Search

With introduction into endodontics, bioceramic-based sealers have gained considerable popularity for excellent properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of a novel bioceramic silicone-based sealer, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and measure heat flow of setting reactions.Film thickness, flow, working and setting time of Bioseal were compared with other 4 kinds of sealers: iRoot SP, AH Plus, RoekoSeal and GuttaFlow2. Differential scanning calorimetry test was performed to measure heat flow.Bioseal demonstrated the highest film thickness of 44 μm, double to triple that of the other 4 sealers (P 0.05). The highest flow was detected in iRoot SP and RoekoSeal, with values of 27.35 and 27.20 mm, while GuttaFlow2 and Bioseal had the lowest of 22.31 and 21.43 mm (P 0.05). For each sealer, working time at 37 °C was shorter than that at 23 °C (P 0.05). At 37 °C, Bioseal had the shortest working and setting time of 4.5 and 16.3 min, while iRoot SP showed the longest of 105.0 and 571.7 min (P 0.05). Differential scanning calorimetry test revealed that setting process of all the tested sealers was exothermic. Bioseal reached an exothermic peak at 14 min, with almost 1.5 times peak intensity of GuttaFlow2 and RoekoSeal. Whereas iRoot SP and AH Plus reached an exothermic peak 5 h after mixing, with intensity 1/2 to 2/3 that of Bioseal.The novel bioceramic silicone-based sealer Bioseal showed intense and fast exothermic reactions with characteristic physicochemical properties.

Dynamic windows with adjustable tint give users control over the flow of light and heat to decrease the carbon footprint of buildings and improve the occupants’ comfort. Despite the benefits of dynamic windows, they are rarely deployed in buildings because the existing technology cannot achieve fast and colour-neutral tinting at an agreeable cost. Reversible metal electrodeposition is a promising approach to solve these problems. Here, we demonstrate the use of polymer inhibitors to reversibly deposit metal films with controlled morphology in dynamic windows. The windows that employ the polymer inhibitor can readily tint to below 0.001% visible transmittance in less than 3 min and exhibit high infrared reflectance (>70%), colour-neutral transmittance (C* 900 cm2 dynamic windows with fast response and excellent uniformity. Dynamic windows can reduce a building’s energy demand, yet the control of light and heat transmission remains challenging. Strand et al. show that polymer inhibitors improve the morphology of metal films allowing a wide modulation of light and heat flow in windows based on reversible metal electrodeposition.

The impact of tectonic activities from different tectonic zones on hydrocarbon generation in the Upper Jurassic Naokelekan Formation was addressed in this study. The Upper Jurassic Naokelekan Formation is an important potential of source rocks for hydrocarbon generation that charges most of the Cretaceous and younger reservoirs in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. A total of 5 rock specimens from the Warte outcrop and 7 cutting samples from Well Bina Bawi-1 were collected for Rock-Eval pyrolysis to investigate the relationship between the ability of the formation to generate hydrocarbons and tectonic activities. The results of Rock-Eval analysis on the analyzed samples showed an average of 2.65 wt% and 0.9 wt% total organic carbon (TOC) for Warte and Well Bina Bawi-1, respectively. Based on the TOC data, the Naokelekan Formation, in general, has a good to very good source rock potential. The qualitative properties of the organic matter (OM) of the formation were inferred from the kerogen types. The Warte section mostly contains type III kerogen that is gas prone, whereas the Well Bina Bawi-1 section contains mixed type I-II kerogen that is oil prone. It should be taken into consideration that the values for the hydrogen index (HI) of the Warte section are unreliable for interpretation of the organic type, because the HI is considerably reduced owing to the high level of thermal maturity. The Tmax values showed that the Warte section is thermally more mature than the Well Bina Bawi-1 section. The difference in the thermal maturity can likely be attributed to the differential effects of the tectonic activities on the studied areas. Depending on the proximity or distance of the area in relation to the subduction zone, the sediments in the Imbricated Zone were more affected by the tectonic activities than the sediments in the High Folded Zone. Accordingly, the main factors that might have caused a higher thermal maturity in the Imbricated Zone include a high paleo heat flow, overthrusting, and hydrothermal activities.

