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This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma in the oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres on oilseeds of sunflower and sesame, especially their physicochemical properties of extracted oils. Treated oilseeds were stored under controlled laboratory conditions, at 38% relative humidity and 20 °C. After 0, 7, 15, 21, and 30 days of storage, the oilseeds were subjected to oil extraction by Soxhlet. The results showed that free fatty acids and saturated fatty acid content in extracted oils increased even during 30 days storage at 20 °C by higher treatment times (30 min) in all oilseeds samples. However, after 15 min cold plasma treatment, unsaturated fatty acid content increased about 3.9 and 5% in sunflower and sesame oils, respectively. However, it can be decreased severely by 30 days storage of oilseeds with more prolonged treatment time (P > 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more sensitive to plasma reactive species, decomposed with higher rates, and reduced iodine value in both oils. The saponification value of both oils increased after plasma treatment and during the storage time. The total phenolic compound in both oils drastically decreased as the exposure and storage times increased, mainly when oxygen gas was applied (P

Most common cooking oil, such as soybean oil, can not be used for high-temperature applications, as they are highly susceptible to oxidation. Sesame seed oil rich in natural antioxidants provides high oxidative stability. Therefore, blending sesame oil with soybean oil offer improved oxidative stability. This study aims to determine the effect of frying on the physicochemical properties of sesame and soyabean oil blend. Soybean oil (SO) was blended with sesame seed oil (SSO) in the ratio of A-40:60, B-60:40 and C-50:50 so as to enhance its market acceptability. The changes occurring in soybean and sesame seed oil blend during repeated frying cycles were monitored. The parameters assessed were: Refractive index, specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value, free fatty acid (FFA) , peroxide value, and acid value. Fresh and fried oil blends were also characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant changes were observed for refractive index and specific gravity values in oil blends. Viscosity of blend B blend was the least, making it desirable for cooking purposes. However, FFA, acid value and peroxide value increased after each frying cycle. The increment of FFA and AV was found low for blend A (10% and 10%,) than blend B (27%,13%) and blend C (13%,13%). The peroxide value of all samples was within the acceptable range. The results of the present study definitely indicated that blending sesame oil with soybean oil could produce an oil blend which is economically feasible and provide desirable physicochemical properties for cooking purposes.

Soursop seeds present a potential source of edible oil production. This work was aimed at determining the effect of oven and sun drying on the chemical properties and lipid profile of soursop seed oil as well as the functional properties of the defatted seed flour. The chemical properties, lipid profiles, and functional properties of soursop seeds dried for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hr, and 0, 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively, in the oven and on the sun using time T0 as the control sample were determined using oil quality indices, gas phase chromatography, and functionality tests for flours, respectively, with a view of highlighting the potentials of the defatted seed. The result of the study revealed that the chemical properties of oils for oven‐dried and sun‐dried seeds changed with drying technique and time, with iodine value being the more affected parameter, and peroxide value (PV) being the least. The control exhibited the highest free fatty acids (FFAs), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, and saponification value compared with dried samples. The fatty acid profiling showed that the predominant fatty acids were C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6, and C16:0 and that unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and omega‐fats were not significantly affected by the oven drying time. The mean PUFA content ranged from 31.72% with sundried seeds to 30.92% after 30 hr of oven‐drying and was not significantly affected by the drying technique. The oils contained more n‐6 (30.60%) fatty acids than n‐3 (1.12%). The PUFA/SFA ratios [1.14–1.37] as well as the Atherogenic index (AI) [0.25–0.27] were acceptable because of the recommended range of FAO/WHO. PUFA/SFA, n‐6/n‐3, and Atherogenic index (AI) did not change much with the sun‐drying technique compared with oven‐drying. Flours from sun‐dried seeds had better functional properties than oven‐dried and more than 3 different types of proteins (based on isoelectric points of proteins). It can be concluded that soursop seed contains good quality oil, which can be exploited to improve nutrition. Manufacturers of animal feeds should explore the agro‐industrial use of its oil and defatted seed flour., Soursop seed presents a potential source for the production of edible oil. This work aimed at determining the effect of oven and sun‐drying on the chemical properties and lipid profile of soursop seed oil as well as the functional properties of the defatted seed flour. The chemical properties, lipid profile, and functional properties of soursop seed were determined using oil quality indices, gas phase chromatography, and functionalities tests for flour, respectively, with a view of highlighting the potentials of the seed. Soursop seed contains good quality oil, which can be exploited to improve nutrition. Manufacturers of animal feeds should explore the use of it oil and defatted seed flour.

Payenapara lleloneura Kurz. (Kan-zaw), an endemic medicinal plant only found in Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar, is widely used in the treatment of various cancer and different ailments. In the present research, the seeds were phytochemical investigated for their nutritional potential for their use as functional foods or novel diet oil resources. Nutritional evaluation showed that the seeds are rich in fats and carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch). Fatty acid analyses showed that the seeds accumulate very rich α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA, 18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans), an important conjugated fatty acid, up to more than 70 ​% of total fatty acids. The seed oil derived from the Kan-zaw tree contains approximately 3.25 ​% β-eleostearic acid (18:3Δ9trans,11trans,13trans), an unusual conjugated fatty acid that imparts a potent anticancer application and industrially important drying qualities to Kan-zaw oil. Physicochemical properties of the Kan-zaw seeds were examined; petroleum ether (60–90 ​°C) extract of seed oils were also investigated for the saponification value, iodine value and estimation of acid value. Further, the present study investigated cytotoxic potential of ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform Kan-zaw seed extracts and commercial Kan-zaw oil against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The Kan-zaw extracts and oil have shown significant anticancer activity on HeLa cells.

Vegetable oils are a valuable multivitamin raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industry due to the content of effective biologically active organic components and mineral substances. To assess the quality and food safety of unrefined vegetable oils obtained from sunflower seeds and flax of Kazakhstan agro-formations by the method of «cold pressing,» we studied the basic indicators of their qualitative and quantitative composition. It was found that the organoleptic characteristics (transparency, color, smell and taste) of the tested vegetable oils correspond to unrefined sunflower oil of the highest grade, unrefined linseed oil of the first grade. Studies of the physicochemical parameters of sunflower and linseed oils: colored number (14,40 mg of iodine), acid number (1,4-1,5 mg KOH/g), weight fraction of phosphoruscontaining substances (0,18% and 0,5%), humidity (0,13%; 0,17%), peroxide number (6,7 and 9,0 mmol of active O2/g), iodine number (132 and 176 gJ2/100) and saponification number (188 and 187 mg/g) also correspond the requirements of regulatory documents and standards. In sunflower oil samples, the amount of oleic acid is 52,21%, linoleic acid 28,97% is determined, which are within the normal range, although they are adjacent to the levels of higher limits. Analysis of linseed oil fatty acids showed that samples contain linolenic acid 50,1%, All other fatty acids are noted within the permissible limits, and oleic acid 14,13%, linoleic acid 17,9% are close to the upper limits of permissible limits. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the optimal ratio of ω-6 andω-3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of the studied vegetable oils correspond to their name in the ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In the recent decades, peoples concentrate more on reduced-consumption of diets containing saturated fatty acids and replace them with essential polyunsaturated ones, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, due to their promising nutritional benefits. Therefore, the production of chicken meat having lower fat compositions, and riches in pro-healthy fatty acid and other macro-and micronutrients deserves great attention in the food industry. The research aimed to characterize meat oils of two commercially available, domestic and poultry, chickens in the Northern part of Bangladesh (Rajshahi), followed by the investigation of their nutritional compositions and hypoglycemic effect in vivo. In this work, the oil was isolated from the dried meat sources by Soxhlet extractor and purified using a rotary evaporator. We subsequently characterized meat oil in terms of various parameters, such as iodine value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid (FFA) contents, peroxide value, and acid value. Besides, the nutritional parameters of chicken oil were investigated as percentages of essential fatty acids and several other micro-and macronutrients using gas-liquid chromatography and other conventional methods. Finally, Alloxan-induced Wister rats were fed with oil and chicken flesh to investigate the hypoglycemic effects. The experimental analyses show that chicken oil possesses a significant proportion of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid, macro-and micronutrients. Besides, oil and flesh were found to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats despite flesh could not significantly show hypoglycemic properties.

