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Embedding all-inorganic cesium lead halide CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) PQDs into glass is one of the most effective strategies to improve their optical, thermal and chemical stabilities. Herein, by using PbO instead of PbBr2 as the lead source, it is effective to lower the melting temperature and reduce the volatilization pollution from lead halide raw materials. Thus, a high-purity CsPbBr3 PQDs embedded glass with 71.5 % PLQY was successfully prepared. The thermal stability, and photo-aging properties were also improved. By simply changing the halogen element, the red and blue CsPbX3 PQDs embedded glasses were successfully prepared. The white LED fabricated by coating obtained green/red CsPbX3 PQDs embedded glass on a blue chip displays high color gamut of 121.9 % NTSC standard and >91.1 % Rec. 2020 standard, which embodies the great potential of PQDs embedded glass in lighting and display fields.

Melt-annealed zinc barium phosphate invert glass was produced. A mixture of borate (B2O3), cadmium oxide (CdO), and lead oxide (PbO) was added to the synthesized glass. B2O3 in the base glass formed P–O–B linkages with BO3 and BO4 structural units, with CdO acting as a modifier. PbO4 structural units were observed next to PO4 network formers. Glass density (ρ) is affected by doping type and ratio. It was 3.43 g/cm3 for PbO glass and 3.31 g/cm3 for B2O3 glass. The optical properties of the examined glass were measured and discussed in relation to the structural modification of the host glass. The glass sample containing PbO had a high value of Eg at 4.23 eV, but the glass doped with CdO + PbO had a low value at 3.81 eV, depending on the role of the additive in the glass structure. PbO-containing glass had a high damping ratio (7.308%), second only to CdO-containing glass at 8.069%. However, the dynamic Young's modulus of PbO-containing glass was reduced by 25% compared to the base invert glass.

Hydrothermal sulfidation followed by flotation is well known as a promising technology for recovery of valuable metals from refractory non-ferrous ores. Cerussite (PbCO3), as one of the most representative lead oxide minerals, was selected as the research object in this paper. Hydrothermal sulfidation performances were directly characterized by flotation tests and the sulfidation mechanism was further revealed by XRD, XPS and EPMA–EDS. Flotation tests results showed that flotation recovery of cerussite reached approximately 80% at a suitable S/PbCO3 mole ratio and pH. XRD analyses results confirmed that the cerussite was transformed into mainly PbS and PbSO4 after hydrothermal sulfidation. XPS analyses results indicated that more lead-bearing species including PbSn and PbO·PbSO4, besides mainly PbS and PbSO4, were generated at the surface. EPMA–EDS results showed that the core part of particle remained lead carbonate, but the out layer of particle was completely converted into sulfur-bearing compounds. A reaction model of hydrothermal sulfidation of cerussite with sulfur was designed and the sulfidation process can be divided into five steps: disproportionation of sulfur, adsorption of disproportionation products, dissolution of carbonate ion, formation of lead sulfide precipitate and diffusion of carbonate ion. These findings can lay a good theoretical foundation for optimizing the hydrothermal sulfidation process to recover cerussite and even other non-ferrous metals oxide materials by using the hydrothermal sulfidation–flotation processes.

A thermodynamic analysis into the processes of slag accumulation during interaction of lead and lead-bismuth coolants with gaseous oxidants was carried out. It is shown that the oxidation of lead-containing coolants will lead to the formation of lead oxide, while the formation of bismuth oxide is unlikely. The possibility of selective oxidation of iron, chromium, and nickel to their oxides without the formation of slag from solid lead oxide with a dosed supply of a gaseous oxidizer to lead-containing coolants has been determined by calculation. It was revealed that the formation of solid lead oxide is unlikely when water vapor acts on lead-containing coolants. The calculation showed that it is necessary to extract the formed hydrogen from water vapor to a ratio of 1 : 20 000 or less in order to create conditions for the formation of solid lead oxide. The regularities of the formation of lead oxide during depressurization of a circuit with a lead-containing coolant and their interaction with atmospheric oxygen have been investigated. According to the results of the experiment, the largest amount of solid PbO is formed upon contact with oxygen in a circuit not filled with a coolant and cooled to ambient temperature. Short-term depressurization of the loop in the hot state led to the formation of a smaller mass of PbO, and the presence or absence of a coolant in the loop had an insignificant effect on the mass of the PbO formed. The possibility for the formation of solid PbO during a microleak of a steam generator in the TT-2M stand with a Pb–Bi coolant has been investigated. Under the experimental conditions, it was not possible to obtain solid lead oxide, and the achieved limiting content of dissolved lead oxide turned out to be 550 times less than the saturation concentration.

Lead oxide (PbO2) has the lowest solubility with free chlorine among Pb corrosion products, but depletion of free chlorine or a switch from free chlorine to monochloramine can cause its reductive dissolution. We previously reported that Cu(II) and Zn(II) inhibited PbO2 reductive dissolution within 12 h. Here, we expanded on this work by performing longer duration experiments and further exploring the underlying mechanisms. Between 12 and 48 h, Cu(II) and Zn(II) had no discernible effect on PbO2 reductive dissolution. From 48 to 192 h, Cu(II) and Zn(II) enhanced PbO2 reductive dissolution. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations followed the same trends as PbO2 reductive dissolution, indicating that the DO was produced by PbO2 reductive dissolution. On the basis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra, we hypothesize that the inhibitory effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on PbO2 reductive dissolution ( 48 h) may be caused by competitive adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Pb(II), which could limit the adsorption of Pb(II) onto PbO2 that could otherwise inhibit reductive dissolution. This study indicates that stagnation time plays a vital role in determining cations' effects on the stability of Pb corrosion products.

