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Introduction: Liver or hepatic disease refers to different conditions that affect the liver. Chronic alcohol consumption is one of the most frequent causes of liver disease and accounts for about 55% of liver cirrhosis deaths recorded in Cameroon in 2020. Standard accessible treatments focus on end-stage liver disease with safety and efficacy obstacles. We have a research gap in Cameroon to understand the alternative use of natural products as treatment with a long traditional history of safe use. Curcuma longa has long been a source of traditional and modern medicine. It is commonly used in Cameroon as a spice and herbal product with some level of activity against various forms of liver disease. Objective: To phytochemically screen for bioactive metabolites and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longaon alcohol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the aqueous extract obtainedfrom maceration of plant rhizomes. Three doses (125, 250 and 500mg/Kg) of the plant extract and the reference (Silymarin 50mg/Kg) were administered daily (p.o) to rats 30 min before administration of 40% alcohol (2mL/100g p.o) for 21 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALAT, ASAT, GGT, Bilirubin and Lipid profile were quantified and histological studies of the liverwas carried out using standard procedures. Results: Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of C. longa revealed polyphenols such as flavonoids, tannins, quinones, saponins and phlobatanins. The plant showed hepatoprotective activity by decreasing liver toxicity markers such as ASAT, ALAT, GGT and Bilirubin. Histology revealed dose-dependent protection with 500 mg/Kg showing the most cellular integrity, no central vein occlusion and minimal fibrosis. Conclusion: This study indicated the presence of polyphenols like flavonoids and tannins in the aqueous extract of C. longa. The presence of these secondary metabolites in the studied extract justifies its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties confirmed by its hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced toxicity. This was clearly shown by biochemical and histological parameters. More sensitive and specific methods are required to test for these secondary metabolites in serum.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with the development of metabolic complications. This research evaluated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Moringa oleifera (MO), Treculia africana (TA) and Albizzia chevalieri (AC) plant extracts on diabetes. Albino rats were randomly divided into six (six) main groups; MC, MO, TA, AC, Normal Control (NC) and Diabetic Control (DC) groups. Group MO, TA and AC were further subdivide into three sub groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of alloxan 150 mg/kg body weight. Fasting blood glucose level and lipid profile were assayed using standard methods. Intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of Alloxan in the albino rats resulted in significant (p

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and one of the most common chronic disorders. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with impaired reproductive health, mainly in men. The present study aimed to evaluate effects of the aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea leaves on the male reproductive system in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The determination of phenolic compounds content in the aqueous extract was performed by conventional methods. Diabetes was induced in adult male mice by intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of 220 mg/Kg body weight of alloxan. Animal’s treatment with 100 and 200 mg/Kg of body weight of the aqueous extract was started 34 days after induction of diabetes. Sperm density, morphology and motility were assessed by standard methods. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured. In addition, the testes were removed for histological study. Proportions of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins in the aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea were 5260.32 +/- 26 mg EAG /100g, 1384.43 +/- 4 mg EQ /100g and 7380.95 +/- 121 mg EC /100g respectively. 100 and 200 mg/Kg of body weight doses induced highly significant (P ˂ .001) reductions of 68% and 71% in blood glucose levels respectively, significant (P ˂ .05) increases in testes weight of 9% and 10% respectively, highly significant (P ˂ .001) increases in testosterone, pituitary gonadotropins and sperm parameter levels. In addition, regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells was observed. Cnestis ferruginea leaves are rich in phenolic compounds. These compounds have anti-diabetic and fertilizing activities on the male reproductive system of diabetic mice.