Heating coal seams or injecting heat flow into coal seams is a potential enhanced coalbed methane recovery technique. However, methane desorption characteristics of coal seams under combined effect...

A series of five guest–host inclusion complexes containing the antimalarial and anticancer agent artesunate (ATS) were obtained and characterized in the present study. Different cyclodextrins (CDNs) were used as hosts [α-cyclodextrin (CDN1), β-cyclodextrin (CDN2), γ-cyclodextrin (CDN3), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (CDN4) and (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (CDN5)], and the formation of the adducts was simulated using molecular modelling. The results indicating the hypothetical formation of all complexes were confirmed on the prepared samples by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG—thermogravimetric/DTG—derivative thermogravimetric/HF—heat flow). Our results showed that the partially entrapment of ATS inside the cavity of each cyclodextrin is a consequence of H-bonds formation, electrostatic interactions (dipole–dipole) and hydration water substitution. Also, all complexes formed in a 1:1 molecular ratio presented with higher thermal stability than pure ATS, making the analysed adducts possible alternatives in the drug design process of new and improved pharmaceutical formulations containing ATS.

Today, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has increasingly been an accepted method for diagnosing and monitoring different diseases. Moreover, as a highly sensitive technique it seems to be applicable in human cancer researches. Our workgroup in several previous researches has already demonstrated marked differences on DSC plasma profiles between healthy control and various tumorous patients and, in addition, at their different stages. The aim of this study was to compare deconvoluted plasma DSC curves on patients with solid tumors. Blood plasma DSC data were analyzed retrospectively from various patients, who has only local cancer diseases (malignant melanoma: n = 15, breast carcinoma: n = 10 and pancreas adenocarcinoma: n = 11) without any regional or distant metastases. The complex curves were deconvoluted in numerous individual transitions (five or seven melting points). In the examined patients with solid tumors, the thermodynamic parameters: heat flow and calorimetric enthalpy of the transitions corresponding to the most abundant plasma proteins, as well as the numbers of transitions were determined from the calorimetric profiles. Deconvoluted DSC curves from blood samples of patients showed differences and similarities at the same time in the thermal denaturation of plasma components in various carcinoma cases.

An experimental setup is created to study the dynamic behavior of the side ledge under the electrolysis in a cryolite-alumina electrolyte. The installation has a built-in window on the side panel, which allows the lining material and, hence, the heat flow to be varied. The dynamic formation of a side ledge is experimentally studied as a function of temperature, the electrolyte velocity, and the heat flow during the electrolysis of aluminum. The rate of the ledge formation and the ledge thickness are determined by the heat flow caused by the electrolyte temperature, the cell side temperature, and the liquidus temperature. As in an industrial electrolysis cell, the side ledge profile formed in the experimental cell can be conventionally divided into the following three zones: the ledge at the bottom in contact with liquid aluminum, the ledge at metal/electrolyte interface, and the ledge at the electrolyte level. If the temperature of the inner wall is higher than the liquidus temperature, the side ledge does not form; if it is lower, the side ledge forms until these temperatures become the same. Therefore, the stability of the side ledge depends on the heat flow from the center to the walls; however, the dynamic behavior (solidification/melting) of the ledge in the metal zone occurs slowly and differs from the behavior of the side ledge.

This research numerically studies the transient cooling of partially liquid magma by natural convection in an enclosed magma chamber. The mathematical model is based on the conservation laws for momentum, energy and mass for a non-Newtonian and incompressible fluid that may be modeled by the power law and the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations (for basaltic magma) and solved with the finite volume method (FVM). The results of the programmed algorithm are compared with those in the literature for a non-Newtonian fluid with high apparent viscosity (10–200 Pa s) and Prandtl (Pr = 4 × 104) and Rayleigh (Ra = 1 × 106) numbers yielding a low relative error of 0.11. The times for cooling the center of the chamber from 1498 to 1448 K are 40 ky (kilo years), 37 and 28 ky for rectangular, hybrid and quasi-elliptical shapes, respectively. Results show that for the cases studied, natural convection moved the magma but had no influence on the isotherms; therefore the main mechanism of cooling is conduction. When a basaltic magma intrudes a chamber with rhyolitic magma in our model, natural convection is not sufficient to effectively mix the two magmas to produce an intermediate SiO2 composition.