Red palm olein (RPOl) is one of the derivatives of palm oil. It contains a high composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic, whereas palm kernel oil (PKO) contains more saturated fatty acids of lauric acid. RPOl provides high nutrient contents such as squalene, Vitamin E, and carotene, whereas PKO that is rich in lauric acid can fight Gram-positive microorganisms. This research aims to study the chemical characteristics of RPOl, PKO, and the combination. A combination of RPOl with four different concentrations of PKO (20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%) was analyzed to obtain the composition of fatty acids, squalene content, Vitamin E levels, total carotene, and saponification numbers. RPOL contains high levels of squalene, Vitamin E, and total carotene, followed by RPOl and PKO combination of oil, with a higher percentage of RPOl in its composition. The increase of the PKO level added to the combination will decrease the saponification number and increasing the acid number. Therefore, it can be concluded that RPOl could be the source of squalene, Vitamin E, carotenoids, and oleic acid, whereas PKO is the largest source of lauric acid.

Since there is a high demand for the virgin coconut oil (VCO) in Iraqi markets due to having consumers recently recognized that VCO has unique nutrition benefits, this study aims to recover the virgin coconut oil (VCO) using four extraction techniques; fermentation VCO (FVCO), dry VCO (DVCO), enzymatic VCO (EVCO), and the chilling and thawing VCO (CVCO) techniques. The fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties and the antioxidant activities of the VCOs were determined and compared to the commercial refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (RBD-CO). Physicochemical properties of extracted VCOs were yield, 54–72%; moisture contents, 0.12–0.16%; refractive index 1.45; viscosity, 48–51 cP; free fatty acid, 0.16–0.2 g/100 g; iodine value, 4.17–7,13 g I2/100 g oil; peroxide value 147–259 meq O2/kg oil, and saponification value 254.10–264.04 mg of KOH/g of oil. Fatty acid composition demonstrated that lauric acid had the highest content for all the VCOs with the range of 47.95–48.08%. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50) for the VCOs were 205.15–248.16 mg/mL and the total phenolic content (TPC) were37.42–68.12 mg GAE/100 mL.

This study assessed the effect of processing method on the carotenoid profile of oil from three varieties of Nigerian oil palm fruits (Elaise guinensis). Specific varieties of the Elaise guinensis, which are the dura, pesifera and tenera were obtained from National Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in Edo state, Nigeria. The samples were divided into two and processed using two different methods as commonly practiced in south-eastern Nigeria, the hot and cold processes. The oil extracted from each of the processes was then analyzed for oil characteristics using standard analytical methods while the carotenoid profile was analyzed using HPLC C-21 column. The results generated were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of carotenoid constituent identified include: lutein, neurosporene (trans), neurosporene (cis), α-Zeacarotene(cis), α-Zeacarotene(trans), phytoene, phytofluene, β-zeacarotene, 13 and 13’ cis α-carotene, 13 cis β-carotene, trans α-carotene, 9 cis α-carotene, trans β-carotene, αcarotene a(cis), α-carotene b(cis), α-carotene (trans), γ-carotene (trans), γ-carotene b(cis), lycopene (cis) and lycopene (trans). The results of physicochemical characteristics of the oil samples extracted range from 0.922 ± 0.004 - 0.916 ± 0.001 for specific gravity (SG), 8.10 ± 0.17 - 4.88 ± 0.04 mg KOH/g for acid value, 4.29% ± 0.02% - 2.44% ± 0.02% for free fatty acid value (FFA), 6.00 ± 0.21 to 204.67 ± 0.98 mgKOH/g for saponification value and 9.53 ± 0.23 - 5.25 ± 0.33 mEq/kg; for peroxide value while the carotenoids values were between 53.735 ± 0.10 and 123.389 ± 0.20 mg/100g. From the result, we can observe that the main constituent of the palm oil carotenoid is the β-carotene which makes up to about 80% of the total carotene. Statistical analysis revealed that no significant difference exists between the mean of each of the processing methods on the carotenoid profile of the oil sample analyzed.

The aim of the study was to characterize the pulp oil of bacuri Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae) according to official analytical methods. Total phenolic and carotenoids contents were evaluated by spectrophotometry, and tocopherols composition by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fatty acid profile was obtained through gas chromatography from samples transesterified with potassium hydroxide in methanol and n-hexane. According to the proximate composition, bacuri pulp contained 41.5 % carbohydrates and 39.2 % lipids. Regarding its physicochemical properties, the oil showed a free fatty acids content of 0.7 %, a peroxide value of 1.4 meq/kg, a refractive index of 1.463, an iodine number of 84.3 g I2/100 g, a saponification number of 193.5 mg KOH/g, an unsaponifiable matter of 0.5 %, and 48.7 h of oxidative stability. Total phenolic, carotenoids, and tocopherols contents recorded values of 2.4 mg GAE/g, 243.0 µg/g, and 86.8 mg/kg, respectively. The bacuri oil showed a fatty acid composition similar to olive oil and a high percentage of unsaturation, finding 67.3 % of monounsaturated acids, and 11.3 % of polyunsaturated acids. The main fatty acids were oleic (67.3 %), palmitic (13.3 %), and linoleic (10.5 %). Due to its physicochemical characteristics, bacuri oil has a great potential to be used in food preparations, such as salad oil or in margarine formulation. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el aceite de pulpa de bacuri Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae) de acuerdo con métodos analíticos oficiales. Los contenidos totales de fenólicos y carotenoides se evaluaron mediante espectrofotometría y la composición de tocoferoles, mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. El perfil de ácidos grasos se realizó por cromatografía de gases a partir de las muestras transesterificadas con hidróxido de potasio en metanol y n-hexano. Según la composición proximal, la pulpa de bacuri registró un 41,5 % de carbohidratos y un 39,2 % de lípidos. En cuanto a las propiedades fisicoquímicas, el aceite presentó un contenido de ácidos grasos libres de 0,7 %, valor de peróxido de 1,4 meq/kg, índice de refracción de 1,463, índice de yodo de 84,3 g I2/100 g, índice de saponificación de 193,5 mg KOH/g, materia insaponificable de 0,5 % y estabilidad oxidativa de 48,7 h. Los contenidos totales fenólicos, de carotenoides y de tocoferoles fueron de 2,4 mg EAG/g, 243,0 µg/g y 86,8 mg/kg, respectivamente. El aceite de bacuri mostró una composición de ácidos grasos similar a la del aceite de oliva y un alto porcentaje de insaturación, con un 67,3 % de ácidos monoinsaturados y un 11,3 % de poliinsaturados. Los principales ácidos grasos fueron el oleico (67,3 %), el palmítico (13,3 %) y el linoleico (10,5 %). Debido a sus características fisicoquímicas, el aceite de bacuri tiene un gran potencial para ser utilizado en preparaciones alimenticias como aceite de ensaladas o en formulación de margarinas.