Background: Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is an edible macrofungus used in traditional and folk medicine for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. It has shown potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects in several experimental studies, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in colorectal cancer and intestinal inflammation. Whole extract or purified compound ergosterol peroxide from chaga mushroom showed anti-inflammatory mechanism via suppression of NF-κB/iNOS-COX-2 and growth inhibitory mechanism via regulation of apoptosis activation and β-catenin suppression. The diverse inflammatory and carcinogenic agents, like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a potent hepatotoxic chemical, cause liver damage by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages. Aims: The study aimed to analyze the biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms of CCl4 induced chronic liver inflammation and carcinoma, and to analyze the effect of the extract of chaga mushroom on liver inflammation and cancer by virtue of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Method: Physiological, histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the physiological functions and cellular functions were performed. Biochemical assays were conducted for assessing enzymatic changes in tissues. Molecular simulation and docking studies were performed for the evaluation of the molecular interaction. Results: CCl4-exposed mice exhibited a significant decrease in body weight followed by altered histopathological signatures in the liver. Supplementation of IOAE showed that treatment restored the normal structure of the tissues with large round nuclei in most of the cells. CCl4 caused a steep elevation in the levels of SGOT and SGPT to 2.32- and 1.8-fold as compared to control. The LDH level increased to 447 IU/L in CCl4 treated mice as compared to control (236 IU/L). Analysis of the oxidant enzyme pathway showed that CCl4 reduced the GSH level to 16.5 μM as compared to control (52 μM), and induced the catalase enzyme activity up to 259 U/mL as compared to control (124 U/L). These physiological and biochemical alterations were restored towards normal levels by IOAE administration. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and p53 showed that CCl4 notably increased their expressions, which were subsequently suppressed by administration of IOAE. The molecular simulation and docking studies using ergosterol peroxide from chaga mushroom with iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-α showed binding energy of -10.5, -8.9 and -9.1 Kcal/mol, respectively. These proteins interacting with ergosterol peroxide exerted an inhibitory effect on these critical proinflammatory signaling proteins. Conclusions: The results point out that IOAE is able to prevent damage of hepatic cells caused by CCl4 in mouse models through anti-inflammatory and growth inhibitory mechanisms, which can be utilized for natural prevention of liver toxicity.

Background: Metribuzin (Mtz), a pesticide often used on vegetable crops to control broadleaf and grassy weed species has shown significant toxicity to humans and animals. Many plant extracts have been reported to have multiple biological properties. Ephedra alata extract might be useful in preventing and protecting the population from getting affected by metribuzin toxicity. Objective: The current study evaluates the protective effect of Ephedra alata aqueous extract against metribuzin (Mtz) pesticide induced adverse effects on biochemical parameters as well as oxidative stress in various tissues of rats. Method : This study was conducted on 24 Albino rats, which were divided into three groups; the first served as a control, the remaining groups were respectively treated with metribuzin 1/5 of the LD50 (440 mg/kg b.w.) and a combination of Mtz and Ephedra alata aqueous extract at the dose level of 200 mg/kg b.w. for 50 days. Results: After 50 days of treatment, a significant increase in glucose levels was noticed in the metribuzin-exposed group compared to the control. Mtz exposure resulted in the increase in plasma urea and creatinine in rats, suggesting renal failure and caused also a significant induction of oxidative damage in tissues as evidenced by increased activities of AST, ALT and ALP, increased levels of malondialdehyde, decreased levels of reduced glutathione in Mtz group compared to the control. Conclusion: Ephedra alata aqueous extract at the dose level of 200 mg/kg b.w. supplementation has significantly reduced the adverse effects of metribuzin. These findings suggest that Ephedra alata extract may have protective effects by improving the antioxidant status in tissues and ameliorating the harmful effects induced by Mtz.

Present study focuses on ameliorative potential of Typha elephantina leave's aqueous (TE.AQ) extract against Paracetamol (PCM) induced toxicity in rabbits. We fed the male rabbits with 300 mg PCM in alone and in combination with TE.AQ at different doses i.e. (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) or silymarin (100 mg/kg) daily for 21 days. PCM in alone significantly (P

