Search

Purpose: To compare the short-term cost and effectiveness of calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate (Cal/BD) cutaneous foam against nonbiologic systemics in psoriasis patients for whom oral systemic or topical therapy is considered appropriate in seven European countries. Methods: Matching-adjusted indirect comparisons of four-week PASI-75 responses of Cal/BD foam were performed versus 12-week responses of methotrexate, acitretin, fumaric acid esters (FAE) and 16-week responses of apremilast. Analyses took a payer perspective and included drug, physician visit and monitoring costs. Results: In all countries, Cal/BD foam generated the lowest cost per responder (CPR). Against methotrexate, apremilast and acitretin, Cal/BD foam generated response for less than euro190 in Italy, euro195 in Portugal, euro216 in Greece, 218 pound in the United Kingdom, euro250 in Belgium, euro319 in Spain, and euro359 in the Netherlands. Relative to treatment with FAE, Cal/BD foam resulted in response for less than euro298, euro430, euro382 and 262 pound in Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, respectively. For Cal/BD foam, apremilast and FAE, total costs were driven by drug costs; for methotrexate and acitretin, by monitoring. Conclusions: Driven by its lower costs and high response rates, Cal/BD foam is likely to be a cost-effective option over the short-term in the investigated psoriasis population.

La pudrición radical del aguacate es un problema devastador en todas las áreas donde se produce el cultivo en Colombia y en el mundo. En vivero y durante los dos primeros años de establecimiento del cultivo se reportan pérdidas entre 30 y 50 % y en campo, incidencias de la enfermedad hasta 75%. Esta revisión está enfocada a proponer alternativas para el Manejo Integrado de la Enfermedad, MIE, involucrando prácticas basadas en manejo cultural y biológico, uso de patrones resistentes y manejo químico. La sanidad, involucra medidas para reducir la posibilidad de introducción de la enfermedad al vivero, como: a) esterilización del sustrato con fumigantes químicos, b) buena ventilación entre plantas, c) buenos drenajes y d) tratamiento de las semillas con agua caliente o fungicidas sistémicos. El manejo cultural y biológico, hace referencia a la aplicación de prácticas que reducen la incidencia de la pudrición de las raíces, como la siembra de las plántulas en montículos y la aplicación de hongos como Trichoderma harzianum, respectivamente. El empleo de patrones resistentes como Martín Grande G755a, G755b y G755c de Guatemala, NATU-001 y CANO-008 de Colombia y, Duke 6, Duke 7 y Thomas, de México, es la alternativa más eficiente para controlar la enfermedad, complementada con el uso racional de fungicidas protectantes antes del trasplante del grupo de los ditiocarbamatos y de sistémicos en el campo de los grupos de las acilalaninas y fosfonatos, como metalaxil y fosetil-Al, respetivamente. Todas las prácticas mencionadas están enfocadas dentro del modelo logístico de Van der Plank.

Avaliou-se a eficácia de lactonas macrocíclicas (ivermectina e moxidectina) sobre a eventual ocorrência de efeitos colaterais e acompanharam-se, após a alta parasitológica, por 12 meses, os cães tratados, visando detectar a recidiva do quadro dermatopático. Dos 63 animais, 59% eram fêmeas, 76% apresentavam precisa definição racial e 67% tinham pelame curto. A ivermectina (0,6mg/kg/dia) foi administrada por via oral a 31 cães, e a moxidectina (0,5mg/kg/cada 72 horas), pela mesma via, a 32 animais. Os tempos médios para a obtenção da primeira negativação do exame parasitológico do raspado cutâneo e para a consecução da alta foram, respectivamente, de 90 e 130 dias para a ivermectina e de 108 e 147 dias para a moxidectina. A ivermectina acarretou menos (16,1%) efeitos colaterais em relação à moxidectina (37,5%) (P=0,03). As recidivas foram, respectivamente, 10,3% e 13% para ivermectina e moxidectina. Não houve diferença entre os dois protocolos de terapia quanto aos percentuais de recidiva (P=0,67) e eficácia (P=0,61). Ambas as lactonas macrocíclicas mostraram-se eficazes: ivermectina 89,7% e moxidectina 87%. The efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin for treatment of generalized canine demodicosis, was evaluated to detect the eventual occurrence of side effects caused by the use of these drugs, and to follow the treated dogs for 12 months after obtaining parasitologic cure. Of 63 dogs, 59% were females, 76% were defined as purebred and 67% had short hair. Ivermectin (0.6mg/kg/daily) was orally administered to 31 dogs and moxidectin (0.5mg/kg/every 72 hours) to 32 dogs. The average number of days to obtain the first negative skin scraping results and the parasitologic cure were, respectively, 90 and 130 days for ivermectin, and 108 and 147 days for moxidectin. Ivermectin caused fewer side effects (16.1%) than moxidectin (37.5%) (P0.67) and efficacy (P>0.61). Both drugs were effective and safe to treat generalized canine demodicosis: ivermectin 89.7% and moxidectin 87.0%.