Nickel doped lead oxide (Pb1-xNixO) nanoparticles with different concentration (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30) of nickel ion were prepared through a sol-gel route of synthesis. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic techniques confirmed the nanocrystallinity of the samples as the average sizes of the crystallites were found within 9–25 nm. The substitution of Pb2 + with Ni2 + caused of decrease of particle size with the increase of Ni2 + concentration. The EDS analysis confirmed the present of nickel ion in the Ni doped PbO nanocrystallites. The FT-IR spectra of the samples recorded to look for the distinct absorbance bands highlighting the atomic vibrations. The optical band gap energies (Eg) increased when the nanocrystallites became smaller in size. There is possibility of increase in vacancy defect concentration due to Ni doping that may also be the cause of Eg enhancement. The latter aspect is attributable to the onset of quantum confinement effects as seen in the case of a few other metal oxide nanoparticles. Positron annihilation studies focused on the vacancy type defects which were present in abundance in the samples and played crucial roles in modulating their properties. The concentrations of defects were significantly larger in the samples of lower crystallite sizes. The results supported the feasibility of tailoring the properties of lead oxide nanocrystallites for technological applications apart from the physical insight into the structural build-up when crystallites were formed with finite number of atoms and their distribution governed by site stabilization energy considerations.

Direct production of biodiesel by both esterification and transesterification of renewable oils with acid value (AV) of 9.6-28.9 mg KOH/g using calcined blast furnace dust is studied. Blast furnace dust calcined at 600-700 degrees C obviously promotes efficient biodiesel production because of the crystal form transformation from lead sulfate particles in dust into active lead oxide, lead sulfide, and lead particles. It is found for the first time that lead oxide, lead sulfide and lead particles can resist saponification from fatty acids to catalyze raw renewable oils to biodiesel with catalytic activity order as follows: lead oxide > lead > lead sulfide > lead sulfate. Biodiesel production process is optimized according to an orthogonal design with biodiesel yield of 92 wt% obtained at AV of 9.6 mg KOH/g (82 wt% after 5 cycles). Biodiesel yield of 84 wt% is achieved at AV of 28.9 mg KOH/g with acidity of 0.18 mmol/g. Calcined blast furnace dust presents potential applications in the production of biodiesel from renewable oils with high AVs. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This research work presents the preparation of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) composites filled with different concentrations of lead oxide (PbO) and magnetite (Fe3O4). The catalytic role ...

Thin films of pure cadmium oxide films (CdO) and composite with lead oxide (PbO) at different atomic ratios were prepared by pulsed laser deposition under vacuum usingpulsed laser of ND-YAG from CdO and CdO:PbO targets. The prepared thin films were characterized by different technique before and after annealing. The X-ray diffraction shows polycrystalline structures of cubic CdO phase convert tosample of mixed phases for composites. The AFM images illustratedecreasing the particle diameter and increasingsurface roughness with increasing the PbO ratio in composite. While, annealing cause to increase the particle size and reduce roughness. The optical absorbance increased with the PbO ratio, while the absorbance decreased with annealing. The energy gap reduced after annealing and increased with increasing the molar ratio of PbO. These variation in some fundamental properties of the prepared thin films by simplyvarying the components of the started target show the possibilityof controlling the properties of the prepared thin films by pulsed laser depositionfor use in many fields.

This work aimed to improve the energy storage properties of lead zirconate (PZ) thin films by doping titanium content. Thin films of Pb(0.9)-Zr(0.1) (PZ) and Pb(0.9)-(Zr0.05.Ti0.05)O2 (PZT) were grown epitaxially on a glass substrate by a sol–gel colloidal route at low temperature. The structure of the obtained nanocrystals was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED). Nanocrystals were distributed evenly of 7 ± 0.2 for PZ and 7.5 ± 0.2 for PZT nm in size and were closely packed. The frequency dependence of dielectric properties and the ferroelectric characteristics were detected. The energy-storage density and energy-storage efficiency estimated from hysteresis loops were about 35.15 J/cm3 and 65.8% for (PZ) and 68.25 J/cm3 and 66.6%for (PZT) for one layer, respectively. Results showed that the titanium content had a clear effect on the dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and structural properties, and on the other hand, (PZ) and (PZT) thin films had a potential application in the energy-storage device.

Many instruments and sensors have been invented to measure pressure, with different advantages and disadvantages. Many factors like pressure range, accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, dynamic response, and cost are involved in developing a pressure measuring device. This research paper describes the study of variation in the dielectric constant of lead iron tungstate relaxor specimens with pressure and temperature. In this study, the investigator optimized the specimen's preparation method by changing calcination temperature, adding excess lead oxide, using conventional mixed oxides and columbite routes to improve the specimen's pressure-sensing properties. This study adds another pressure-sensing application of relaxor materials among many other applications.

The electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of the glass system (70-x) B2O3–(x) Pb3O4–10Fe2O3–20Li2O [where 0 ≤ x ≤ 35] have been investigated in the temperature range from 300 to 530 K, at four fixed frequencies [0.12, 1, 10, and 100 kHz]. Ac conductivity is found to obey the universal relation, σ(ω) = Aωs, where s is the frequency exponent factor and its value is less than unity. Investigation of σac results and the s factor reveals that the polarons hopping over barrier between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions is the probable applicable mechanism for σac for these glasses. The dc activation energy values are found to increase from 0.67 to 1.61 eV as the lead oxide content increases. These remarks are explained using Mossbauer Effect (ME) spectrometer and molar volume calculations. The observed higher records of the dielectric constant for the lead-free sample could be attributed to some precipitated iron in the form of α-Fe2O3, which increases the polarized space charges in the glass network.

As a result of the activities of the lead plant, about 2 million tons of waste in the form of lead- containing slags were accumulated. Lead production slags contain a large number of toxic heavy metal compounds, such as lead, zinc, osmium, and cadmium, which are dangerous sources of environmental pollution. Due to the open storage of slags, there is an excess of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of lead: near the plant, the concentration of lead is more than 3000 mg/kg in the soil, with a MPC of 3.2 mg/kg. Lead and zinc compounds are dangerous to humans due to their significant toxicity and ability to accumulate in the body. Lead poisoning ranks first among professional intoxications. Waste water containing zinc compounds is not suitable for irrigation of fields, the negative effect of zinc compounds on microorganisms and microfauna of the soil reduces its fertility. The article presents the results of scientific studies of lead slag, conducted by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, performed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) JEOL-6490 LV (Manufacturer: JEOL, Japan). The results of the thermal analysis of samples on the derivatograph of the F. Paulik, J. Paulik and L. Erdey system in the air environment, in the temperature range of 20-1000°C. are presented. According to the results of research, it was found that lead slags contain a sufficiently high amount of non- ferrous metal compounds: lead oxide up to 0.7 % and zinc oxide up to 8.5 % of the weight amount of slag, which makes the process of recycling toxic waste from lead production technically and economically feasible.