This research article explores the behavior of a phase change material (PCM) when it undergoes interrupted melting and freezing, through experimental investigations using a heat flow meter apparatus. A fatty acid-based organic PCM, encapsulated within polyethylene and thin aluminum foil layers, was experimentally tested in this study. Experiments were designed to represent multiple interrupted phase change scenarios that could occur within PCMs applied in buildings. The experimental results were analyzed and compared with previously reported assumptions in numerical models dealing with PCM hysteresis and interrupted phase change processes. These comparisons indicated that the assumptions used in the different numerical models considered can capture the interrupted phase change phenomena with varying degrees of accuracy. The findings also highlighted the need for additional experimental research on different phase change processes that can occur in building applications of PCMs.

Schwartz, et al., previously reported calorimetry measurements conducted on a Pu-Pu6Fe mixture, from which they derived a melt enthalpy of 31.2 J/g (46.6 kJ/mol) for Pu6Fe. This was the first—and remains the only—such value to appear in the literature. We reanalyze those results in light of two contributions to the measured heat flow not considered in the original report: the melt enthalpy of the excess Pu and the subsequent heating of the liquid mixture. These corrections yield a revised value of 24.4 J/g (36.3 kJ/mol), which we show to be consistent with the melt enthalpy of U6Fe.

[Essential error of widely used geometric mean mixing rule for rock thermal conductivity estimation inferred from experiments as one of pitfalls of basin modelling. , Abstract Basin and petroleum systems are routinely modelled to provide qualitative and quantitative assessments of a hydrocarbon play. The importance of the rock thermal properties and heat flow density in thermal modelling the history of a basin are well‐known, but little attention is paid to assumptions of the thermal conductivity, present‐day heat flow density and thermal history of basins. Assumed values are often far from measured values when data are available to check parameters, and effective thermal conductivity models prescribed in many basin simulators require improvement. The reconstructed thermal history is often justified by a successful calibration to present‐day temperature and vitrinite reflectance data. However, a successful calibration does not guarantee that the reconstruction history is correct. In this paper, we describe the pitfalls in setting the thermal conductivity and heat flow density in basin models and the typical uncertainties in these parameters, and we estimate the consequences by means of a one‐dimensional model of the super‐deep Tyumen SG‐6 well area that benefits from large amounts of reliable input and calibration data. The results show that the entire approach to present‐day heat flow evaluations needs to be reassessed. Unreliable heat flow density data along with a lack of measurements of rock thermal properties of cores can undermine the quality of basin and petroleum system modelling.]

The use of metal-polymers in the manufacture of mold-forming parts allows for the significant reduction in price and time used in manufacturing of parts. Using data on the thermal conductivity of metal-polymers in calculations of the cooling system of molds allows calculating the optimal cycle of obtaining the product. The authors propose a method of determining the coefficient of heat transfer of metal-polymers based on a die matrix, filled with aluminum. The chosen equipment or measuring tool by them, allows determining the heat transfer coefficient of the material in use. The values of the coefficient of heat transfer of the material in question, obtained in the course of the research can be use in different databases of applications used for modeling production by injection molding. The described method of determining the coefficient of heat transfer may be repeated for samples of metal-polymers.