Eleven fungicides were screened, over three seasons, for efficacy against crucifer downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica, on cabbage seedlings grown in 24-modular polystyrene trays. Starting 10 days after emergence, seedlings were treated with weekly foliar applications of fungicide formulations. Percentage disease severity was assessed weekly using a visual rating scale; the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each treatment. A single assessment of final disease severity was an inadequate parameter for comparison of fungicide efficacy. However, AUDPC facilitated clear separation of treatments and provided an integrated measure of disease control. The mixture of cymoxanil and mancozeb was consistently found to be the most effective fungicide against crucifer downy mildew. Other fungicides that provided control included systemics (oxadixyl as a mixture with mancozeb and propamocarb) and protectants (mancozeb, chlorothalonil and cupric hydroxide). All metalaxyl-based fungicides were ineffective.

In response to the call that systems practitioners need to produce a “second epistemological break” corresponding to a shift of interest from “systems science” to “systems rationality,” it is submitted that the preparation for this “break” has already been carried out. It is shown that systems rationality is firmly established and central to the French school of thought in systemics and that the philosophical groundwork has been extensively laid out by Edgar Morin. A very limited expose of Morin's work is presented in support of this claim.

Ten systemic and non-systemic fungicides were evaluated in vitro and under glasshouse and field conditions for control of potato black scurf disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole (TBZ), and carboxin were superior to all others in inhibiting mycelial growth of the test fungus in vitro. Also, when applied as seed-tuber dust treatments, the three systemics provided the best control of rhizoctonia stem canker under both glasshouse and field conditions. Dust formulations with 2.5% a.i. of benomyl, TBZ, and carboxin, applied at the rate of 1 kg/100 kg seed-tubers, gave control comparable to that of the 2-methoxyethyl mercuric chloride dip treatment.

High-volume foliage sprays of 18 compounds including 13 systemic fungicides in field trials at 4-week intervals did not control vascular-streak dieback (VSD) of cocoa caused by Oncobasidium theobromae in Papua New Guinea. Soil drenching with carbendazim and other systemics was also ineffective, possibly because insufficient carbendazim may have been taken up into the xylem to inhibit the fungus. Stem paints with four systemic fungicides in aqueous formulations were also ineffective, but 4-weekly stem painting of the hardened bark of young seedlings with 10 g/l propiconazole in 25% white oil caused a highly significant reduction in VSD incidence under field conditions. The treatment had no curative effect. Some phytotoxicity was observed but this was not apparent when the concentration of propiconazole was doubled and the treatment interval lengthened to 8 weeks. The ineffectiveness of systemic fungicides as soil drenches and foliage applications was probably due to failure of these compounds to accumulate at the shoot apex where infection occurs. A stable and non-toxic formulation containing surfactants was developed which may improve control by aiding bark penetration by propiconazole or related compounds.

From preliminary screening of 14 systemic compounds with cacao seedlings in Costa Rica, Thimet, Chipman R-6200 ( 0,0 -diethyl S-(2-diethylamino)ethyl phosphorothiolate), demeton, Isolan and dimefox were selected for further study. These five systemics were compared on the basis of their translocation and persistence in the foliar parts of mature cacao trees after trunk implantation, their effect on the flavor of chocolate produced from beans from the treated trees, and the level and nature of residues in the beans using radiotracer and anticholinesterase methods of analysis. Thimet and Chipman R-6200 were readily translocated into the foliar portions of cacao trees and persisted for as long as 20 months after a single implantation treatment. Little or no residues were found in the cacao beans at any time after treatment regardless of the pod position on the trees in relation to the site of implantation. Studies with radioactive R-6200 demonstrated a high concentration of phosphorus-containing residues in the cotyledons of the cacao beans but these materials did not partition into chloroform and did not inhibit cholinesterase and therefore cannot be considered as hazardous residues. No off flavors were detected in chocolate from beans harvested from any of the systemic treatments but definite off-flavors were obtained when BHC was used as a foliar spray. The insecticidal efficiency of the systemics was not studied because the insect populations in the treated areas were not adequate for this purpose.