Transparent Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PLZT 7.4/70/30) with low content of excess lead oxide (PbO) were successfully prepared by a novel vacuum/oxygen hot press sintering process. The phase structure, microstructure, electrical properties and electro-optic scattering performance of PLZT ceramics as a function of excess PbO in the starting powders have been studied and analyzed. As a result, these ceramics exhibited an ultra-high optical transmittance (>69.4% at 1064 nm; thickness 1 mm) from visible to near-infrared wavelength. Herein, we significantly reduce the use of PbO as an auxiliary agent for sintering. This puts forward a good route to meet the objectives of environmental protection and sustainable development.

Six borate and silica glasses with varying compositions were investigated for their mechanical and radiation shielding viability. Makishima-Mackenzie elastic model was utilized to study the elastic properties of the investigated glasses. The obtained results illustrated that PbO and Bi2O3 oxides reduced the glass samples' mechanical properties. For instance, the bulks' model decreased between 68.15 and 44.10 GPa, the shear model also followed the same trend and decreased from 31.95 to 23.33 GPa, reducing the PbO and Bi2O3 ratios in the studied glass samples. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP-5) was utilized to evaluate the investigated glasses' shielding capacity. The obtained results depict that the highest linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) occurred at 0.356 MeV; it takes values 0.618, 1.024, 1.161, 1.271, 1.963, and 2.071 cm-1 for G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6. Based on the simulated values of LAC, other shielding properties such as transmission rate (TR), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), half-value layer (HVL) were evaluated. The calculated results illustrated that the shielding properties enhanced with Bi2O3 and PbO insertion ratios. © 2021 The Author(s).

Recent years have witnessed a surge of research in two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric structures that may circumvent the depolarization effect in conventional perovskite oxide films. Herein, by first-principles calculations, we predict that an orthorhombic phase of lead(II) oxide, PbO, serves as a promising candidate for 2D ferroelectrics with good stability. With a semiconducting nature, 2D ferroelectric PbO exhibits intrinsic valley polarization, which leads to robust ferroelectricity with an in-plane spontaneous polarization of 2.4 × 10-10 C/m and a Curie temperature of 455 K. Remarkably, we reveal that the ferroelectricity is strain-tunable, and ferroelasticity coexists in the PbO film, implying the realization of 2D multiferroics. The underlying physical mechanism is generally applicable and can be extended to other oxide films such as ferroelectric SnO and GeO, thus paving an avenue for future design and fabrication of functional ultrathin devices that are compatible with Si-based technology.

Enhancement of the discharge capacity and cycle life of lead–acid batteries demands the innovative formulation of positive and negative electrode pastes that can be achieved through the modifications in the leady oxide morphology and the use of additives to control characteristics such as grain size, specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and chemical reactivity. In the present work, we describe a methodology for the improvement of the cycle life of lead oxide electrodes by the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and high-energy ball milling of leady oxide obtained by Barton and Sovema reactors. Positive and negative electrodes were produced and tested by cycling at constant discharge current. An improvement of 110% on the number of cycles over the unaltered Sovema electrode, and 168% over Barton electrode were found and attributed to the cured electrode morphology and the improved conductivity introduced by the addition of MWCNT. Symmetrical cells of high energy ball-milled leady oxide electrodes with MWCNT withstood 528 cycles, retaining more usable charge than its counterparts.

Outbred white female rats were exposed to an aerosol of lead oxide nanoparticles in a nose-only inhalation setup at an average concentration of 1.30 ± 0.10 mg / m3 during 5 days for 4 hours a day. In parallel, the control group of rats was subjected to sham exposure under similar conditions. The deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and in the olfactory region of the brain was detected using transmission electron microscopy. Some disorders of the body state were detected in the exposed group, some of which can be considered as the result of a lead-specific toxic effect (an increase in the proportion of reticulocytes and in urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid), and others - the result of nanoparticles circumventing the blood-brain barrier (axon demyelination, vacuolization of the neurons’ cytoplasm).

A facile and simple microwave assisted solvothermal technique was adopted for the synthesis of undoped and doped (Mn2+, S2–) lead oxide nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were carried out to realize the thermal behaviour of PbO nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were annealed at about 400 ºC. The calcined samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDX, UV spectroscopic analysis and VSM measurement. The diffraction patterns of the prepared nanoparticles showed the formation of an orthorhombic phase of lead oxide. All the samples were in nano- regime with an average grain size of 22-26 nm. Spherical morphology of the samples was revealed in the SEM micrographs. EDX pattern confirmed the presence of cationic and anionic dopants. The band gap energy values range from 4.2 to 5.6 eV. The VSM measurement revealed that the sample has weak ferromagnetic nature.

In this study, the lead oxide thin films were synthesized upon the glass slide substrate by using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The molybdenum boat was used to heat the high purity lead (Pb) powder with 5 × 10−5 mbar vacuum pressure of the PVD chamber. The morphological, structural, and optical properties have been examined and characterized by employing different characterizations techniques. The results found that the crystal size and interplanar distance of lead oxide thin film were about 1.695 nm and 3.55 A, respectively. The lead oxide thin film has high average transmittance in the visible region which was about (∼80%) and low average transmittance in the UV region. Also, the energy band gap (Eg) of the deposited lead oxide thin film was 2.35 eV.