Традиционный подход к измерению теплового потока включает два параметра: геотермический градиент и теплопроводность горных пород, слагающих рассматриваемый интервал глубины. Геотермический градиент определяют из термограммы, зарегистрированной в скважине, а теплопроводность - путем лабораторных из­ мерений отобранных образцов горных пород. Известны вариации этого подхода относительно геотермического градиента и значений теплопроводности. Однако на многих площадях отсутствуют скважины для регистрации термограмм или по крайней мере для получения нескольких замеров температуры на промежуточных забоях, в результате чего традиционный метод нельзя применить. В Нигерии, в районах, где нет глубоких скважин, был широко использован новый метод определения теплового потока, базирующийся на оценке глубины кровли и по­дошвы магнитоактивного тела при анализе карт магнитного поля. Подошва магнитоактивного тела соответствует температуре поверхности Кюри, ниже которой горные породы теряют магнитные свойства. Известно, что это происходит при температуре около 580 °C, которая несколько варьируется в зависимости от содержания магнетита в магнитоактивном теле. Тепловой поток вычисляют путем умножения геотермического градиента в этом интервале глубины на теплопроводность горных пород. Имеется ряд разрозненных значений теплового потока в Нигерии, рассчитанного обоими методами. Составлена предварительная карта теплового потока, основанная на доступных данных. Сравнение величин теплового потока, определенных двумя методами, для нескольких регио­нов страны позволило выявить их соответствие. A traditional approach for heat flow determination requires two parameters. They are a geothermal gradient and heat conductivity of rocks comprising the considered depth interval. The geothermal gradient is determined from a thermo gram recorded in a wellbore and the heat conductivity is obtained from the laboratory measurements of selected rock samples. There are some variations of this approach to both get the gradient and heat conductivity values. However, there are many areas without boreholes to register their thermograms, or at least to have several temperature readings at inter­mediate positions of bottom holes and traditional methods of heat flow determinations cannot be used. Recently another method was proposed to estimate heat flow. It was derived from spectral analysis of magnetic field. During last years it was widely used in Nigeria for areas where deep boreholes are absent. It uses estimates of depths to the base and bottom of the causative body derived from analysis of the magnetic field maps. The base of the causative body corresponds to the depth of the Curie surface at which rocks lose their magnetic properties. It is known that it happens at the temperature around 580 °C that slightly varies depending on the content of magnetite within the causative body. The temperature at the top of this body is estimated. The heat flow density can be calculated knowing the geothermal gradient within this depth interval and heat conductivity of rocks. A preliminary heat flow density map was compiled based on all accessible heat flow data. A comparison of heat flow data from several regions of the country, determined using both methods provides rather good agreement.

To investigate the spontaneous combustion risk of pulverised coal, the low-temperature oxidation heat flow of three metamorphic pulverised coals was measured using a C80 microcalorimeter system at various oxygen concentrations to investigate the spontaneous combustion risk of pulverised coal. The results indicated that low-temperature exothermic oxidation of pulverised coal occurred in stages that had distinct characteristics. When the temperature increased, the heat flow curve of RNM and QM pulverised coals first decreased, then increased, and finally decreased, but the heat flow curve of the PSM pulverised coal first decreased and then increased. A considerable lag was observed in the heat flow curves with the decrease in the oxygen concentration, and the characteristic temperature increased. Stage 1 released the least heat, whereas stage 3 released the most heat. A decrease in the oxygen concentration considerably reduced the heat release of pulverised coal. A spontaneous combustion risk index was proposed on the basis of low-temperature oxidation heat release of pulverised coal. Decreased oxygen concentration and high metamorphism of pulverised coal considerably reduced the spontaneous combustion risk index.

In this study, sodium/GH4099 heat pipes are proposed for nose cap cooling. X-51 nose cap-like sodium/GH4099 heat pipe spreaders were designed and prepared in China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA). And their startup properties were tested at a 500 kW quartz lamp calorifier. The experimental results indicated that the sodium/GH4099 heat pipes startup successfully at heat flow of about 75 kW/m2, displaying a uniform temperature of about 800 °C. On the other hand, startup failures were also found. Working fluid of sodium leaked out of the GH4099 shell, resulting in temperature distributions of 684-946 °C. The frozen startup limit of sodium is 2.4, satisfying the criterion for frozen startup. At simulated aerothermal conditions of Ma 5–7, the heat pipe can decrease the stagnation temperature effectively to be lower than end-use temperature of GH4099. Thus, it is concluded that sodium/GH4099 heat pipes are feasible for nose cap cooling.

Hydrocarbon deposits concentration per unit square in Yamal is more than 100 times greater than the world average. Hydrocarbon deposits are generally located in regions with high modern geodynamic activity. The mantle structure in Yamal area has abnormal features according to seismic tomography. The southern part of Kara sea, Yamal and the western part of Gydan peninsula are situated in a big positive heat flow density anomaly with the epicenter near to Rusanovskoe deposit. Almost all deposits of hydrocarbones in Yamal are situated on the flanks of the West-Siberian rift system and simultaneously in gradient zones of heat flow density.