The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of oil from termite (Macrotermes subhylanus), green and brown long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens). The insects were harvested in Siaya county of Western Kenya from the wild during swarming seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of insects oil and the effect of two traditional heat processing methods (frying and solar drying) on the fatty acid profile were determined using standard methods. The insects oil was a clear, golden or light yellow colored liquid at room temperature, with a low solidification temperature (8–12 °C) for M. subhylanus and10–15 °C for R. differens. M. subhylanus showed an iodine value of 83.51 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.19 mEq/Kg, saponification value 160.61 mg KOH/Kg and 38.77 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. R. differens showed an iodine value of 86.97 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.13–0.14 mEq/Kg, saponification value 229.67–234.40 mg KOH/Kg and 27.51–31.40 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in all the fresh insect samples (M. subylanus 52.1%, green R. differens 43.2%, brown R. differens 37.1%) while palmitic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid. Total unsaturated fatty acids were proportionately more than the total saturated fatty acids. The level of saturated fatty acids increased from fresh insect samples to heat processed samples (fried, fresh-dried and fried-dried), while the level of unsaturated fatty acids decreased with processing though insignificantly. The insects have high quality oil that maybe exploited in processing of nutritional food products and they may therefore be heat processed domestically without adversely affecting the quality of the oils.

The desert locust (Schitocerca gregaria) swarms in numbers that decimate farmland, threatening an already vulnerable horn and Eastern region of Africa. The aim of this research was to assess the nutrient content and oil characteristics of the desert locust and for possible utilization as a food resource at industrial scale. The desert locusts were harvested from swarms in various regions of Kenya. Nutrient analysis was performed using standard protocols and physico-chemical characteristics of the extracted oil were evaluated. A 100 g sample contained 450Kcal energy, 46 g protein, 32 g fat and 4 g fibre. Calcium was the most abundant macro mineral (208.36 mg/100 g), iron was the most abundant trace mineral (4.83 mg/100 g) while α-tocopherol content of 267.47 µg/g was recorded. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (30.78%) with total unsaturated fatty acids being 66.47% of the total fatty acids. The n-6:n-3 ratio of 2,4 was reported which indicated a significant nutritional quality of the locust oil. The locust oil had 0.94 specific gravity indicating potential industrial applications. Iodine value (75 g iodine/100 g oil), peroxide value (0.18 mEq/Kg) and saponification value (171 mg KOH/Kg) indicated an oil with relative stability and potential for industrial utilization in the food industry. As a result, locust control efforts could therefore include harvesting and consumption as part of the integrated management.

One of the reasons for “underutilization” of the tropical legume winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is the presence of certain anti-nutrients in its seeds. This may be one of the impediments for the adoption and routine cultivation of this plant. The natural-variation of P. tetragonolobus manifests in its seed-coat colour. The present paper characterizes and evaluates the physico-chemical properties of the seed-oil extracted from white, light-brown, dark-brown seeds of P. tetragonolobus. The refined seed-oils of these lines are suitable and comparable with soybean seed-oil. Additionally, as compared to soybean oil, the oil of P. tetragonolobus is thermally stable due to the presence of saturated (21.2–22.7%), monounsaturated (39.3–40.2%) and polyunsaturated (37.0–38.2%) fatty acids. Variation in acid value (0.4 to 0.6 mg/g), free fatty acid (0.2–0.3%), saponification value (172.2–173.5 mg/g), iodine value (118.9–121.5 g/100 g), refractive index (1.44–1.48) and density (0.91–0.92) was reported upon analysis. Safety evaluation of this refined oil on 4-weeks feeding trial on albino mice revealed non-significant changes in terms of body weight, organ weight, haematological and serum biochemical changes. Furthermore, the seed-cake of P. tetragonolobus contained proteins to a range of (34.7–35.6%), carbohydrates (21.4–23.1%), polyphenols (0.45–0.49%), L-DOPA (0.35–0.38%) and phytic acid (0.18–0.2%). These values are closely comparable with the soybean seed-cake.

This study aims to determine the quality of olive oils (Picholine variety) from the traditional oil mills in different Moroccan cities by means of physicochemical characterization and chemical compositions. All samples of olive oil were collected from traditional oil mills. Physicochemical analyses of free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), specific extinction at 232 and 270 (E232, E270), chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, fatty acids (FAs), and total phytosterols composition were performed with respect to the International Olive Council (IOC) standards. These oils were revealed to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs): C18 : 1, C18 : 2, and C18 : 3, and that the total phytosterols content ranged between 142.68 and 208.72 mg per 100 g of oil. Also, the chlorophyll contents, for most of the studied samples, are less than 2 mg/kg, while the carotenoid content varied between 0.13 and 0.63 mg/kg. These results, along with the physicochemical assays, helped classify the oils studied into three categories: extra virgin, virgin, and ordinary virgin olive oils. These results confirm that the conditions under which olive oils are collected, pressed, and stored influence the quality of the oil produced. Therefore, there is a need to inform producers about the correct practices and techniques for storage, processing, and conservation of oils to better improve the quality of the final product.

This study examined proximate composition, physicochemical analysis and mineral content of thevetia peruviana seed. The seeds (sun dried, oven dried and air dried) were ground into very fine powder. AOAC 2005 (Standard method) was used to analyse all the parameters used in the study. However, for mineral analysis, AOAC 2005 and Shumaila and Mahpara (Pak J Nutr 8(9):1456–1460, 2009) were used. The result of the proximate composition revealed that the moisture content was (4.59 ± 0.12, 2.78 ± 0.12 and 4.21 ± 0.12), ash content was (2.75 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.00), crude fibre content was (1.17 ± 0.00, 1.31 ± 0.00 and 1.42 ± 0.20), crude fat content was (66.84 ± 0.00, 66.67 ± 0.20 and 42.92 ± 0.00), crude protein content was (20.53 ± 0.12, 23.41 ± 0.12 and 24.72 ± 0.12), carbohydrate content was (28.04 ± 0.00, 4.10 ± 0.25 and 1.59 ± 0.00) and energy (597.504 ± 1.79 kcal/kg, 728.766 ± 1.19 kcal/kg and 725.430 ± 0.48 kcal/kg) for sun dried, oven dried and air dried seeds respectively. Meanwhile, the results for physicochemical analysis of the oven dried, air dried and sun dried samples were saponification value (mgKOH/g): 88.20 ± 0.00, 85.40 ± 0.00 and 77.00 ± 0.00, peroxide value (meq/kg): 6.00 ± 1.15, 1.53 ± 0.12 and 10.60 ± 0.12, acid value (mgKOH/g): 2.86 ± 0.06, 1.85 ± 0.12 and 2.85 ± 0.06, free fatty acid (% as oleic acid): 1.43 ± 0.12, 0.92 ± 0.12 and 0.83 ± 0.09, density (g/dm3): 0.91 ± 0.04, 0.87 ± 0.00 and 0.83 ± 0.01, specific-gravity:0.90 ± 0.12, 0.90 ± 0.00 and 0.87 ± 0.12, viscosity (pal/sec @25 °C): 24.99 ± 0.00, 20.48 ± 0.09 and 20.66 ± 0.00, iodine value (meq/kg): 13.51 ± 0.06, 11.59 ± 0.12 and 9.79 ± 0.06. The mineral contents of the sun dried, air dried and oven dried seed samples were in increasing order of K > Ca > Na > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni. The study concluded that oven-dried sample of the seed of thevetia peruviana has greater effect on proximate composition than the other process.