Lead contamination still remains as serious threat to public health and environment because of its non-biodegradability and toxicity. A clean technique has been developed for removal of lead contamination through the formation of lead-oxide nanoplates using a bacterial protein (Molecular weight ~30 kDa) as biological template. The isolated hot-spring bacterial (the bacterium was named as MDH1) protein when adding to the solution of lead compound (e.g., lead nitrate), nanoplates of lead-oxide are formed as viewed by electron microscope. The as prepared lead-oxide-nanoplates are characterized by Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. The lead-oxide-nanoplates and the filtered supernatant of the reactive solution both were separately used to observe the inhibition of growth of E. coli bacteria on culture plate. Lead-oxide-nanoplates produced clear zone of inhibition on the bacterial growth plate, whereas the filtered supernatant exhibited no such zone on the growth of E. coli bacteria revealing the fact that lead contamination was removed from the filtered supernatant. The prepared lead oxide nanoplates also possess dye degradation activity which is the added advantage of the process. The MDH1 bacterial protein acts as biological template which successfully removes lead contamination from lead-solution. The process is a clean and cost-effective one which can be used not only for removal of lead contamination but also for removal of different dyes from environment due to having dye-degradation attribute of the lead-oxide nanoplates.

Lead oxide based thin films have more optical transparency because of high absorption and high reflection in the visible region. Lead oxide and vanadium doped lead oxide thin films were fabricated on a glass substrate at the optimized conditions by using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that both thin films exhibit orthorhombic crystal system. Average crystalline size is calculated using Debye Scherer’s formula. From William-Hall plots strain was calculated. Dislocation density can be determined by knowing average crystallite size. Different functional groups were determined by using FTIR spectroscopy. The optical absorption properties studied using ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy. 390 nm & 458 nm are the cut-off wavelengths of the thin films. The optical energy band spacing was calculated using the plot. The optical energy band gaps are 3.60 eV & 3.75 eV respectively for Lead oxide and Vanadium doped Lead oxide thin films. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum reveals that the Lead oxide and Vanadium doped Lead oxide thin films emit yellow and green colour. Lead oxide and vanadium doped lead oxide thin films are good applicant for anti – reflection coating, solar thermal applications and infrared (IR) sensors.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative disinfectant to free chlorine, has been used to reduce the formation of organic disinfection byproducts during water treatment. ClO2 is highly reactive, and its decay is enhanced in the presence of lead oxide (PbO2), lead carbonate (PbCO3), and cupric oxide (CuO), minerals commonly found in the corrosion scale on distribution system pipes. Reaction of these corrosion minerals with chlorine dioxide and the byproducts created during said reactions were investigated. In addition to corrosion mineral, initial concentration of ClO2 and pH were both varied. Reaction took place in a batch reactor, ClO2 was measured via ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and byproducts were quantified using ion chromatography. Only chlorite is produced from ClO2 decay when lead minerals are present, whereas both chlorite and chlorate are produced by disproportionation when CuO is present. ClO2 decay occurs at a significantly higher rate on PbO2 compared to CuO. The reaction rate for ClO2 decay, in the presence of PbO2, peaks at pH 8.3, which corresponds to the point of zero charge of PbO2. This indicates that surface charge may play a significant role in lead mineral-assisted decay reactions with disinfectants, including ClO2. The reaction rate dependence for ClO2 decay on PbO2 is well described by a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model. These findings highlight the need for chlorite, but not chlorate, byproduct management when ClO2 is used as a disinfectant in water distribution systems with lead-based pipes. Robust strategies for management of a chlorine dioxide residual must be implemented in both copper and lead-based service lines to ensure a disinfectant persists and protects against microbial contamination in premise plumbing.