Temperature significantly affects the storage and transport of coalbed methane (CBM). Studies of geothermal distribution characteristics are important for the exploration and exploitation of CBM. In this study, more than 150 heat flow temperature data from coalbed methane wells in the Qinshui Basin were analyzed to investigate the geothermal distribution and its controlling factors. The results show that the geothermal gradient of the no. 3 coal seam ranges from 0 to 3.7 °C/hm with an average of 1.6 °C/hm, and the terrestrial heat flow of the no. 3 coal reservoir ranges from 0.9 to 94.6 mW/m2 with an average of 41.5 mW/m2. The reservoir temperature shows high values in the central and northwest parts of the basin, while the east and west edges of the basin show negative geothermal anomalies. It is found that groundwater has significant effects on the geothermal distribution in the Qinshui Basin, and with the increase of the groundwater level, the geothermal gradient decreases linearly. In addition, the geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow first increase and then tend to be stable with the increase in value of the total dissolved substances. Besides, with an increase in floor elevation, the geothermal gradient first increases linearly and then decreases linearly, obtaining a maximum value at about 450 m (transition floor elevation). This phenomenon is the result of the balance between heat supplying and heat losing. The geothermal distribution characteristics in the Qinshui Basin determine the reservoir temperature of the coalbed methane, and in turn, the reservoir temperature affects the adsorption, desorption, and diffusion behaviors of coalbed methane in situ.

Gas flow and heat transfer in confined geometries at micro and nano scales differ considerably from those at macro-scales, mainly due to nonequilibrium effects such as velocity slip and temperature jump. The nonequilibrium effects enhance with a decrease in the characteristic length-scale of the fluid flow or the gas density, leading to the failure of the standard Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) equations in predicting thermal and fluid flow fields. The direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method is employed in the present work to investigate pressure-driven nitrogen flow in divergent microchannels with various divergence angles and isothermal walls. The thermal fields obtained from numerical simulations are analysed for different inlet-to-outlet pressure ratios (1.5 $\leq \Pi \leq$ 2.5), tangential momentum accommodation coefficients and Knudsen numbers (0.05 $\leq \mathrm{Kn} \leq$ 12.5), covering slip to free-molecular rarefaction regimes. The thermal field in the microchannel is predicted, heat-lines are visualised, and the physics of heat transfer in the microchannel is discussed. Due to the rarefaction effects, the direction of heat flow is largely opposite to that of the mass flow. However, the interplay between thermal and pressure gradients, which are affected by geometrical configurations of the microchannel and applied boundary conditions, determines the net heat flow direction. Additionally, the occurrence of thermal separation and cold-to-hot heat transfer (also known as anti-Fourier heat transfer) in divergent microchannels is explained., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Recent theoretical studies have tried to constrain Mercury’s internal structure and composition using thermal evolution models. The presence of a thermally stratified layer of Fe-S at the top of an Fe-Si core has been suggested, which implies a sub-adiabatic heat flow on the core side of the CMB. In this work, the adiabatic heat flow at the top of the core was estimated using the electronic component of thermal conductivity (kel), a lower bound for thermal conductivity. Direct measurements of electrical resistivity (ρ) of Fe-8.5wt%Si at core conditions can be related to kel using the Wiedemann-Franz law. Measurements were carried out in a 3000 ton multi-anvil press using a 4-wire method. The integrity of the samples at high pressures and temperatures was confirmed with electron-microprobe analysis of quenched samples at various conditions. Unexpected behaviour at low temperatures between 6-8 GPa may indicate an undocumented phase transition. Measurements of ρ at melting seem to remain constant at 127 µΩ·cm from 10-24 GPa, on both the solid and liquid side of the melting boundary. The adiabatic heat flow at the core side of Mercury’s core-mantle boundary is estimated between 21.8-29.5 mWm-2, considerably higher than most models of an Fe-S or Fe-Si core yet similar to models of an Fe core. Comparing these results with thermal evolution models suggests that Mercury’s dynamo remained thermally driven up to 0.08-0.22 Gyr, at which point the core became sub-adiabatic and stimulated a change from dominant thermal convection to dominant chemical convection arising from the growth of an inner core. Simply considering the internal structure of Mercury, these results support the capture of Mercury into a 3:2 resonance orbit during the thermally driven era of the dynamo.