Small plot experiments were conducted with Thimet and Bayer 19639 seed treatments used alone and in combination with an in-the-furrow fungicidal treatment with nabam. The systemic insecticide seed treatments were also compared with a standard toxaphene spray program. The seed treatments resulted in effective thrips control until midJune and some aphid control until midAugust. Bayer 19639 appeared to give slightly better aphid control than Thimet. In the April plantings, when the soil was cool and damp, there were serious reductions in stand in the systemic seed treatments. The addition of nabam to the systemic insecticide seed treatments resulted in much better stands, and also lessened the severity of the phytotoxic effects of both Thimet and Bayer 19639. Results indicated there should be no reduction in stand, provided the same number of seed are planted, from the use of the systemics under conditions conducive to good germination. Yields were not increased by the use of the systemic insecticides or toxaphene spray treatments. The maturity of the plants was delayed considerably in the plots having the seed treated with systemic insecticides.

Several systemic compounds were added to the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown roses and broadcast over beds of field-grown roses. UC 21149 [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O -(methylcarbamoyl)oxime] was the only compound that provided control without phytotoxicity. In addition, plants treated with UC 21149 responded with a considerable increase in growth and flower production.

The field of systemic fungicidal control has enjoyed several breakthroughs within the past 7 or 8 years, which undoubtedly will be landmarks in the history of fungicidal control. The discovery of the oxathiins (211), the pyri­ midines (61), and benzimidazoles (51, 201, 216) opened up practical possi­ bilities for the control of plant disease that have increased the intensity of work in the area of control, and subsequently on mode of action and translo­ cation. Systemic fungicides undoubtedly will cover susceptible foliage and flower parts more efficiently than protectant fungicides because of their ability to translocate through the cuticle and across leaves. For instance Ramsdell & Ogawa (166) reported that, after prebloom spray with benomyl, every sus­ ceptible flower part of stone fruit trees contained methyl-2-benzimidazolecar­ bam ate (MBC) and was protected against Sclerotinia laxa, the cause of brown rot. Also, Kaars Sijpesteijn (119) noted that the more specific modern systemic fungicides inhibited biosynthetic processes rather than cell respiration (en­ ergy producing processes). This quality should be advantageous in that con­ centrations of the fungicide too low to affect the relatively slower-growing plant might be active enough to suppress the faster-growing fungus. At least some of the systemics act at the DNA level (40). The world at this time is particularly concerned about chemical pollution, which might, at first thought, discourage work on systemic fungicides. How­ ever, if the total dosage and number of treatments needed for control can be reduced, excess chemical use could be avoided. Also systemics may replace certain dangerous chemicals. For instance Ogawa expects that benomyl may

Preplant soil applications of disulfoton, phorate, thiofanox, aldicarb, and carbofuran to tomatoes for control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) showed disulfoton to be the least effective material. Presently, disulfoton is the only soil systemic labeled for use on tomatoes for control of this insect. The other insecticides gave season-long control of Colorado potato beetle. Band treatments were more effective than furrow treatments.

A study to determine the effects of control of thrips, Frankiniella spp., on the growth and yield of peanuts was conducted over a 3-year period in Georgia. The insecticides used included both systemics and nonsystemics. Species of thrips infesting peanuts in 1965 were tobacco thrips, F. fusca (Hinds); flower thrips, F. tritici (Fitch); and F. bispinosa (Morgan). Rate of growth and flower production were not affected by use of insecticides. Infestation of thrips were reduced, but yields of peanuts were not increased when control measures were used.

Four experiments, beginning in 1963, were conducted at Gainesville, Florida, to evaluate insecticides for control of Diaphania nilidalis (Stoll) on summer squash. Carbaryl consistently gave as good or better control than other materials tested. Lindane, endosulfan, and trichlorfon also gave good control although trichlorfon was not so consistent. Monsanto CP-47114 (O,O -dimethyl O -4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate) at 1 1b active per acre gave excellent control and should be tested further, furadan® (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-7-bellzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and Ortho 9006 ( O, S -dimethyl phosphoramidothioate), both systemics, also gave good control, but they are not likely to be recommended for usc on squash, unless it can be shown that they are rapidly degraded and will not leave hazardous residues.