The present study was designed to estimate the physicochemical & fatty acid profile of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. grown at kech District,Baluchistan.the obtained oil yield was 9.77% by the soxhlet extraction.the fat content in date seed was 9.15%,protein 5.33%,crude fiber 6.89%,ash 1.13%,moisture 9.78% total carbohydrate content was 73.32% and refractive index was 1.449%.the chemical properties such as Acid value,Saponification value,Iodine value and peroxide value was 1.89%,187.83%,56.568% and 1.244 respectively.while the mineral analysis was done by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and results indicate that potassium was the most abundant mineral (247.32%)followed by the magnesium (63.73%), phosphorus (43.07%)and calcium was (38.89%).whereas the fatty acid composition of date seed oil shows that it was a oleic-lauric acid being the abundant fatty acid found in it followed by the linoleic,stearic and palmitic acid. The all results showed that date seed oil is an excellent nutritional source and it would also play a vital role in cosmetics and neutraceutical industries.

In Pakistan it is dire need to explore potential sources of vegetable oil with good quality. Therefore, seed yield and oil quality were explored in wild trees of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) from different locations of Punjab, Pakistan. Fifteen trees from each six locations {Rahimyar Khan (RYK), Faisalabad (FSD), Bahawalpur (BWP), Multan (MUL), Layyah (LAY) and Khanewal (KWL)} were selected. Data regarding different traits were taken for two years (2014 and 2015). Significant higher yield-related traits were observed at RYK contributing to maximum seed yield; 4.11 and 3.77 kg/tree during 2014 and 2015, respectively. Oil yield was also found maximum; 1.48 and 1.40 kg oil/tree during respective seasons in landrace of RYK. Oil-quality related traits (sterol, fatty-acid profile and oxidative-stability) were statistically similar in all landraces during both seasons. The physio-chemical characteristics were noted as: refractive index (1.4622–1.4631), saponification value (176–182 mg of KOH/g of soil), iodine value (67–71 g of I/100 g of soil) and free-fatty acids (0.41–0.49% oleic acid). Oleic-acid (ω–9) was dominant fatty acid contributing 70% to fatty-acid profile, on the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty-acids (linoleic and linolenic acid) were found in minor range (less than 1%). In sterol composition main fractions were of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and delta 5-avenasterol accounting to 96% of total sterols-composition while, β-sitosterol was found in high level (55%). Overall, landrace of RYK has been recognized as potential candidate for premium quality oil production for food and industrial use. Farmer can get more income by developing moringa orchards and health of local community can be improved by use of moringa oil as it is rich in health supportive fatty acids (ω–9) and sterols (β-sitosterol).

Sri Lanka is a rich treasurable land of traditional rice cultivation and rice is the primary staple food in Sri Lanka. There are many unpopular rice varieties which have been derived from traditional rice varieties and their nutritional values are under investigation. One such novelSri Lankan red pericarp rice variety known as Gurupiya is focused on this study. Agronomic characters of novel rice variety was evaluated according to IRRI 1998. Standard methods of AOAC nutritional guidelines were used to obtain the proximate composition of Gurupiya rice variety (GPRV). AOCS methods were used to analyze oil profile. Fatty acid profile was determined by using GCMS. The results showed that crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and carbohydrate contents were12.0±0.1 %, 1.5±0.1 %, 2.6±0.4 %, 75.9±0.1 % respectively. Calorie content was 375.0 kcal/100g. According to the results, GPRV have high Zn content (4.82 mg/100 g). Fatty acid composition of the GPRV revealed that more than half of the total fatty acids were made up of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) which are considered as important for good health. Results showed that iodine value (IV), acid value (AV), saponification value (SV) and peroxide value (PV) of GPRV were 72.1 ± 3.5 g I2/100 g, 21.4 ± 2.7 mg KOH/g, 202.13 ± 2.5 mg KOH/g and 18.6± 1.1 meq O2/kg, respectively. The results reveal that novel GPRV shows high nutritional values than that of reported for the improved rice varieties. Therefore, consumption of GPRV will aid in the improvement of health condition.

International audience; Biodiesel is a very promising alternative fuel that has its place in the future energy mix. The dependence of fuel properties on fatty acids profile will influence the choice of feedstock or appropriate treatment that it should undergo in order to respect biodiesel standards. The objective of this study is to find models that predict biodiesel’s viscosity, density, flash point, higher heating value, and oxidative stability based on saponification value, Iodine value and the polyunsaturated fatty acids content of feedstock. Biodiesel samples were produced from seventeen different blends of oils. Multiple linear regressions were used to obtain models. High accuracy prediction was obtained for density and higher heating value with prediction errors

Fats and oils are a class of organic compounds called lipids and are usually a mixture of triacylglycerols with their fatty acids in varying proportions. While large types of fatty acids are found in natural fats and oils, only a few of them are important to the body. Vegetable oils are an important part of an energetically balanced and healthy diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of three commonly consumed oils in Ghana. The chemical properties of the three oil samples, vegetable oil (Frytol), palm kernel oil, and coconut oil were analyzed to determine the peroxide value, saponification value, free fatty acid value, iodine value and moisture content. The moisture contents of the oil samples were 0.40%, 3.33% and 0.14% for vegetable oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil respectively. Palm kernel oil recorded the highest value (11.64%) for free fatty acid and the least value of 0.17% being vegetable oil. Coconut oil recorded the least peroxide value of 0.59 mEqv·O2/kg followed by palm kernel oil (0.78 mEqv·O2/kg) and vegetable oil (0.80 mEqv·O2/kg). A high saponification value was recorded for all the oil samples with coconut oil recording the highest value of 292.12 mg/g KOH. The iodine value of the oil samples ranged from 102.59 to 237.27 mg I2/g). The high iodine values reported in this study is an indication that these oils have a high degree of unsaturation.

The physicochemical properties and phytochemical constituents of an extracted oil are important indicators for determining its compositional performance. In the current study, to assess the compositional quality of bottle gourd seed oil, physiochemical properties such as percentage yield, color, boiling point, specific gravity, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, ester value and free fatty acid were estimated. In addition, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the chemical components of bottle gourd seed oil. Physicochemical analysis revealed oil yield percentage of 47.22%, oil color is dark yellow, boiling point of 1420C, specific gravity of 0.77, acid value of 10.77 ± 0.06 (mg/g), peroxide value 0.55 ± 0.04 (mEq/kg), saponification value 71.52 ± 0.03 (mg/g), ester value 60.75 ± 0.03 (mg/g) and free fatty acid 2.23 ± 0.04 (mg/g). GC-MS fragment spectral analysis showed many fatty acids, including palmitic acid, stearolic acid, erucic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid), stearic acid and other active ingredients. According to these findings bottle gourd seed oil can be useful in nutritional approaches and has excellent purity, storage quality and a wide range of health benefits.