The key factors controlling the formation and dynamics of relicpermafrost and the conditions for the stability of associated gas hydrates have been investigated using numerical modeling in this work. A comparison was made between two scenarios that differed in the length of freezing periods and corresponding temperature shifts to assess the impact on the evolution of the permafrost&ndash, hydrate system and to predict its distribution and geometry. The simulation setup included the specific heat of gas hydrate formation and ice melting. Significantly, it was shown that the paleoscenario and heat flows affect the formation of permafrost and the conditions for gas hydrate stability. In the Laptev Sea, the minimum and maximum predicted preservation times for permafrost are 9 and 36.6 kyr, respectively, whereas the presence of conditions consistent with methane hydrate stability at the maximum permafrost thickness is possible for another 25.9 kyr. The main factors influencing the rate of permafrost degradation are the heat flow and porosity of frozen sediments. The rates of permafrost thawing are estimated to be between 1 and 3 cm/yr. It is revealed that the presence of gas hydrates slows the thawing of the permafrost and feeds back to prolong the conditions under which gas hydrates are stable.

An analysis of the effect of multilayer protective coatings on the processes of heat transfer in the cutting tool during machining was carried out.

Despite many studies on seafloor hydrothermal systems conducted to date, the generation mechanism of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits is not yet fully understood. To elucidate this mechanism...

In recent years, natural fibers, such as jute has gained significant research interest in order to fabricate fiber reinforced polymer composites. Chemical treatments are generally carried out on the raw fibers for making composites with improved properties. From a composite manufacturing point of view, it is important to understand how the treatments can affect the thermal properties of the jute fiber. In the present research, the effects of rot-retardant, fire-retardant and water-retardant treatments on thermal properties of the jute fiber were investigated. Fiber samples were collected from the middle portion of whole jute fiber. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were subsequently conducted on the jute fiber for thermal characterization. The results demonstrated a lower thermal decomposition temperature in the case of fire-retardant treated jute fiber but higher residue at above 400 &deg, C, as compared to the raw and other treated fibers. In general, it was found that chemically treated fibers absorbed less heat, in contrast to the raw jute fiber and heat flow became negative in all cases of the treated fibers. This study provides important information about the thermal properties of the treated jute fibers for manufacturing polymer-based composite materials.

SUMMARYIn its early evolution, the Earth mantle likely experienced several episodes of complete melting enhanced by giant impact heating, short-lived radionuclides heating and viscous dissipation during the metal/silicate separation. After a first stage of rapid and significant crystallization (Magma Ocean stage), the mantle cooling is slowed down due to the rheological transition, which occurs at a critical melt fraction of 40–50%. This transition first occurs in the lowermost mantle, before the mushy zone migrates toward the Earth's surface with further mantle cooling. Thick thermal boundary layers form above and below this reservoir. We have developed numerical models to monitor the thermal evolution of a cooling and crystallizing deep mushy mantle. For this purpose, we use a 1-D approach in spherical geometry accounting for turbulent convective heat transfer and integrating recent and solid experimental constraints from mineral physics. Our results show that the last stages of the mushy mantle solidification occur in two separate mantle layers. The lifetime and depth of each layer are strongly dependent on the considered viscosity model and in particular on the viscosity contrast between the solid upper and lower mantle. In any case, the full solidification should occur at the Hadean–Eoarchean boundary 500–800 Myr after Earth's formation. The persistence of molten reservoirs during the Hadean may favor the absence of early reliefs at that time and maintain isolation of the early crust from the underlying mantle dynamics.

Improving the ablation-resistance of carbon fiber/epoxy composites is essential for structural-thermal protection integrated materials. In this work, silicone-grafted epoxy resin with high char yield was synthesized, and carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites with different silicone content are manufactured. The effect of the pyrolysis behavior of the silicone-grafted epoxy on the mechanical properties and ablation resistance of the composites has been systematically investigated. The high-temperature properties were characterized by Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of unidirectional composites treated at 400 °C and 600 °C respectively, while the ablation-resistance properties were assessed by the mass and linear ablation rate of laminated composites at 1, 2.5, and 4 MW/m2 ablative heat flow density. It was found that the ILSS was improved by 228.13% and 151.79% after pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the silicone-grafted epoxy/CF composites exhibit a better ablation performance especially in 1 MW/m2. These results show that silicone-grafted epoxy/CF composites are expected to achieve the integration of high strength and ablation resistance as well as the integration of structural-thermal protection materials.

