from the dried meat sources by Soxhlet extractor and purified using a rotary evaporator. We subsequently characterized meat oil in terms of various parameters, such as iodine value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid (FFA) contents, peroxide value, and acid value. Besides, the nutritional parameters of chicken oil were investigated as percentages of essential fatty acids and several other micro-and macronutrients using gas-liquid chromatography and other conventional methods. Finally, Alloxan-induced Wister rats were fed with oil and chicken flesh to investigate the hypoglycemic effects. The experimental analyses show that chicken oil possesses a significant proportion of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid, macro-and micronutrients. Besides, oil and flesh were found to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats despite flesh could not significantly show hypoglycemic properties.

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel and has gained significant attention due to the predicted depletion of conventional fossil fuels and environmental concerns. This study aims to produce biodiesel from ogbono seed oil (using 98 ml methanol and 2g potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst) via transesterification process and to determine the physiochemical properties of the biodiesel produced. The physiochemical properties of the feedstock (extracted ogbono seed oil) were also determined before the transesterification process. The physiochemical properties of the produced biodiesel showed that it has a density of 0.5±0.00 g/cm3, pour point of 2.0±0, saponification value of 58.90±0.06 mg KOH/g, ester value of 98.0±0.5% (m/m), iodine value of 26.64±0.15gI2/100g, acid value of 0.28±0.05 mgKOH/g, moisture value of 0.0006 ±0.0% and trace amounts of ash content. The results of the physiochemical properties of the produced biodiesel agree with ASTM-D6751 and EN 14214 standard. Thus, it was concluded that ogbono seed oil is an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production via base catalyzed transesterification process

Purpose Epoxy acrylate which is commercially utilized for UV curable coatings although has excellent adhesion, flexibility, hardness and chemical resistance, they lack in antimicrobial properties. Citric acid (CA) is economical as well as a bio-based compound which possess an antimicrobial activity. So, the purpose of this research investigation is the preparation of CA-based oligomer which can be further incorporated with epoxy acrylate and tri (propylene glycol) Diacrylate (TPGDA) to form uv curable coating and the study of its antimicrobial property. Design/methodology/approach A UV-curable unsaturated oligomer (CUV) was synthesized from CA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The chemical structure of CUV was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, hydroxyl value, acid value and iodine value. Further, CUV was assimilated as an antimicrobial as well as crosslinking agent to copolymerize with epoxy acrylate oligomer and a series of UV-cured antimicrobial coatings were concocted by employing UV-curing machine. The consequence of varying the fraction of CUV on the mechanical, chemical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of UV-cured wood coatings was explored. Findings Results exhibited good mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. In addition, it was perceived that the zone of inhibition against S. aureus got enlarged with increasing content of CUV in the coating formulation. Originality/value The synthesized bio-based CUV reveals an extensive potential to ameliorate the antimicrobial properties of UV-curable coatings.

In this study, activated carbon was derived from inexpensive and abundant biomass feedstock Mahogany fruit shell and activated with KOH to act as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by means of FT-IR, XRD, FESEM-EDS and particle size analysis techniques. Box–Behnken design optimization was carried out to study the complex interaction between reaction parameters. Catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction time were varied from 0.5–2 wt%, 6:1–12:1, and 120–240 min, to obtain the maximum biodiesel conversion. Reaction parameters with the combination of 2 wt% catalyst concentration, 180 min reaction time, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, and 65 °C temperature led to the best yield of 97.26%. The optimization study revealed methanol to oil molar ratio to be the most influential parameter to dictate the biodiesel conversion. High coefficient of determination (R2) value of 99.844% proved that the predicted biodiesel yields were very close to the experimental ones. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis disclosed methyl palmitate (41.18%) and methyl oleate (48.19%) to be the major composition of the synthesized biodiesel. Physicochemical properties of the biodiesel, such as viscosity (4.58 cSt), density (862 kg/m3), acid value (0.28 mg KOH/g), pour point (16 °C), and flash point (128 °C) were measured and found to be in compliance with the standards. The maximum yield coming from a quite low catalyst concentration and methanol to oil molar ratio is phenomenal from an industrial perspective.