Oil analysis and antimicrobial activity from the seeds of tree bean (Parkia timoriana DC. Merr.) was performed in this study. The highest oil yield (7.12%) from the seeds was recovered via Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane. The physicochemical parameters analysed were congealing point (5.25 oC), specific gravity (0.9133), absolute viscosity (86.4 cP), iodine value (116 mg I2/g), saponification value (188 mg KOH/g) and acid number (0.93). The most abundant fatty acid was linoleic acid (69.2%) according to gas chromatography (GC). The value of the total unsaturated fatty acids (89.3%) was greater than the saturated (16.7%) which was further confirmed from its Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. Tree bean seed oil showed high antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and was inactive against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The obtained results confirmed that tree bean seed oil can be used in the production of industrial, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products.

Fish oils are well-known sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), widely used in the food industry as nutritional supplements, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. In this present study, ray fish Himantura marginata (Blackedge whipray) were collected from Nagapattinam fishing harbour, and oil from the livers was extracted by the BUME method. The percentage of oil yield was recorded as 83 ± 2.8 from the above method. The proximate composition such as total protein (26.51 ± 0.34%), crude fat (7.58 ± 0.16%), moisture (7.08 ± 0.13%) and ash content (8.63 ± 0.45%) was calculated by standard AOAC method. The physical properties were recorded as follows: specific gravity at 28 ℃, 1.03 ± 0.02 g cm−3; refractive index, 1.430; saponification value, 176.90 ± 1.24 mg KOH/g oil; iodine value, 148.79 ± 2.07 mg I2/100 g; density, 0.927 ± 0.06 g/mL; carotenes, 3.68 mg/100 g oil; α-tocopherol 9.34 mg/100 g oil; and colour, yellowish. Fatty acid profiling of the liver oil was performed by using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID); it exhibited 22 different types of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The elemental analysis of liver oil was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the values are analysed in triplicate.

A study of in situ transesterification of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seeds with polymer based on eugenol catalyst support have been carried out. The aim of the study is to determine the concentration of eugenol-based polymer support catalyst which was used to produce fatty acid methyl esters with the highest yield, and best time and to determine the composition of fatty acid methyl esters found in transesterification in situ. The results showed that the catalyst concentration of 1% with a reflux time of 150 minutes resulted in a yield of 12.04% methyl ester. The results of analysis of methyl esters using GC-MS contain methyl stearate and methyl-9,12-octadecanoate compounds. The characteristics of methyl ester are water content of 1.23%, acid number of 11.60 mgKOH/gram, saponification number of 0 mg NaOH/gram, and pour point of 16˚C. Keywords: Moringa seed, eugenol as a catalyst support H2SO4, transesterification

Energy is an indispensable requirement for both developed and developing societies today. However, most of the energy needs are met by fossil fuels, these resources are not renewable. Many countries are evaluating alternative sources to meet energy demand and to sustain development. In this study, oil was obtained by using Prunus avium kernels, also known as Turkish Cherry cultivated from Pozantı which is on the Taurus Mountains. Oil characterization was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and free fatty acids were determined. Oleic acid (C18:1) and Linoleic acid (C18:2) determined as 38.938 and 40.963 respectively. The free fatty acids were then evaluated using the Biodiesel Analyzer v1.2 program. The predicted results were the total percentage of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 39.408, total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 41.042, Allylic Position Equivalents (APE) 121.146, Bisallylic position equivalents (BAPE) 41.220 respectively. On the other hand, Long Chain Saturated Factor (LCSF) is calculated as 3.624. Higher Heating Value (HHV) was calculated as 37.65Mj/kg, Cloud Point (CP) 0.099, Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) -5.091° C, Density (d) 0.838 (g/cm3), Cetane Number (CN) 50.1, Iodine Value (IV) 109.878, Kinematic Viscosity 3.543, Flash Point (FP) 160.56, Saponification Value (SV) 191.354, and Oxidation Stability (OS) 5.468, respectively. As a result of this study, it was concluded that Prunus Avium kernel oil is a promising biodiesel candidate.

In this study, the possibility of culturing Dunaliella salina in stickwater (SW) as the main effluent of fishmeal plants was evaluated. D. salina was grown in different media obtained by replacing standard Guillard medium (F/2) with SW at 0% (control), 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ratios. The cell density, pigment contents, proximate composition, saponification value, and fatty acids (FAs) profiles were measured for 14 days. SW was collected from a kilka fishmeal factory in northern Iran, and the characteristics indicated high concentrations of nitrate (242.00 mg L-1) and phosphate (11.13 mg L-1). A significant increase in the cell density was observed in 14 days when 75% SW was used. Moreover, SW significantly affected the pigment contents. The highest contents of chlorophylls, total carotenoids, and β-carotene (3.64 μg mL-1) were calculated in 75% SW. According to the algal proximate composition, the highest and lowest contents of lipid were accumulated in 75% and 100% SW, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest level of saturated FAs was observed in 75% SW compared with the others (p < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing F/2 with SW indicated the capability of D. salina to grow in a treated medium with 75% SW substitution as a bioremediator.

In this investigation, optimization experiments were carried on lipid extraction and biodiesel production parameters from Ulva fasciata as a potential feed stock. This study was carried by running one to one optimization model. The results showed that, the highest yield and the best quality of biodiesel was achieved at the optimum condition of

The extraction of fat/oil from fleshing by-products using moist heating (boiled and steamed) produces a fat that contains large amounts of impurities and which is bluish color, whereas when using fatty solvents, it is necessary to dry the ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the fat/oil characteristics from fleshing by-products extracted using a combination of wet rendering (temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C, and times 1, 2 and 3 hours) with n-hexane. The combined treatment of wet rendering (temperature 90 °C and duration 2 hours) with n-hexane gave rise to the production of fat with the highest yield (11.10% w/w). The higher the temperature and the longer the wet rendering process, results in fat with higher levels of free fatty acid and the saponification value, but the lower the number of peroxides and the darker the color. The fats/oils consist of 37 fatty acid compounds, composed of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There are six very present fatty acid compounds, namely butyric acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-10-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester.

The higher demands of fossil energy usage are currently imbalance to its reserves. This issue will give a potency of fossil fuel scarcity that contributes on rising of its cost and disturbing economic stabilization in the future. It is desirable to find another resource which is sustainable and renewable to reduce the dependency on this resource. This study aimed to utilize the oil from instant coffee waste as biodiesel feedstocks. The coffee oil was extracted from instant-coffee waste by Soxhlet extractor and characterized its physical and chemical properties. The solvent extraction through the solid bed of coffee ground performed by five cycles interval using n-hexane as a solvent. Separation processing oil from its hydrocarbon solvent was in a rotary vacuum evaporator and the oil extract collected for further purposes. There was about 17.6% (on a dry weight basis) of coffee oil gained on 20 cycles of extraction. Analysis regarding its physicochemical properties reported that the crude oil has 0.89 g/mL of density, 43.82 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity, 44.47 mg KOH/g of acid value, and 176.40 mg KOH/g of saponification value. The fatty acids composition of the oil provided by GC-MS analyzer showed that unsaturated fatty acids contained, observed as trans-fatty acids rather than cis-fatty acids.

