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We study the surface and interfacial morphology of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer with the solvent additive effect by using the X-ray reflectivity and the grazing incidence X-ray scattering techniques. The BHJ layer consists of poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl) (PTB7) and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) deposited on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) coated Si substrate. An interfacial layer with a low electron density is observed between the BHJ and PEDOT:PSS layers, which becomes less distinct when the additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) is added to the film processing solvent. This result indicates that DIO causes PC71BM to become more uniformly distributed throughout the entire BHJ layer. The surface roughness of the BHJ significantly decreases with increasing addition of DIO. The understanding of the surface and interfacial morphology gives an important clue to improving the structures and efficiency.

The fused dithieno[2,3- d :2′,3′- d ′]benzo[1,2- b :4,5- b ′]dithiophene (DTBDT) structure was coupled with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moieties to generate highly planar bis(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4- c ]pyrrole-1,4-dione)dithieno[2,3- d :2′,3′- d ′]benzo[1,2- b :4,5- b ′]dithiophene (DTBDTDPP-EH) and bis(2,5-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4- c ]pyrrole-1,4-dione)dithieno[2,3- d :2′,3′- d ′]benzo[1,2- b :4,5- b ′]dithiophene (DTBDTDPP-BO) molecules, where the EH and BO stands for 2-ethylhexyl and 2-butyloctyl groups respectively. The morphology of the DTBDTDPP-EH alone or DTBDTDPP-EH:[6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend film was controlled using post-thermal annealing at 130 °C or addition of 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additives. The DIO-additive treatment was more effective than thermal annealing at increasing crystallinity; the DIO-additives promoted the formation of nanoscopically well-connected molecular crystalline domains in the blend films. This observation well explained the ordering of the photovoltaic properties of DTBDTDPP-EH:PCBM devices: from worst to best, as-cast, thermally treated, and DIO-treated photoactive films. The DTBDTDPP-BO:PCBM device followed the similar trend with lower performances due to the presence of irregularly overgrown domains. Overall, we demonstrate that it is critical to optimize nanoscale film morphologies by engineering alkyl chains and selecting an appropriate processing method.

We synthesized a series of acceptor-donor-acceptor-type small molecules (SIDPP-EE, SIDPP-EO, SIDPP-OE, and SIDPP-OO) consisting of a dithienosilole (SI) electron-donating moiety and two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) electron-withdrawing moieties each bearing linear n-octyl (O) and/or branched 2-ethylhexyl (E) alkyl side chains. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that SIDPP-EE and SIDPP-EO films were highly crystalline with pronounced edge-on orientation, whereas SIDPP-OE and SIDPP-OO films were less crystalline with a radial distribution of molecular orientations. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy disclosed an edge-on orientation with a molecular backbone tilt angle of ∼22° for both SIDPP-EE and SIDPP-EO. Our analysis of the molecular packing and orientation indicated that the shorter 2-ethylhexyl groups on the SI core promote tight π-π stacking of the molecular backbone, whereas n-octyl groups on the SI core hinder close π-π stacking to some degree. Conversely, the longer linear n-octyl groups on the DPP arms facilitate close intermolecular packing via octyl-octyl interdigitation. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations determined the optimal three-dimensional positions of the flexible alkyl side chains of the SI and DPP units, which elucidates the structural cause of the molecular packing and orientation explicitly. The alkyl-chain-dependent molecular stacking significantly affected the electrical properties of the molecular films. The edge-on oriented molecules showed high hole mobilities in organic field-effect transistors, while the radially oriented molecules exhibited high photovoltaic properties in organic photovoltaic cells. These results demonstrate that appropriate positioning of alkyl side chains can modulate crystallinity and molecular orientation in SIDPP films, which ultimately have a profound impact on carrier transport and photovoltaic performance.