Inflammation is characterized as a local reaction to the injury of any agent by living mammalian tissue. This is a body defense reaction for eliminating or reducing the spread of the damaging agent, followed by removal of the cells and tissues of necroses. Aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens whole plant has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity on albino wistar rats by computing the carrageenan-induced paw edema suppression formed by 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg aqueous extracts. Lower dose (250 mg/kg) also suppresses edema formation significantly, when compared to control but unable to reach significant level as 500 mg/kg extract. Indomethacin suppresses the edema formation significantly when compared to the control. Indomethacin has been used as the standard drug. Anti-inflammatory effect was further assessed using stair climbing Activity, motility test and Cytokine assay methods. Stair climbing score, motility score was significant in case of 500 mg/kg of plant extract when compared to control. In Cytokine assay, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α have been assessed. IL-10, IL- 6, and TNF-α have been reached to near normalcy after treatment with standard (Indomethacin) and Hyptis suaveolens whole plant aqueous extract (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg). The results of the study rationalize the conventional utilization of plants as an anti-inflammatory agent.

In our study, we aimed the preparation of Saffron stamen aqueous extract (SSAE) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to be used topically for thermal burns. First, biological activity tests such as DNA binding, DNA cleavage and antibacterial activity were performed to determine the effectiveness of SSAE to be encapsulated. Additionally, a genotoxicity test was performed for the reliability of SSAE. Ionic gelation method was used for encapsulation, and SSAE-loaded CNPs were obtained. Average particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PdI), morphology, and releasing kinetics of the SSAE-loaded CNPs and blank CNPs were determined. DNA binding showed that SSAE interacted with DNA electrostatically. It was determined that all doses of SSAE used in hydrolytic and oxidative DNA cleavage experiments cleave DNA. As a result of the Ames / Salmonella test, it was found that 1,25 mg SSAE was not genotoxic. Then, this concentration was used in nanoparticle synthesis. As a result of DLS analysis, it was determined that SSAE-loaded CNPs have an average size of 57.61 +/- 1.234 nm, 0.175 +/- 0.008 PdI, and +14 +/- 0.755 mV zeta potential. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of SSAE-loaded CNPs calculated as 71.76 % and 2,64 % respectively. As a result of releasing kinetics, it was determined that 79.54 % of SSAE was released after 168 hours. Antibacterial results revealed that SSAE loaded CNPs were more effective against bacteria than blank SSAE.

Background: Cnestis ferruginea is a plant species widely used in the traditional african medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Cnestis ferruginea (AECF) in diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were grouped into five groups of five animals per group: Group A was not induced with alloxan, Group B animals were induced but not treated, Group C animals were treated with 500 mg / kg of BW of metformin, Group D and E animals were treated with 100, 200 mg/kg BW of AECF respectively. The extracts were administered to the animals orally for 14 days. Fasting blood sugar was measured by a glucometer. Serum concentrations of hematological and biochemical parameters were measured by standard methods. Results: The animals administered with 100 and 200 mg/Kg B.W of extract showed highly significant decrease (P ˂ 0.0001) in blood sugar level compared to the untreated animals. The 100 mg / kg BW dose of AECF produce low significant decrease (P