This paper presents the thermal analysis of crude fat from salami samples which were reformulated by their lipid profile differentiation using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. Salami samples were manufactured by partial substitution of the back fat with vegetable oils and walnuts. Thermal curves profile of the crude fat was correlated with the lipids profile determined by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The addition of lipids from vegetable sources determined a decrease of the ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids from 0.639 (control) to 0.283 (salami with oil) and 0.218 (salami with oil and walnuts). The thermal curves obtained were different between the samples. For each sample, the crystallization profile showed an exothermic event for the reformulated samples and two events for the control sample, for different onset temperatures: 15.410C (control sample), 1.730C (salami with oil) and -5.120C (salami with oil and walnuts). The same profile was observed for two different heat flow rates: 100C/min and 200C/min, respectively. The melting profile showed three endothermic events for the reformulated samples and two events for the control sample. The samples were different regarding the onset temperature of the last endothermic event which was 11.820C for the control sample, 18.730C for salami with oil and 15.150C for salami with oil and walnuts, respectively, for both heat flow rates. DSC showed the physical properties and thermal behaviour for each chemical composition of the fat. DSC is a promising and rapid method for assessing the thermal fingerprint of a meat product by analyzing the crude fat.

Ternesite is a phase found in some calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements and it has recently been shown to have cementitious properties. In this paper, cement combinations based on CSA cement and fly ash were developed and the effect of ternesite on the hydration and properties of the systems was studied. Properties including hydration heat, setting time, mechanical strength, dimensional stability and hydration products were investigated. The results indicated that the presence of ternesite altered the heat flow curves of CSA cements, bringing the reaction peak backward. In the presence of fly ash, the incorporation of ternesite caused a reduction on the setting times. When the water to cement ratio was kept constant, the mortars showed much higher mechanical strengths than those with a fixed water/binder ratio. The mechanical strengths of CSA cement-fly ash blends were improved by the addition of ternesite and the substitution extent of fly ash could be increased. The effect of ternesite was harmless to the volume stability of CSA cement-fly ash combined mortars. The hydration of ternesite promoted the stabilization of ettringite and would not cause delayed ettringite formation.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus requires new antibacterial drugs. In this study, using a thermal activity monitor air isothermal microcalorimeter, the heat flow power–time curves of S. aureus growth at 37 °C in the presence of different concentrations of gallic acid were determined. By analyzing the metabolic curves and some quantitative thermo-kinetic parameters obtained from these curves with the help of principle component analysis (PCA), the antibacterial effects of gallic acid on S. aureus were rapidly and accurately evaluated. Growth rate constant k2 of the second exponential phase and the maximum heat flow output power P2 for S. aureus growth were selected as the two main parameters for the antibacterial evaluation. Results showed that 10 μg mL−1 of gallic acid began to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, and high concentrations (more than 20 μg mL−1) of this compound exhibited strong anti-S. aureus effects. 63.51 μg mL−1 of gallic acid resulted in a 50% inhibitory ratio on S. aureus. All these illustrated that the anti-S. aureus effects were enhanced with increasing the concentration of this compound. Gallic acid can be used as a new natural and safe antibacterial drug for treating multidrug-resistant S. aureus. This work provided a useful idea of the combination of microcalorimetry and PCA for highly sensitive evaluation of the antibacterial effects of various compounds, providing reliable references for screening out new antibacterial drugs.

In this study, four exploratory wells from the Mukalla-Sayhut Basin, Gulf of Aden are used for basin modeling study in order to simulate the petroleum generation and expulsion history of the Umm Er Radhuma Formation. The basin models illustrate that the Gulf of Aden is an extensional rift basin and initially developed during Oligocene as indicated by paleo-heat flow values. The heat flow reached peak heat-flow values of approximately 120–160 mW/m 2 at Early to Middle Oligocene time. This high paleo-heat flow had a considerable effect on the Paleocene Umm Er Radhuma source rock and cooking of the organic matter. The basin models also indicate that the Umm Er Radhuma Formation source rock had passed the peak-oil generation window during the late Oligocene (Chattian) age. Onset of oil-generation began during late Rupelian age (∼29 Ma), whereas the main oil was generated during the Chattian age (27-24 Ma). The models also show that the petroleum was expelled from the Umm Er Radhuma source rock since latest Oligocene (late Chattian