Травлення виробів з вуглецевої сталі у розчинах сульфатної кислоти є, з одного боку, поширеним процесом у машинобудуванні та, з іншого боку, шкідливим для екології. По мірі зниження концентрації H2SO4 та насищення розчину Fe2SO4 швидкість травлення оксидної плівки на поверхні сталі знижується. Тому при зниженні концентрації H2SO4 до 25-30 г/л процес травлення припиняють та проводять заміну травильного розчину. При цьому концентрація Fe2SO4 досягає 400 г/л. При травленні спостерігається два процеси: розчинення оксидів та розчинення заліза, яке знаходиться під шаром оксидів. Ці два процеси можуть протікати одночасно. Дослідження електродних процесів у розчинах сульфатної кислоти, що містять неорганічні та органічні домішки є підґрунтям для розробки технологічних показників регенерації відпрацьованих сульфатних розчинів. Для дослідження використовували мало зношувані анодні матеріали – платину і оксиду свинцю (IV). Для визначення кінетичних закономірностей перебігу анодного процесу на обраних анодних матеріалах застосували вольтамперометрію з побудовою одержаних залежностей в тафелевських координатах. Поляризаційні залежності складаються з двох прямолінійних ділянок з перегином при lgia ≈ –1,8 (ia, А·см-2). Нахил першої ділянки не залежить від концентрації H2SO4 і становить 120 мВ. Нахил другої ділянки, для розчинів з концентрацією H2SO4 0,05…0,37 моль·дм–3, становить 60 мВ, а для концентрації 2,5 моль·дм–3 – 71 мВ. Зміна концентрації сульфатної кислоти практично не впливає на поляризацію аноду. При концентрації 5,0 моль·дм–3, в області великої густин струму (≥ 1500 А∙м-2), потенціал анода перевищує ТНЗ для діоксиду свинцю. Це сприяє адсорбції сульфат іонів на поверхні композиційного анода і початку утворення активного кисню. В цих умовах, на платиновому аноді спостерігається виділення пероксиду водню. Концентрація Н2SO4 значно впливає на механізм і кінетику виділення кисню. Поляризаційні залежності складаються з двох прямолінійних ділянок з різним нахилом. Для всього діапазону концентрацій сульфатної кислоти, в області малих густин струму спостерігається ділянка з нахилом в 120 мВ. Концентрація сульфатної кислоти на цій ділянці не впливає на кінетику процесу, що узгоджується з літературними даними для платини. Нульовий порядок по рН і незалежність від концентрації сульфатної кислоти для цієї ділянки вказує, що найбільш імовірним механізмом виділення кисню є розряд води. Отримані значення ефективної енергії активації процесу виділення кисню на ОСТП близькі до результатів отриманим на платині – 41,8 кДж∙моль-1 при Еа = 1,95 В. Величина ефективної енергії активації вказує на електрохімічну природу поляризації, і її зниження при збільшенні анодного потенціалу - на зменшення міцності зв'язку кисню з поверхнею ОСТП., Etching of carbon steel products in sulfuric acid solutions is, on the one hand, a common process in mechanical engineering and, on the other hand, harmful to the environment. As the concentration of H2SO4 decreases and the solution becomes saturated with Fe2SO4, the etching rate of the oxide film on the steel surface decreases. Therefore, while reducing the H2SO4 concentration to 25-30 g/l etching process is stopped, and replacing the etching solution. In this case, the concentration of Fe2SO4 reaches 400 g/l. During etching, two processes are observed: dissolution of oxides and dissolution of iron, which is located under the layer of oxides. These two processes can run simultaneously. The study of electrode processes in sulfuric acid solutions containing inorganic and organic impurities is the basis for the development of technological parameters for the regeneration of spent sulfate solutions. For the study used a little wear anode materials - platinum and lead oxide (IV). To determine the kinetic regularities of the anode process in selected anode materials, voltammetry was used with the construction of the obtained dependences in Tafel coordinates. The polarization dependences consist of two rectilinear sections with an inflection at logia ≈ -1,8 (ia, A · cm-2). The slope of the first section does not depend on the H2SO4 concentration and is 120 mV. The slope of the second section, for solutions with an H2SO4 concentration of 0,05 ... 0,37 mol/dm-3, is 60 mV, and for a concentration of 2,5 mol/dm-3 - 71 mV. A change in the concentration of sulfuric acid has practically no effect on the polarization of the anode. At a concentration of 5,0 mol·dm-3, in the area of high current density (≥ 1500 A∙m-2), the potential of the anode exceeds the PZCh for lead dioxide. This promotes the adsorption of sulfate ions on the surface of the composite anode and the onset of active oxygen formation. Under these conditions, the evolution of hydrogen peroxide is observed on the platinum anode. The polarization dependences consist of two straight sections with different slopes. For the entire range of sulfuric acid concentrations, at low current density portion is observed with a slope of 120 mV. Concentration of sulfuric acid at this site does not affect the kinetics of the process that corresponds to the literature data for platinum. The zero order in pH and independence from the concentration of sulfuric acid for this site indicates that the most probable mechanism of oxygen evolution is water rarefaction. The obtained values of the effective activation energy of the oxygen evolution process on the LOTC are close to the results obtained on platinum – 41,8 kJ mol-1 at Ea = 1,95 V. The value of the effective activation energy indicates the electrochemical nature of polarization, and its decrease with an increase in the anodic potential indicates a decrease in the strength of the bond between oxygen and the LOTC surface., Травление изделий из углеродистой стали в растворах серной кислоты является, с одной стороны, распространенным процессом в машиностроении, с другой стороны, вредным для экологии. По мере снижения концентрации H2SO4 и насыщения раствора Fe2SO4 скорость травления оксидной пленки на поверхности стали снижается. Поэтому при снижении концентрации H2SO4 до 25-30 г/л процесс травления прекращают и проводят замену травильного раствора. При этом концентрация Fe2SO4 достигает 400 г/л. При травлении наблюдается два процесса: растворение оксидов и растворения железа, которое находится под слоем оксидов. Эти два процесса могут протекать одновременно. Исследование электродных процессов в растворах серной кислоты, содержащие неорганические и органические примеси является основой для разработки технологических показателей регенерации отработанных сульфатных растворов. Для исследования использовали мало изнашиваемые анодные материалы - платину и оксид свинца (IV). Для определения кинетических закономерностей протекания анодного процесса на избранных анодных материалах применили вольтамперометрию с построением полученных зависимостей в тафелевских координатах. Поляризационные зависимости состоят из двух прямолинейных участков с перегибом при lgia ≈ -1,8 (ia, А·см-2). Наклон первого участка не зависит от концентрации H2SO4 и составляет 120 мВ. Наклон второго участка, для растворов с концентрацией H2SO4 0,05 ... 0,37 моль·дм-3, составляет 60 мВ, а для концентрации 2,5 моль·дм-3 - 71 мВ. Изменение концентрации серной кислоты практически не влияет на поляризацию анода. При концентрации 5,0 моль·дм-3, в области большой плотности тока (≥ 1500 А∙м-2), потенциал анода превышает ТНЗ для диоксида свинца. Это способствует адсорбции сульфат ионов на поверхности композиционного анода и начала образования активного кислорода. В этих условиях, на платиновом аноде наблюдается выделение перекиси водорода. Концентрация Н2SO4 значительно влияет на механизм и кинетику выделения кислорода. Поляризационные зависимости состоят из двух прямолинейных участков с разным наклоном. Для всего диапазона концентраций серной кислоты, в области малых плотностей тока наблюдается участок с наклоном в 120 мВ. Концентрация серной кислоты на этом участке не влияет на кинетику процесса, что согласуется с литературными данными для платины. Нулевой порядок по рН и независимость от концентрации серной кислоты для этого участка указывает, что наиболее вероятным механизмом выделения кислорода является разряд воды. Полученные значения эффективной энергии активации процесса выделения кислорода на ОСТП близки к результатам полученным на платине - 41,8 кДж∙моль-1 при Еа = 1,95 В. Величина эффективной энергии активации указывает на электрохимическую природу поляризации, и ее снижение при увеличении анодного потенциала - на уменьшение прочности связи кислорода с поверхностью ОСТП.

The synthesis of carbon nitride supported lead oxide nanoparticles (CNLO) has been reported by the pyrolysis of urea under ambient pressure and high-temperature conditions in the presence of lead n...

This work aims to compare the performance between natural rubber (NR) composites with lead oxide (PbO) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as shielding fillers for gamma radiation shielding applications. Mod...