In model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the antiradical properties of extractives of common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were studied: water-alcohol extracts with an alcohol content of 20, 40 and 70% and essential oil. Whole essential oil is obtained by exhaustive hydro-steam distillation for 11 hours. In addition, separate oil fractions were obtained: the first after 20 minutes from the start of distillation, the second after the next 50 minutes, the third after the next 180 minutes, and the fourth after the next 360 minutes. The results of the DPPH test showed that ARA is minimal for alcohol-soluble substances and increases for aqueous-alcoholic extracts from 20.3% in the case of a 20% extract to 21.8% for a 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract. ARA of the obtained samples of essential oil surpasses the ARA values of aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic extracts. It was found that the APA value for 1 fraction of oil is 29.7% and increases with the transition to subsequent fractions to 54.3%. Whole Yarrow essential oil has an ARA value of 52.8%. According to the ARA value, the extractives of yarrow can be arranged in the following row: whole essential oils> 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract> 40% extract> 20% extract> aqueous extract> 96% alcoholic extract., В модельных реакциях со свободным стабильным 2,2-дифенил-1-пикрилгидразил радикалом изучены антирадикальные свойства экстрактивных веществ тысячелистника обыкновенного (Achillea millefolium L.), произрастающего на территории Красноярского края: водно-спиртовых экстрактов с содержанием спирта 20, 40 и 70% и эфирного масла. Цельное эфирное масло получено методом исчерпывающей гидропародистилляции в течение 11 ч. Кроме того, получены отдельные фракции масла: первая – через 20 мин от начала перегонки, вторая – через последующие 50 мин, третья – через последующие 180 мин, четвертая – через последующие 360 мин. Результаты ДФПГ-теста показали, что антирадикальная активность (АРА) минимальна для спирторастворимых веществ и возрастает для водно-спиртовых экстрактов от 20.3% в случае 20% экстракта до 21.8% для 70% водно-спиртового экстракта. АРА полученных образцов эфирного масла превосходит значения АРА водных, спиртовых и водно-спиртовых экстрактов. Обнаружено, что значения АРА для первой фракции масла составляет 29.7% и возрастает при переходе к последующим фракциям до 54.3%. Цельное эфирное масло тысячелистника обыкновенного имеет значение АРА 52.8%. По величине АРА экстрактивные вещества тысячелистника обыкновенного можно расположить в следующий ряд: цельное эфирное масло > 70%-ный водно-спиртовый экстракт > 40%-ный экстракт > 20%-ный экстракт > водный экстракт > 96%-ный спиртовый экстракт.

Carbon steel is one of the most widely used alloys in industrial applications. However, the use of this metal may be limited because of corrosion tendency. Thus, it is necessary to develop methods that inhibit its degradation. One way to inhibit corrosion is to use organic inhibitors. Some organic compounds with heteroatoms inhibit corrosion by forming a protective film. In this study, the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel 1020 in 0.1 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid medium was evaluated. The natural inhibitor used was an aqueous extract of the bark of Persea pyrifolia (PP) plant at concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% V / V. The electrochemical response was determined by open circuit potential measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and anodic potentiodynamic polarization. Therefore, mass loss was measured, and inhibitory efficiency was evaluated. The best results were observed for the concentration of 2.5% V / V of Persea pyrifolia extract, presenting and inhibition efficiency of 82.5% on the 1020 carbon steel. The electrochemical results indicates that PP extract can be used as green corrosion inhibitor in acidic medium. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i2.1469

Elevated cholesterol level is a major cause of disease burden in developing Nations. This study seeks to evaluate the ameliorative and hepatoprotective potentials of aqueous extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on high fat diet-induced liver damage. Thirty (30) adult wistar rats weighing 110-180g were randomly divided into six group of five animals each, group A served as control while B was exposed to high fat diet only (using margarine brand); Groups C, D and E were given high fat diet with co-treated with the extract at low, medium and high doses respectively while group F was received the drug Atrovastin as a gold standard to enable comparative effects of date palm administration. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were anaesthetized using chloroform blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to investigate the activities of liver enzymes, and liver tissue was harvested through a midline incision for histological analysis. There were evidence of vascular congestion and periportal infiltration in rats given margarineonly indicative of hepatocellular disruption. Animals that received moderate to high dose of the fruit extract show mild to total reversal of the damaged liver cells and activation of kupffer cells with concurrent changes in serum albumin level. Aqueous extract of phoenix dactylifera was seen to ameliorate the fat induced liver damage with notable changes in hepatocyte configuration as observed when treated with standard drug. Keywords: Phoenix dactylifera, Hyperlipedermia, Liver, Wistar rat

Aim: The key motive was to investigate the toxicological upshot of clofibrate and phenol prescribed under human medicine, having potential in water and sediments contamination via input from sewage treatment plants as active pharmaceutical ingredients’ discharge into the environment had kindled present catastrophic effects upon the aquatic ecosystem. Methods: The present study involved, exposing the fish model, Pangasius sp. after acclimatizing them at a suitable LC50 concentration of selective drugs. Their toxic effects were studied in terms of oxidative stress markers, antioxidant status, and protein damage levels in the occupancies under the bioremediation source, Artemisia pallens and further supported by histopathological and cortisol level studies. Results: The results’ comparison between fish maintained under the bioremediation source, when exposed to clofibrate and phenol resulted in severe oxidative stress (significant *P