Primary aim of this in vitro study was to test the efficacy of daptomycin to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms on various orthopedic implant materials. Secondary aim was to quantitatively estimate the formation of staphylococcal biofilm. We tested six clinically important biomaterials: Cobalt chrome, pure titanium, grid-blasted titanium, porous plasma-coated titanium with/without hydroxyapatite, and polyethylene. Biofilms of S. aureus and S. epidermidis were formed on the samples and thereafter exposed to daptomycin. Samples were subsequently sonicated in order to detect dislodged biofilm bacteria and transferred to a microcalorimeter for real-time measurement of growth-related heat flow. Minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was determined as the lowest concentration of daptomycin required to eradicate biofilm bacteria on the sample. Median MBEC of S. aureus biofilm on smooth metallic surfaces was lower than the rough metallic surfaces. In experiments with S. epidermidis, no pattern was seen in relation to the surface roughness. Regarding the quantitative estimation of staphylococcal biofilm formation on the sample, we found a significantly higher amount of biofilm growth on the rough surfaces than the smooth samples and polyethylene. In conclusion, the presented study showed that daptomycin could eradicate S. aureus biofilm at lower concentrations on the smooth surfaces compared to the rough surfaces, as well as polyethylene. In experiments with daptomycin against S. epidermidis biofilms, no pattern was seen in relation to the surface roughness. Furthermore, we demonstrated a faster detection of staphylococcal heat flow due to higher biofilm quantity on the rough surfaces compared to smooth samples and polyethylene. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2809-2816, 2018.

In article, presents the results of experimental determination of temperature distributions in characteristic sections of the working zone of a closed two-phase thermosyphon. A thermosyphon made of copper with a constant cross-sectional area is used to study heat transfer. The height of the heat exchanger is 161 mm, the thickness of the side walls is 1.5 mm, the bottom wall is 2 mm, the internal diameter of the evaporative part and the vapor channel is 39 mm. Experimental results give dependences of the change in the characteristic temperatures on the heat flux supplied to the bottom cover of the thermosyphon and the filling ratio. An increase in the heat flow at the bottom cover of the thermosyphon leads to a decrease in the temperature drop along the vapor channel and a reduction in the time to reach the stationary mode of operation. Experiments show that even at high thermal loads (up to 11,2 kW/m2) the temperature drops over the height of the thermosyphon do not exceed 9 K.

The eastern part of the Drava Depression presents a relatively small part within the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin. A confined part within the eastern part of the Drava Depression with a working petroleum system but few hydrocarbon accumulations was selected for the evaluation of the remaining hydrocarbon potential. Four subsurface models were built with different levels of detail on which determination of source rock maturity, assessment of potential, and finally, volumes of the potentially accumulated hydrocarbons were estimated. In addition, several case scenarios, regarding source rock properties and boundary conditions were addressed to present the risk points in the model. Results proved that the amounts of hydrocarbons generated ([Formula: see text] of oil and [Formula: see text] of gas) and accumulated ([Formula: see text] of oil and [Formula: see text] of gas) in the subsurface strongly support further exploration efforts even for the conservative modeling parameters (low heat flow [HF] and moderate total organic carbon values). A set of scenarios was also modeled including different HF, total organic content, and kinetic values each with significant impact for the final model result.

In this work we investigated the influence of alkalis on the hydration of two triclinic samples of C3S. One pure C3S and one Al-doped C3S (0.5 wt.‐% Al2O3). We added differently concentrated KOH solutions representing alkalis in the pore solution, which lead to an increase of the interfacial precipitation rates of C-S-H during the hydration of C3S compared to the hydration without KOH. Isothermal calorimetry was conducted for the determination of the rates of reaction during the hydration process and ICP-OES measurements for the determination of the pore solution composition at certain times of hydration. The increasing effect of KOH solution on the calculated interfacial precipitation rates from pore solution data can explain the enhancement of the rates of reaction recorded by heat flow calorimetry during the early hydration. Therefore, the interfacial precipitation rates of C-S-H can accurately describe the acceleration effect of alkalis on the early hydration of C3S.