In the present paper, a composite containing mixed oxides of tin and lead has been synthesized by the method of pulsed high-voltage discharge. Material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The composite consists of SnO2 and PbO particles with an average size of ~350 nm, and SnPb2O4 nanowhiskers with size of 100 nm in diameter and few microns in length. The electrochemical performance of nanocomposite as a potential anode of lithium-ion battery has been investigated by the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test in the potential range of 3.0–0.005 V. The reversible capacity of 821 mA·h/g was realized after 5-fold cycling at a current density of 100 mA/g. It was established that further cycling of the material is accompanied by a dramatic capacity fade: only 13 % of the initial capacity was obtained already after 10 cycles. The observed degradation in performance of nanocomposite results from its inability to compensate large lithiation/delithiation-induced volume expansion.

A new set of bismuth lead borate glasses is synthesized using melt quenching technique with the chemical composition 39B2O3 + 30PbO + 20MO + 10Bi2O3 + 1Eu2O3 (where M = K, Na, Ca, Sr and Ba). Lead based host matrix has been chosen since it acts as an effective material for radiation shielding applications. 30% of Lead oxide is used in every glass along with the varying modifier oxides and the comparative study is reported. The amorphous nature is confirmed via XRD analysis for the synthesized glasses. The physical and structural properties are calculated to get a clear idea about the potentiality of shielding that every glass can withstand. Mechanical strength of the glass is checked by calculating the Poisson’s ratio, since breakage of glasses under stress conditions also need to be tested very much in the nuclear reactors for safety purposes. Optical studies are carried out through UV–Vis absorption spectra and the transitions between the energy levels of Eu3+ ions are reported. By using Tauc’s plot direct and indirect band gap values are calculated along with Urbach energy values. Additionally, the radiation shielding properties of the synthesized glasses are also calculated by using both XCOM and ESTAR programs.

Soluble lead flow batteries (SLFBs), a potential form of large-scale energy storage, are currently facing the challenge of short cycle life. We previously demonstrated that by adding sodium acetate...

Background: Lead oxide nanoparticles are emitted in the workplace air of copper smelters. They are also a by-product in many other metallurgical industries. Objectives: Adverse health effects of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) were assessed in vivo using various routes of exposure with special attention paid to particle cardiotoxicity. Materials and methods: The subacute inhalation experiments were conducted on outbred female rats exposed to the generated aerosol of PbO-NPs in the concentration of 1.30 ± 0.10 mg/m3, 4 hours a day during five consecutive days, using the Nose-Only Inhalation Exposure System. The study of subchronic exposure to PbO-NPs was conducted on male rats using intraperitoneal injections made thrice a week during six weeks (18 injections in total). Conclusions: Following both types of exposure to PbO-NPs, we observed changes in toxicological indices including those specific for lead including a decrease in hemoglobin counts, an increase in blood reticulocyte counts and urine concentrations of δ-aminolevulenic acid. The subacute inhalation exposure to PbO-NPs affected electrocardiographic findings in animals (an increase in amplitudes of P and T waves) while the subchronic intraperitoneal injections decreased blood pressure and changed biochemical indices of the cardiovascular system (decreased activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the concentration of endodelin-1).

The radiation shielding effects and elastic properties of adding lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) to glasses was analyzed. Six different glasses, coded as G1-G6, were simulated with varying compositions of bismuth oxide and lead oxide, with G1 having the lowest density and G6 having the greatest. MCNP-5 code was used to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, tenth value layer, and mean free path of the glasses, the latter of which was compared with other radiation shields. These parameters were investigated between 0.015 MeV and 15 MeV. The bond compression model was utilized to analyze various parameters that describe the elastic properties of the glass samples. From the ultrasonic wave measurement result, the substitution of PbO and Bi2O3 which working as a network modifier towards SiO2 glass systems would break up the Si–O–Si bonds along with all the formation of non-bridging oxygen's which give the impact in the elastic moduli analysis of the glasses.

The present work aims to investigate the effect of nanofiller, lead oxide on the mechanical, thermal, and water intake behavior of luffa fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer matrix composites. Filler mat...

Our goal in this research is to investigate the effect ofconcrete incorporated with nanoparticles of lead oxide inpowder form by different percentages on Gamma-ray shieldingcharacteristics. The lead oxide nanostructure was synthesizedthrough the reaction of citric acid (C6H7O8.H2O) solution andlead acetate (Pb (C2H3O2)) solution as stabilizer and precursor,respectively. In this synthesis, the prepared lead oxidenanostructure was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Theprepared PbO consists of the crystallites about 50 nm. Theconcrete samples were prepared according to the localstandards of building materials and doped with PbO nanopowders by different percentages, 0%, 5%and 10% (by weight)by replacing cement and keeping constant w/c ratio. Moreover,commercial PbO bulk powder additive was used to check theeffect of particle size on concrete attenuation properties. The γ-rays attenuation coefficients were measured as a function of theadditive percentage of nanoparticles of lead oxides and using γ-ray point source,126Ra with different energies in the range(0.295- 1.73) MeV. The results were compared with that fornormal concrete incorporated with the same percentage of bulklead oxide. It was found that the γ-ray attenuation coefficientfor concrete doped with nanoparticles of PbO was slightlyimproved.

As a common heavy metal in the sintering flue gas, Pb can exist in the form of oxide (PbO) and lead to the decrease in the denitration catalysts activity. Ce–Mn/AC (activated carbon) and PbO–Ce–Mn/AC catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and their selective catalytic reduction of NH3 with NO was studied. Results showed that selective catalytic reduction activity of Ce–Mn/AC decreased remarkably after doping PbO. And the NO conversion of Ce–Mn/AC reached 94.52% at 200 °C, while the value was reduced to 65.8% after doping PbO at the same temperature. The doping of PbO decreased the total pore volume and oxygen functional groups of activated carbon, increased crystallinity of Mn oxides on the catalyst, decreased Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen content and then inhibited the “fast selective catalytic reduction” denitration reaction for Ce–Mn/AC catalysts. On this basis, the poisoning effects of lead oxide on Ce–Mn/AC catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction were revealed.