Background In sustainable agriculture, the use of farmyard manure (FYM) is of great interest to environmental security and is effective as a good nitrogen source for sustainable crop production. Therefore, determining the effective doses of FYM that will be an alternative to chemical fertilizers, is also important to improve soil fertility and produce healthy products. This study aimed to determine the effects of FYM and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers on the biological value and essential oil content of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Methods Different doses FYM (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 t ha−1) and AN (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha−1) were applied by sowing and compared to a control group (no manure). We evaluated the chemical constituents as well as the biological activities of dill herbs and seeds growing at various doses of FYM and AN fertilizers. Results The most abundant components of essential oils were found to be dill apiole (11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%) and carvotanacetone (15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%) in the leaves and seeds, respectively. Limonene (9.01 ± 1.11%), 4-isopropyltoluen (8.24 ± 0.89%), dill ether (9.13 ± 1.12%) and mycrene (7.44 ± 0.68%) were major essential oils components in herbs. The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha−1 in FYM and 90 AN applications. From the effective concentration (EC50) of the samples, it was seen that 60 kg ha−1 AN infusion, 120 kg ha−1 AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha−1 FYM and 10 t ha−1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC50 compared to the control. Although the antioxidant activities of the samples were significantly lower than those of the reference antioxidant gallic acid, it was evident that they did show the antioxidative potential for hydrogen and a single electron donor activities, thus could serve as free radical scavengers, and act as reductant. In particular, the highest total phenolic content (18.36 ± 0.35 mg g−1) was found in the infusion extract after applying the 60 kg ha−1 AN fertilizer. Essential oils extracted from the seeds also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species was observed with the 10 t ha−1 FYM application. Conclusion The findings of the study suggest that the application of FYM has promising effects on dill leaf, seed, and herb and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers when growing dill, a plant with increasing importance and demand.

This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves extract (EALE) on the memory of male rats. Rats were divided into 7 groups: 4 groups in the first stage (Control, EALE 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) to determine the effective-dose of EALE on memory; and 3 groups in the second stage (Normal, Scopolamine and EALE effective-dose) to evaluate the effect of EALE on scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Rats received EALE by i.p. administration for 14 days and the memory function of all groups was evaluated by the Y-maze test on days 8 and 15. Only scopolamine and effective dose of EALE groups were received scopolamine 30 min before Y-maze test. The total cholesterol and triglyceride levels of stage 2 rats were also measured. On day 8, the percentage of spontaneous alternation (%SA) was significantly increased in EALE 400 mg/kg group, as compared with the control group. On day 15, there was a significant difference in %SA only between EALE 100 mg/kg group and the control group. The %SA was significantly increased in the EALE effective-dose group only on day 15, as compared with scopolamine group (P

En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación de nanopartículas de óxido de hierro obtenidas a partir del extracto acuosos de Eucalyptus grandis. Se realizaron 23 experimentos donde la síntesis de nanopartículas se realizó por medio del uso del extracto acuoso junto con sales de cloruro de hierro (II) tetrahidratado y cloruro de hierro (III) hexahidratado. Se llevó a cabo una caracterización por medio de IR, TEM y BET, donde se presentaron bandas a 3440.77, 1559.26 y 445.31 cm-1, indicando presencia de nanopartículas de óxido de hierro. Se evidenció una monodispersidad relativamente alta con partículas alrededor de 9 nm. Por medio de análisis BET se encontró que presenta un área superficial de 131.90 m2/g. La obtención de nanopartículas mediante este método verde presenta valores de rendimiento del 98%, con aplicación en nanotecnología, biomedicina, tratamiento medioambiental, entre otros por lo cual son altamente versátiles y su costo de producción es relativamente bajo.