Eleven organophosphorous compounds in carbon formulation were tested as seed systemics for phytotoxicity to barley and oats, and control of aphids on oats. Ph orate, Bayer 25198 ( O, O -dimethyl- O-p -(methylsulfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate), Di-Syston®( O, O -diethyl S -2 (ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithio-ate), dimethoate, and phosphamidon were promising. Phorate and Di-Syston did not. prevent transmission of barley yellow-dwarf virus to small plots of oats by migrating alate aphids.

Two vinyl phosphates which contain carboxyamide groupings (Shell 3562 (2-dimethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate) and phosphamidon) were found to be effectively localized in the cortical twig tissues of elm trees following trunk implantation. Shell 3562 prevented niches from exceeding 3.0 mm. for 15 and 29 days after treatment, respectively, with tree dosages of 6 and 18 gm. The method of assay involved feeding-niche length and beetle mortality of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.) when exposed to twigs from treated trees. The properties responsible for the above action of the systemics are apparently one or both of the following: (1) a high water solubility and (2) a phosphate or phosphorothiolate rather than a phosphorothionate or phosphorodithioate compound.

Insecticidal tests to control a pinyon stunt needle midge, Janetiella sp. near coloradensis Felt, were conducted in a landscape planting in Fort Collins, Colorado. Acceptable control was obtained with the systemics carbofuran G and oxydemetonmethyl (foliar spray). Oxydemetonmethyl gave the better control. Dimethoate, as a foliar spray did not give acceptable control. Oxydemetonmethyl and carbofuran also killed an important larval parasite, Platygaster pini Fouts which acts as a natural control agent.

Ronnel (formerly designated Dow ET-57, O, O -dimethyl O -(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate, Trolene,® or Korlan®) was administered orally to steers at three locations at two dosage levels in the feed; 15 mg./kg./day for 7 days, and 25 mg./kg./day for 6 days. Bayer 21/199 also called Co-Ral® ( O -(3-chloro-4-methylumbelliferone) O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate) was applied to steers at two locations as either a 0.5% suspension or emulsion at 250 pounds pressure. There was no difference grub ( Hypoderma sp.) control, weight gain, feed efficiency or carcass grades between treatments at each location. Grub control at the three locations ranged from 76.3 to 98.6%.

Resultats d'essais de lutte contre Phytophthora parasitica sur le tabac avec le metalaxyl ou d'autres fongicides systemiques en melange avec des nematicides/insecticides ainsi qu'avec le metalaxyl en combinaison avec des fumigants du sol

Etablissement de cultures mixtes de P. v. et de vignes in vitro, applications a un systeme experimental simple d'evaluation du metalaxyl pour lutter contre le mildiou

The trial was located at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. The major objective of the 1987 insecticide trials was to compare at-plant-and-time-of-emergence soil systemic treatments in dryland sites (Crookston, Minn., and Grand Forks, N. Dak.) and irrigated locations (Park Rapids and Brooten, Minn.). Soil systemic treatments were present at each site with various combinations of foliars. CPB are at least 100-fold resistant to Pydrin and 40-fold resistant to Ambush + Pounce at this location. Plots were 4 40-inch rows 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. B-size Norchip seed was planted on 5 May and planting treatments of Temik and Thimet applied over the row. The soil was a clay type, permitting granules to fall into soil openings along the planting ridge. Soil moisture was very good. Emergence treatments were applied on 29 May when potato plants were 2 inches high. Soil was cultivated over the emergence treatment. Wintering CPB adults were present in higher than normal numbers on this date. Foliars were applied on 20 and 28 Jun, 10 and 22 Jul, and 8 Aug according to an experimental plan of 1, 3, and 5 foliars. Foliars applied over the emergence soil systemic were applied 20 Jun and 8 Aug. Adult emergence from an adjacent potato plot threatened to overwhelm these studies in July (note adult defoliation column in table). Thus, we waited for modest second-generation oviposition and then treated the entire study with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre of Penncap-M on 24 Jul. Three applications of fungicide were applied independently of insecticides. Yields were taken from the center 2 plot rows, graded #1 and B-size, weighed, and recorded.

Dimethoate and oxydemetonmethyl were superior to 7 other candidate systemics as trunk treatments for control of the spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch. Applied after mid-February, these 2 materials more than doubled the 2-week period of protection available with foliar sprays and currently considered desirable for acceptable aphicides on Florida citrus. Four materials, tested as soil treatments, were not effective at dosages used.