In Ivory Coast, there are three different purple maize varieties whose culture is confined to Katiola (Central-North) area. These varieties locally called "Violet de Katiola" are the most widely grown and prized maize in this area because of its important socio-cultural character, its good organoleptic quality, its market value and its therapeutic virtues. The present paper aimed at evaluating physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of these purple maize oilseeds in order to explore their nutritional and industrial potentialities. Physicochemical properties of the seed oils were: specific gravity, 0.90 to 0.91; refractive index (25 °C), 1.456 to 1.459; iodine value, 102.90 to 124.34 g I2 /100 g ; peroxide value, 4.23 to 4.99 meq.O2/kg ; free fatty acids, 0.74 to 0.86 %; acid value, 2.50 to 2.99 mg of KOH/g and; saponification value, 138.96 to 170.36 mg KOH/g. Results revealed that these oilseeds contained high amount of unsaturated fatty acids mainly consisting of linoleic (42.86 to 45.16 %) and oleic acids (33.27 to 34.98 %) which were desirable from the nutritional and health viewpoints. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid with contents ranged from 15.51 to 17.06 %. The oilseeds showed high PUFA/SFA ratios suggesting their ability to reduce cholesterol levels and coronary heart diseases in body. All these interesting characteristics confirm their usefulness for different nutritional and industrial applications.

The effect of four processing methods and the storage time on the chemical properties of palm oil were determined. The palm oil samples were extracted using hot extraction (HEPO), Cold extraction (CEPO), hot extraction with Sand (HSEPO) and Mechanized extraction (MEPO). Processing methods had no significant effect on the iodine value (45.94±0.68 to 47.06±2.25 wijis) whereas there were significant (p≤0.05) variations in saponification value (250.89±4.84 to 260.50±3.35mgKOH/g), peroxide value (8.59±4.14 to 12.08±4.70 mEq/kg), free fatty acid value (1.80±1.01 to 3.94±1.03%, mgKOH/g), acid value (3.77±1.91 to 7.90±2.08%, mgKOH/g) and carotenoids level (301.12±13.38 to 311.21±12.59 mg/kg) due to the processing methods. Storage time (months) caused no significant (p≤0.05) effect in iodine value (45.93±1.55 to 47.91±0.83 wijis) of palm oil samples stored for 0 to 3 month(s) but caused significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the carotenoids content (321.72±5.68 to 287.15±5.19 mg/kg). Storage time caused significant (p≤0.05) increase in saponification value (250.41±4.30 to 260.96±3.61 mgKOH/g), peroxide value (4.56±1.36 to 14.93±1.61%, mgKOH/g), free fatty acid value (1.83±0.84 to 3.77±1.32%, mgKOH/g) and acid value (2.45±1.74 to 7.54±1.80). Hot extraction method of palm oil was observed as the best method because its palm oil had the better quality parameter than other methods such as saponification value (252.20±4.00 mgKOH/g), iodine value (47.03±0.94 wijis), peroxide value (8.59±4.14 mEq/kg), free fatty acid (2.03±0.96%, mgKOH/g), acid value (3.94 ± 2.04%, mgKOH/g) and carotenoids level (302.90±13.46 mg/kg). Crude palm oil should not be stored for more than two months. It is recommendable to study the effect of storage conditions on the chemical properties of palm oil.

Oxidation stability and useful applications of seed oils from Prunus amygdalus, Dyacrodes edulis and Chrysophyllum albidium were studied. FT-IR analyses showed that the seed oils were made up of prevalent double bonds (C C, C H) and R1 C(OR) O which were attributed to unsaturation while GC–MS analyses showed that the seed oils belong to the oleic category. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were: 25.71%, 33.56% and 22.12%; 58.02%, 59.88% and 55.05%; 15.50%, 6.01% and 22.25% while the physico-chemical parameters were: saponification value: 165.50, 250.72 and 201.66; specific gravity: 0.8552, 0.8885 and 0.8346; acid value: 2.811, 6.57 and 2.88 mgKOH/g; flash point: 157, 149 and 135 °C; cloud point: 2, 10 and −3 °C; oil yield: 60.15, 55.70 and 13.36% for P. amygdalus, D. edulis and C. albidium seed oils respectively. Exponential regression model developed described the variation of oxidative stability of the seed oils against storage time and the analysis of variance validated the model with low root mean squared error (RMSE): 0.5923

Palado (Aglaia sp) is a plant that grows wild in the forest around Mamuju regency of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is locally known as palado. Palado seeds (Aglaia sp) can be used as a source of vegetable oil because it contains approximately 14.75 % oil, and it has the potential to be used as food ingredients or as raw material for oil production. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical properties and the composition of fatty acids contained in palado seed oil (Aglaia sp). The employed method involved the use of palado fruit that had been processed to be palado seed and undergoing flouring process. Palado flour was produced by the extraction process by using chloroform solvent with the soxhlet method. The characteristics of the chemical properties in the oil produced were analyzed by using a standard method, including iodine, saponification, and acid values. The analysis of fatty acid composition was conducted by using gas chromatography. The results showed that palado oil extracted with hexane had an iodine value of 15.38 mg/g, saponification value of 190.01 mg KOH/g, and acids value of 1.961 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid composition of the palado seed oil consisted of saturated fatty acids (41.601 %), which included palmitic acid (41.062 %), myristic acid (0.539 %), and unsaturated fatty acids (45.949 %), which included mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as (22.929 %), oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was linoleic acid (23.020 %).

Sunflower seeds are one of the fourth most widely used sources of edible oil production in the world. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in these oils reaches almost 85%. A previous report showed that a fatty acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause infections which are mostly caused by the nature of bacterial resistance. This study focused on the antibacterial activity of sunflower seed oil derivatives; namely K-salt (K-soap), free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The fatty acids in sunflower oil is linoleic (49.57%), 11-octadecenoic acid (39.09%), palmitic (9.06%), and stearic (2.28%) acids. The as-synthesized K-soap is solid, white, melting point 167-184 °C, soluble in water and methanol. FFAs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 201 °C, density 0.94 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.46, viscosity 57.30 cSt, soluble in methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane, acid value 171.35, saponification value 176.73, and ester value 5.38. The FAMEs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 185 °C, density 0.89 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.45, viscosity 4.34 cSt, soluble in chloroform and n-hexane. The acid, saponification, and ester values of K-soap, FFAs, and FAMEs are 0.98, 210.96, and 202.98 respectively. They are potential as antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a form of processed coconut meat that has recently been produced for commercial use. Virgin coconut oil or pure coconut oil is the result of processed coconut that is free of trans-fatty acid (TFA) or trans-fatty acids that are easily digested and oxidized by the body to prevent accumulation in the body. Trans fatty acids can occur due to the hydrogenation process, so as not to undergo the hydrogenation process, the extraction of coconut oil is carried out by the fermentation process. This research was conducted by the Fermentation method using Fermipan as a microbe and the addition of the bromelin enzyme from pineapple extracts. The variables in this study were 100 ml of coconut milk volume, pH 4, and fermipan weight 0.2 gr. The variables implemented were pineapple extract volume (20, 25, 30, 35, 40) ml, fermentation time (18, 24, 30, 36, 42) hours. Analysis of VCO results compared with VCO SNI, namely the content of water content, free fatty acid numbers, saponification numbers, and iodine numbers. Optimum VCO results were obtained at 30 hours fermentation time and 30 ml pineapple extract which produced 35 ml rendamen, water content 0.08, free fatty acid numbers 0.1, saponification number 72.9, and Iodine number 26.65.