З використанням двох різних процедур екстракції одержано вісім етанольних екстрактів із листя рослин Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod., Magnolia kobus та двох зразків Camellia japonica L. За допомогою високоефективної рідинної хроматографії, методу Фоліна—Чокальтеу і DPPH тесту вивчено склад та антиоксидантні властивості одержаних екстрактів. Показано, що основними складовими екстрактів магнолій є глікозиди кверцетину та похідні оксикоричних кислот, тоді як у екстрактах камелій переважають катехіни і похідні оксибензойних кислот. Склад екстрактів залежить не тільки від виду рослини, а й від способу екстрагування; загалом, екстракти, одержані при температурі 60 °С та під дією ультразвуку, мають більший вміст поліфенолів, ніж екстракти, отримані кип’ятінням рослинного матеріалу у 70 %-му етанолі при ~85 °C; загальна кількість фенольних сполук у екстрактах змінювалась у діапазоні 50—150 мг/л. Виявлено, що, попри значну різницю у вмісті фенолів, всі екстракти мають дуже високу антиоксидантну активність як у тесті Фоліна—Чокальтеу, так і в реакції з DPPH радикалами. Показано, що екстракти мають загальний фенольний індекс 1,5—7,5, а протягом 30 хв реакції сім з восьми екстрактів інгібують понад 50 % радикалів DPPH навіть після розведення у 10 разів. Екстракт камелії з найвищими антиоксидантними властивостями було протестовано як добавку до біодизелю, що має запобігти його окисненню під час зберігання. Стабільність біодизелю, одержаного з Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, досліджували за прискореною процедурою при 43 °C протягом чотирьох тижнів, критерієм окиснення біопалива слугувало його кислотне число. Попередні результати показали, що екстракт камелії може бути ефективним антиоксидантним агентом — запобіжником окиснення біодизелю. Using two different extraction procedures, eight ethanol plants extracts are obtained from the leaves of Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod., Magnolia kobus, and two samples of Camellia japonica L. The composition and antioxidant properties of the extracts are studied by means of high performance liquid chromatography, the Folin— Ciocalteu method, and DPPH test. Hydroxycinnamic acids and quercetin glicosides are found to be the main constituents of Magnolia extracts, while hydroxybenzoic acids and catechin derivatives prevailed in Camelia extracts. The composition of the extracts was also affected by extraction procedures; in general, the extracts obtained at 60 °C under ultrasonic treatment contained phenolic compounds of a higher quantity than the extracts prepared by boiling the leaves in 70 % ethanol at ~85 °C; the overall amount of phenolic compounds in the extracts was in a range of 50-150 mg/l. In spite of significant distinctions in the content of phenols, all the extracts were found to possess a very high antioxidant activity in both Folin—Ciocalteu and DPPH assays. The extracts were found to have the total phenolic index of 1.5-7.5. During 30 min of the reaction, seven of eight extracts inhibited more than 50 % of DPPH radicals under standard test conditions, even being diluted by 10 times. The extract of Camellia japonica L. with the highest antioxidant ability was also tested as an additive to stabilize the biodiesel against oxidation. The stability of biodiesel prepared from Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz was studied according to accelerated procedure at 43 °C for four weeks, with the changes in the acid value of the samples being the criteria of fuel oxidation. The preliminary results showed that Camellia extract may be a promising stabilizing additive to reduce the biodiesel oxidation.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel from a transesterification reaction in which triglycerides are converted into FAME with alcohol. Previous research proved that coconut oil can be used as biodiesel. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature (40-60oC), catalyst concentration of CaO 2-5%w/w) and methanol (20-40%w/w) on the yield of biodiesel produced. The yield were then compared with the biodiesel specification from Pertamina, i.e. density, viscosity, acid number, flash point and cetane number. The result of present work showed that the transesterification reaction between coconut oil and methanol with CaO catalyst have got a reaction conversion of 75% at 60oC, for 2 hours. For producing biodisel, the optimum conditions were achieved when using methanol 20% w/w and a concentration of CaO 2% w/w. The specification biodiesel were as followed: density 836 kg/m3, viscosity 3.09 mm2/sec, acid number 0.37 mgKOH/gr, flash point 62oC, and Cetane value 50.5. In the application, biodiesel (B40) from coconut oil on a fogging machine with a noise of 81.5 dB.