In this work, we report an electrochemical route to directly reduce solid lead oxide (PbO) to lead in an acetamide-1-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate (acetamide-MIMTfO) low-temperature molten salt. A cyclic voltammogram recorded using a graphite cavity electrode filled with PbO powder reveals that solid PbO can be directly electrochemically reduced to lead. Constant voltage electrolysis experiments with a PbO pellet cathode and a high-purity graphite anode were performed under different constant voltages (2.2–2.8 V) and at 343 K for different durations (2–6 h). XRD patterns of the electrolysis products confirm that the PbO pellet can be thoroughly reduced to lead after 6 h electrolysis. The present electrochemical route and acetamide-MIMTfO low-temperature molten salt can be used for extracting metals from their oxides at room temperature.

The silicon surface texture significantly affects the current density and efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, only a few studies have explored fabricating perovskite on textured silicon and the effect of texture on perovskite films because of the limitations of solution processes. Here we produce conformal perovskite on textured silicon with a dry two-step conversion process that incorporates lead oxide sputtering and direct contact with methyl ammonium iodide. To separately analyze the influence of each texture structure on perovskite films, patterned texture, high-resolution photoluminescence (μ-PL), and light beam-induced current (μ-LBIC), 3D mapping is used. This work elucidates conformal perovskite on textured surfaces and shows the effects of textured silicon on the perovskite layers with high-resolution 3D mapping. This approach can potentially be applied to any type of layer on any type of substrate. The efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is affected by silicon surface texture, however fabrication processes in solution limit surface studies. Here a perovskite layer on textured silicon is formed through a dry two-step conversion process with lead oxide sputtering and direct contact with methyl ammonium iodide.

A high second harmonic generation response is demonstrated by a Pb6O5(NO3)2 lead oxynitrate whose identity was verified upon reinvestigation of the PbO–Pb(NO3)2 system. Its crystal structure exhibi...

Although sodium bismuth titanate-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are a good substitute for lead oxide-based piezoelectric ceramics, their piezoelectric properties are still inferior to those of lead oxide-based ceramics. In this paper, the variation of piezoelectricity of sodium bismuth titanate-barium titanate (NBBT) ceramics after high temperature reduction was researched. A kind of ceramic with piezoelectric and flexoelectric properties was obtained by reducing one surface of ceramics at a high temperature. The relationship between the reduction structure and piezoelectric properties was studied by analyzing the crystal structure and microstructure of the original samples and the reduced samples. It was found that the piezoelectricity of NBBT was improved after reduction, in which the piezoelectric constant d33 reached 133 pC/N, while it was 120 pC/N before reduction. The maximum displacement of the bipolar strain curve increased 50% after reduction. The change of properties is attributed to the combination of the flexoelectric effect generated by the reduction and the original piezoelectric effect.

Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H1-NMR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterize the molecular and crystal structure of lead methacrylate [Pb(MAA)2] which was produced by the double decomposition reaction of lead oxide and methacrylic acid. Isothermal analysis and Kelen–Tudos (K–T) method were used to study the self-polymerization kinetic and the monomer reactivity ratios of Pb(MAA)2 and methyl methacrylate (MMA), respectively. By the ternary polymerization method of bulk casting using MMA, Pb(MAA)2 and gadolinium methacrylate (Gd(MAA)3) as monomers, we prepared the plexiglass which have neutron and X-ray protection property. The results show that the polymerization rate (Rp) is expressed as Rp = K[M]1.02[I]0.37 below the 10% conversion rate at 70 °C, where K is the polymerization rate constant. And in the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, the activation energy required for Pb(MAA)2 to initiate self-polymerization by the free radicals is 74.99 kJ·mol−1. The reactivity ratios of r1 [Pb(MAA)2] and r2 (MMA) are 3.767 and 0.166. As the thickness of the material increases, the X-ray and thermal neutron shielding ability of the plexiglass containing gadolinium and lead is getting better and better.

Extended inorganic hybrids are highly tunable, with changes in the identity of each component giving rise to a variety of different architectures and symmetries. Lead oxide carboxylates are a family of extended inorganic hybrids in which inorganic substructures based on edge-sharing Pb4O tetrahedra are further coordinated by carboxylate ligands. It has previously been shown that the dimensionality of these compounds correlates with the noncoordinating to coordinating volume ratio of the organic ligand. Here, we present five novel lead oxide carboxylates – two with isomeric naphthoate ligands and three with isomeric biphenylcarboxylate ligands – in order to address the role of ligand geometry in directing the spatial arrangement and symmetry of inorganic motifs in these compounds. The compounds have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. In these compounds, the spatial arrangement of helical inorganic chains is controlled by the extent to which ligands on a given chain fill space immediately surrounding that chain. Noncovalent interaction index calculations have been undertaken for the naphthoate compounds in order to visualize the role of aromatic-aromatic interactions in stabilizing the structures. The structural patterns found here may be applicable to other hybrid systems containing one-dimensional, extended inorganic substructures.

The purpose of this study was to select and propose an applicable method for extracting lead from sphalerite concentrate direct leaching residue. A large number of experiments were conducted to extract lead from sphalerite concentrate direct leaching residue by hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride solution as leachates. The main optimum parameters were determined, such as a liquid-solid ratio of 17.5-1, a reaction temperature of 85?C, an initial hydrochloric acid concentration of 1.3 mol/L, an initial sodium chloride concentration of 300 g/L, and a reaction time of 60 min. Ninety-five percent of the zinc, 96.0% of the iron, and 93.7% of the lead were extracted into leachate at the optimum conditions. The lead in the leachate was in the form of [PbCl4]2-. After the leachate was purified to remove impurities, it was converted into lead oxalate by sodium oxalate as a precipitant. Finally, lead oxalate was decomposed to obtain lead oxide powders via a high-temperature calcination process.