International audience; In this study, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl to the yield and quality of two peanut cultivars L14 and L23 grown in Bac Ninh province, Vietnam. After careful selection, the seeds of L14 and L23 were divided into two parts. Part 1 (control) was treated with distilled water and Part 2 (experiment) was treated with 0.05% KCl. The field experiment was arranged in a Split-plot design with four replications. The results show that pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl increased the yield components (weight of 100 pods, weight of 100 seeds, mass ratio of unshelled peanuts, number of pods per plant) and yield of both L14 and L23 when compared to the control, in which the yield of L14 is higher than that of L23. Pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl also increased the quality of peanuts such as starch content, reducing sugar, lipid, saponification value, protein, B vitamins, total amino acids and content of some mineral elements in peanuts such as N, K, Ca, Mg. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of pre-sowing seed treatment for peanuts.

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) as well as its acute and subacute toxicity in rats. In acute toxicity test, the CNSO was orally administered up to 3 g/kg in a single dose and thereafter toxicity signs and mortality rates were observed in the rats within 24 h. In subacute toxicity study, the experimental rats were placed into four (4) groups of 12 rats each. Group I served as control, while groups II, III and IV received daily 20, 40, 60 mg/kg of CNSO respectively for 14 days. The chemical properties of CNSO revealed iodine number (126), acid value (13.80) and saponification number (52). The peroxide value and free fatty acid were 2.80 and 6.90 respectively. The acute toxicity (LD50) of CNSO was 1000 mg/kg. A dose dependent significant decrease (p

The desert date(Balanites aegyptiaca)is an important tree found in some African countries. In this study the phytochemical composition of the desert date kernel and some physical and chemical properties of its oil were analyzed using standard procedures. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and glycosides. While the results for the physical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: Color, pale yellow; density, 0.910 g/cm3; specific gravity, 0.907; refractive index, 1.458; and viscosity, 19.68. And on the other hand, the results for the chemical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: Acid value, 3.06 mgKOH/g; free fatty acid, 1.27; peroxide value, 3.71 mEq/Kg; saponification value, 198 mg/KOH/g; and iodine value, 98.73 100/g. All the results were compared and found to be within the FAO/WHO standards.

In this work, proximate analysis of nettle seeds varieties of Urtica dioica and Urtica pilulifera grown in Iran and physico-chemical properties and bioactive contents of the related seed oils were assessed. The results indicated that the seeds of U. dioica and U. pilulifera were rich sources of oil (34.1% and 29.5%), protein (21.8% and 22%) and fiber (30.2% and 29.3%). Also, significant differences (p

Centella asiatica is an herbaceous plant commonly known as Gotu Kola and belongs to Apiaceae family. It is found in most tropical and subtropical countries growing in swampy areas. It is a tasteless, odourless plant and it is traditionally used for the treatment of a wide variety of disorders. Its leaves and roots are used as vegetables and for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of their contributions to human nutrition and contents of bioactive components is lacking and has limited their use. Therefore this study evaluated the Nutrients content and phytochemical composition of Centella asiatica leaves using standard methods. The result of proximate composition revealed moisture (13.10 ± 1.07%), ash (16.5 ± 0.45%), protein (8.35 ± 1.28%), lipid (1.20 ± 0.10%), fiber (17.00 ± 1.87%) and carbohydrate (43.81 ± 0.70%) contents. Physicochemical result revealed Saponification value of 238.43 mg/KOH. Fatty acid composition revealed a high concentration of palmitic acid (55.70%) as saturated and Linoleic acid (17.50%) as unsaturated fatty acids; while amino acid composition showed high level of glutamate (13.389 g/100 g) as nonessential and Histidine (11.64 g/100 g) as essential amino acids respectively. The phytochemical composition revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as; Proanthocyanin (11.964 μg/g), Rutin (11.8883 μg/g), Nanngenin (3.0122 μg/g),Quinine (10.4490 μg/g), Flav-3-ol(2.5900 μg/g), Spartein (3.0122 μg/g), Phenol (18.8713 μg/g), Flavonones (2.1836 μg/g), Steroids (18.8974 μg/g), Kaempferol (0.7273 μg/g), Phytate (1.6851 μg/g), Naringenin (2.7523 μg/g), Resveratol (10.8596 μg/g), Tannin (4.4377 μg/g) and Ribalinidine (3.0500 μg/g). The presence of these nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals in Centella asiatica leaves makes them useful in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Fatty acids, both free or as part of complex lipids, are essential components of all vital membranes. Thus, the aim of the present study is the production of fatty acids by marine yeast using some natural of low price sources. Marine Candida sp. isolated from SidiBishr, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, showed the highest capabilities of lipid accumulation by 42.8% in 1.9 gl-1 dry biomass. Optimization of the fermented conditions for lipid production was carried out by using one factor at time. Molasses and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources showed the highest lipid content 71% in 6 gl-1 biomass at pH 5, 25oC and 20% inoculum size, where, lipid accumulation and dry biomass of marine Candida sp. increased by 1.7 and 3.2 fold, respectively. Esterification of the accumulative lipid was performed, resulting in 34 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) detected by Gas chromatographic analysis. Biodiesel properties were estimated showing the Degree of Unsaturation (DU), 98.87; Long Chain Saturation Factor (LCSF), 13.96; Iodine Value (IV), 105.07; Saponification Value (SV), 190.34; the Cetane Number (CN), 57.43; Kinematic Viscosity (υ), 4.52; Density (ρ), 0.87 and the Higher Heating Value (HHV), 40.05. Antibacterial activity of the extracted lipid showed inhibition zone diameters ranged from 10 to 17 mm. Moreover antifungal activity against some pathogens ranged from 50 -100%.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of alkali concentration and the amount of added morinda citrifolia toward the formed of soap product. This study begins with maserating the noni fruit with ethanol. Then the making of transparent solid soap was made in the saponification process with a fixed variable oil volume of 70 ml, reaction temperature of 80 ° C and stirring time of 60 minutes. Whereas for the independent variables alkaline solution concentrations were 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, the amount of noni extract 0 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g. The responses observed were water content, acidity (pH), saponification number, free alkali, free fatty acid, foam stability, surface tension and antioxidant activity. The best results were obtained at 26 % alkaline concentration and 30 g of noni extract with a moisture content of 2 4,10 %, 0% free alkali content, pH 9,0, free fatty acid content 0, 480 %, saponification 200 mg / g, surface tension 2 9,70 dyne / cm, foam stability 81% and antioxidant activity of 1 53,85 0 µg / µL.

Goldenberry waste powder, contained 5.87% moisture, 15.89% protein, 13.72% fat, 3.52% ash, 16.74% dietary fiber and 61% carbohydrates. Potassium (560 mg/100 g) was the predominant element followed by sodium (170 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (130 mg/100 g). Amino acid analysis gave high levels of cystine/methionine, histidine and tyrosine/phenylalanine. Goldenberry waste powder had good levels of the techno-functional properties including water absorption index, swelling index, foaming capacity and stability (3.38 g/g, 5.24 ml/g, 4.09 and 72.0%, respectively). Fatty acids profile showed that linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid followed by oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Iodine value (109.5 g/100 g of oil), acid value (2.36 mg KOH/g of oil), saponification value (183.8 mg KOH/g of oil), peroxide value (8.2 meq/kg of oil) and refractive index (1.4735) were comparable to those of soybean and sunflower oils. Goldenberry waste oil exhibited absorbance in the UV range at 100-400 nm.