Green and ecofriendly route for biosynthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles has been successfully demonstrated using aqueous leaf extracts of Sageretia thea (Osbeck.). Biosynthesized PbO (∼27 nm) nanoparticles were extensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman, EDS etc. Morphology was studied through HR-TEM/SEM. As synthesized nanoparticles were investigated for their iv-vitro biological properties. Antibacterial activities revealed enhancement upon modulation by UV in a concentration dependent manner. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the most resistant strain (MIC = 250 µg/mL and MICuv = 31.25 µg/ml). MTT cytotoxicity on leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes revealed significant inhibition as indicated by their IC50 values of 14.7 µg/mL and 11.95 µg/m respectively. Cytotoxicity was also confirmed using brine shrimp lethality (IC50 = 27.7 µg/mL). Bio-compatibility evaluation indicated cytotoxicity to freshly isolated human macrophages (IC50 = 57.1 µg/mL). Insignificant alpha-amylase inhibition and moderate protein kinase inhibition was revealed. Antioxidant activities indicated free radical scavenging activity (58 ± 2.45) at 200 µg/mL. Moderate total reducing power and total antioxidant activity was also indicated. Overall, we conclude lead oxide as a potential candidate for biological applications, however further studies are recommended on their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity. Keywords: Lead oxide, Nanoparticles, Bioinspired, Antileishmanial, Antimicrobial

The ongoing interest in all-inorganic cesium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbBr3 NCs) is mainly due to their optical properties, in particular their high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Three-precursor synthetic methods, in which the sources of the three elements (cesium, lead and bromine) constituting the perovskite scaffold are chemically independent, often succeed in the achievement of near-unity PLQY perovskite NCs. However, this class of synthetic approaches precludes the accessibility to crystal morphologies different from the traditional cuboidal ones. In order to upgrade three-precursor synthetic schemes to obtain more sophisticated morphologies - such as rods - we propose a conceptually original synthetic methodology, in which a potentially controllable stage of the reaction anticipates the fast crystallization promoted by cesium injection. To this purpose, lead oxide, 1-bromohexane (at different molar ratios with respect to lead) and the ligands (oleic acid and a suitable amine) in 1-octadecene are reacted at 160 °C for an incubation period of 30 min before cesium injection. During this stage and at high C6H13Br/PbO molar ratios, the bromide release from reactions between the ligands and 1-bromohexane promotes the evolution of [PbBr(2+n)]n- species as well as of two-dimensional [(RNH3)2(PbBr4)]n structures with a rod-like shape (aspect ratios ∼10). These structures act as the templating agents for the subsequent crystallization promoted by cesium injection, ensuring the formation of near-unity PLQY nanorods in the presence of decylamine. Conversely, the pronounced decomposition of the preformed [(RNH3)2(PbBr4)]n structures preludes to the formation of near-unity PLQY nanocubes in the presence of hexylamine. The amine choice exerts also an important role in the emission stability of the corresponding NCs, since the nanocubes prepared in the presence of hexylamine maintain their near-unity PLQYs up to 90 days under ambient conditions. In addition to the long-term PLQY stability, the nanorods prepared with decylamine also exhibit a remarkable resistance to the presence of water, due to the compact and hydrophobic organic shell passivating the NC surface. These findings can contribute to the development of innovative synthetic methodologies for controlling the shape and stability of near-unity PLQY perovskite NCs.

In this work, polymer composites of high density polyethylene reinforced by micro-sized and nanosized cadmium oxide, lead oxide, and a mixture of both with filler weight fraction of 30% were prepared by compression molding technique and characterized by scanning electron microscope. This investigation aims to present a comparative study between cadmium oxide and lead oxide according to their sizes as fillers in high density polyethylene polymeric matrix for gamma-radiation shielding applications. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients of the investigated composites were measured as a function of g-ray energies ranging from 59.53 keV to 1408.01 keV using standard radioactive point sources (241Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, 60Co, and 152Eu). The measurements were made with a narrow beam geometry setup using a well calibrated hyper pure germanium cylindrical detector. The theoretical values of the mass attenuation coefficients were evaluated using the XCOM program database. The experimental results demonstrated that, according to the filler size, cadmium oxide composite is better as a gamma absorber in the energy region less than 81 keV, while lead oxide composite is better in the energy region greater than 81 keV. Moreover, for the same chemical structure and weight fraction of the composite, nano fillers show better attenuation performance than micro fillers in high density polyethylene based radiation shielding material.

This work aimed to research the efficiency of gamma irradiation and shielding characteristics on the lead oxide (PbO) doped the crosslinked polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol (PS-b-PEG) block copolymers and polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol-boron nitride (PS-b-PEG-BN) nanocomposites materials. The crosslinked PS-b-PEG block copolymers and PS-b-PEG-BN nanocomposites mixed with different percentage rates of PbO were used to research gamma-ray shielding characteristics. The synthesis of the copolymer was done by emulsion polymerization methods. The characterization and morphological analyses of irradiated samples were explored handling with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. The gamma-rays that were emitted from the E&nbsp, 152u source were observed with a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector system and examined with a GammaVision computer program. Our samples, including the different percentage rates of the PS-b-PEG (1000, 1500, 10,000), BN, and PbO, were irradiated in various gamma-ray photon energy regions (from 121.78 keV to 1408.01 keV). Then, Linear-Mass Attenuation Coefficients (LACs-MACs), Half-Tenth Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP), and Radiation Protection Efficiency (RPE) values of the samples were calculated. Via crosschecking the acquired data from samples with and without PbO and BN, it was observed that, if the different percentage rates by weight nano-powder of PbO and BN are added in the polymer mixture, it can be used as a convenient shielding material against gamma rays.

Carbon materials are one of the most important additives used in lead-acid batteries (LABs) to solve irreversible sulfation. Being the next generation additive for LABs, they exhibit more excellent performance. The addition of carbon materials to negative active material (NAM) is used to enhance the performance of batteries. In this paper, the composite of lead oxide and carbon (LC) was prepared by the pyrolysis of a mixture of highly graphitized porous carbon (HPC) and PbCO3. Compared with the control cell, the initial specific discharge capacity was increased by 16.5% when LC material was added to NAM. Finally, a possible mechanism for the improvement of the cycle performance of LC cell was proposed. The adoption of LC material can eliminate the difference in density between Pb and C, and thus make them evenly mixed. The uniformly dispersed HPC can promote electrolyte circulation and effectively limit the overgrowth of irreversible PbSO4. At the same time, the presence of -Pb-COO chemical bond can strengthen the stability of lead-carbon electrodes.