The oxidative stability, as well as the chemical composition of Amygdalus reuteri kernel oil (ARKO), were evaluated and compared to those of Amygdalus scoparia kernel oil (ASKO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during and after holding in the oven (170 °C for 8 h). The oxidative stability analysis was carried out by measuring the changes in conjugated dienes, carbonyl and acid values as well as oil/oxidative stability index and their correlation with the antioxidant compounds (tocopherol, polyphenols, and sterol compounds). The oleic acid was determined as the predominant fatty acid of ARKO (65.5%). Calculated oxidizability value and an iodine value of ARKO, ASKO and EVOO were reported as 3.29 and 3.24, 2.00 and 100.0, 101.4 and 81.9, respectively. Due to the high wax content (4.5% and 3.3%, respectively), the saponification number of ARKO and ASKO (96.4 and 99.8, respectively) was lower than that of EVOO (169.7). ARKO had the highest oxidative stability, followed by ASKO and EVOO. Therefore, ARKO can be introduced as a new source of edible oil with high oxidative stability.

Seeds of Crotalaria pallida, belongs to the family Fabaceae, of the order Leguminosae are evaluated for its oil quality of. Physical properties like color, density and specific gravity of the oil are determined. Unsaturated and saturated fatty acid content are 24.03 and 75.78%, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of oil evaluated as, acid value (22.00 ± 0.25), saponification value (170.00 ± 1.50) and iodine value (84.00 ± 2.30). The oil yield is 4.3%. Critical assessment of oil quality made through gas chromatography followed by GC–MS. Arachidic acid (37.99%) and palmitic acid (32.48%) are found as most abundant saturated fatty acids, whereas, linolaidic acid (10.47%) is the predominant unsaturated fatty acid. Pharmacological examination assures its effectiveness against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This is the first attempt for exploration of seed oil from C. pallida.

Hydrocarbon compounds are formed by carbon and hydrogen elements. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the hydrocarbon compounds can be calculated based on the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) contents of the chemical structures. HHVs (MJ / kg) as a function of the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) fractions of N-saturated hydrocarbons can be calculated by the following equation: HHV = 0.303 (C)+ 1.423 (H) According to this Equation, the HHV is a function of the percentages of the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) of pure n-saturated hydrocarbon compounds. This Equation represents the correlation obtained by means of regression analysis. It is found that the calculated values shows mean difference of 0.18%. The correlation coefficient is 0.9955. HHVs as a function of the iodine value (IV) and the saponification value (SV) of fatty acids can be calculated by the following equation: HHV(MJ/kg) = 49.43 − 0.015(IV)−0.041(SV). © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Balanites aegyptiaca has multiplicity of uses and almost every part of the plant is useful including its flowers, leaves, bark, root and fruit. In this study, oil from Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel seed was extracted, analyzed and used in the formulation of soap and lotion. The physical parameters determined were oil content, specific gravity, refractive index and moisture content. These were found to be 45.32% ± 0.0026%, 0.90 ± 0.03, 1.45% and 0.114% ± 0.04%, respectively. The chemical parameters evaluated include saponification value (200.02 ± 0.12 mg KOH/g), acid value (2.14 ± 0.28 mg KOH/g), iodine value (104.39 ± 0.00 100/g), peroxide value (2.95 ± 0.00 mEq/kg) and free fatty acid (0.82% ± 0.01%). The oil quality assessments test indicates %FFA content of 0.84% and the fatty acids composition of the oil was evaluated using GC-MS as FAME; the oil contains about 47.52% unsaturated fatty acids. The seed kernel of Balanites aegyptiaca is a good source of vegetable oil. Soap formulated from the oil is considered a good soap based on the soap quality parameters determined. Lotion formulated has a good stability when subjected to lotion stability test.

The lipophilic extracts from the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. and the microalga Graesiella sp. collected from a hot spring in northern Tunisia were investigated and evaluated for their anti-proliferative effects. From the dry biomasses, total lipid content was obtained with yields of 28.8 and 13% (w/w) for Graesiella sp. and Leptolyngbya sp., respectively. Compositional analysis showed an abundance of saturated fatty acids dominated in Graesiella sp. by palmitic, margaric, myristic, lauric and tridecanoic acids. Oleic, linoleic, linolenic and elaidic acids were found as the main unsaturated fatty acids. Leptolyngbya sp. shared with the microalgal species its richness in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, but it is distinguished by high abundance of pamitoleic acid. Besides their adaptive significance to thermophilic conditions, fatty acid profiles exhibited good nutritional properties especially for Graesiella sp. as revealed by their low atherogenic, thrombogenic and hypocholesterolemic indices and high to moderate levels of ω3 PUFA. Analysis of the predicted physico-chemical properties of the prospective biodiesel utility showed in the case of Graesiella sp. that most parameters including saponification value, iodine value, cetane number and oxidation stability adhered to the American ASTM-D6751 and/or the European EN 14214 specifications. The lipophilic extract was further analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and its anti-proliferative activity was measured. Results showed the abundance of diterpenes (neophytadiene, phytol), alkanes/alkenes (pentacosane, heptacosane), sterols (γ-sitosterol), and terpenes (limonene), among others in both extracts. The in vitro assays revealed that both lipophilic fractions concentration-dependently inhibited the proliferation of the human ovarian SK-OV-3 and colon DLD-1cancer cell lines. Collectively, results of the present study indicate that lipophilic fractions of Leptolyngbya sp. and Graesiella sp. hold potential to be exploited as an excellent candidate for the development of natural food supplements and anti-proliferative agents.

Rice bran as a by-product of rice processing can be used to produce oil. Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of rice bran oil (RBO) was performed in this study. The physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and thermal behavior of AEE-extracted oil (AEEO) were evaluated and compared with those of Soxhlet-extracted oil (SEO). It was found that iodine value and saponification value in the AEEO were higher than the SEO. AEEO with lower acid value and peroxide value was considered to be a high quality. The contents of wax and phospholipid in AEEO were lower, which could simplify the refining steps. Additionally, AEEO exhibited a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (76.31%), sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols (1004 mg/kg), sterols (7749 mg/100 g), squalene (2962 mg/kg), oryzanol (2.43 g/100 g). The antioxidant activity of AEEO (EC50 = 5.52 mg/mL) was better than that of SEO (EC50 = 8.66 mg/mL). Moreover, AEEO was found to have lower crystallization and melting points. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed the destruction of cell walls and the decrease of substances in the cell by AEE. Overall, the present results showed the improvement in the quality of the AEEO for green extraction of RBO.

The changes in lipid properties of duck egg yolks during processing may affect the quality of egg yolks. In this paper, various physicochemical and instrumental methods were used to study the changes of lipid characteristics of duck egg yolks under extreme processing conditions such as high salt, high salt-heat synergy and strong alkali. The results showed that both the high salt and high salt-heat treatments resulted in the decrease of the moisture content and the increase of the oil exudation of egg yolks. The iodine value of the lipid extracted from salted egg yolks with or without heat treatment decreased. However, strong alkali treatment increased the moisture content of egg yolks, and the oil exudation increased at first and then decreased. The iodine value of the lipid obtained from preserved egg yolks showed an overall trend with first increase and then decrease, and the saponification value of the lipid got from preserved egg yolks was lower than the lipid got from the raw salted egg yolks. According to the conjugated diene acid value and thiobarbituric acid value, the lipid of egg yolks was oxidized to different degrees under the three processing conditions. At the end of pickling, the fatty acid content of the lipid acquired from egg yolks all increased. Therefore, all three extreme treatments significantly changed the lipid properties of duck egg yolks.