Background::Colon cancer is responsible for increasing the death rate worldwide. Commonly used anticancer drugs have various side effects and their clinical usage must be restricted due to their toxicity.Objective::The present research aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of Lepidium sativum L. (LS) seeds aqueous extract against azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) inducedcolon cancer in male albino mice.Methods::Low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of LS seeds extract were used to treat induced colon cancer in different stages.Results::The present results report that LS treatment for mice with colon cancer especially in high dose, decreases colon polyps/tumor incidence and size, tissues disorder, expression of P53 and increases apoptosis in colon tissue. Moreover, LS decreases micronucleus induction in polychromatic (PCE), increases PCE/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio and decreases the percentage of sperm abnormalities.Conclusion::The present study reports anticancer potential of LS for induced colorectal cancer mice by ameliorating the inflammatory steps of colon.

Anthocyanin have been used as a natural food colourant and as a source of natural antioxidants. Aqueous extracts of dried roselle calyces, outer peels of yellow onions, and peanut skins were used as sources of anthocyanin and other functional components such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds to fortify yoghurt beverages. Antioxidants, total phenolics, total flavonoids and anthocyanin were estimated in the plant extracts. Colour stability was evaluated in yoghurt beverages fortified with anthocyanin extracted during the storage period at 4±1°C for three weeks. The highest amount of total phenolic content was observed in peanut skin extract (1.645 mgžml-1), followed by dry outer peels of onions (1.5 mgžml-1) and roselle calyces (1.3 mgžml-1). Dry outer peels of onions showed the highest flavonoid content compared with peanut skin and roselle calyces extract. The highest amount of total anthocyanin was observed in roselle calyces (3.877 mg 100 g-1), followed by aqueous extract of onions skin (0.635 mg 100 g-1). During the storage period at 4±1 °C for three weeks, yoghurt beverages physicochemical and functional properties had been evaluated. The anthocyanin improved the colour, appearance, and overall acceptability of fortified yoghurt beverages. The overall results suggested that it is possible to produce high-quality yoghurt beverages fortified by adding 0.2% extracts of dry peanut skins, dry roselle calyces, and dry outer peels of yellow onions, which obtaining colours degree of red-orange, cheery red, and orange-yellow, respectively, colour stability during the storage period at 4±1°C for three weeks.

Objective: Cocos nucifera (coconut tree) is a tropical plant whose roots were used in Benin to treat anaemia. These roots contain anthocyanins, which are isolated by butanol. This work aimed to test the safety of the butanolic fraction of this root extract. Methodology and results: Acute oral toxicity (AOT) and subchronic (SCT) tests were performed by gavage Wistar rats with the fraction of the extract at a single dose of 2000 mg / Kg of weight for the AOT and of 200 mg / Kg / Day for 28 days for SCT. At D0 and on D14 for the AOT and on D28 for the SCT, the rats were weighed and sampled for assay of transaminases AST and ALT, uraemia, creatinine, blood leukocyte counts and liver, kidneys and spleen histology. These analyses did not show any abnormalities. The butanol fraction of the aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera roots did not show acute or sub-chronic oral toxicity. The physical balance assessed by the behaviour and weight of rats was normal. Liver function tests performed by transaminases AST and ALT improved. Renal balance conducted by uraemia and creatinine was normal. The immune status determined by the number of blood leukocytes was normal. These functional observations were confirmed by the histology of the liver, kidneys and spleen, which did not show any morphological atypia of these organs. Conclusion and application of results: The lack of toxicity at the acute or subchronic stage may be related to anthocyanins contained therein and some of which were known to be non-toxic. This result opened up great prospects for testing various biological properties, in particular the hematopoietic activity of this butanolic fraction of Cocos nucifera root extract which will be used as an improved traditional medicine. Key words: Cocos nucifera, butanol, safety. Tchogou et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Safety of the butanol fraction of Cocos nucifera roots aqueous extract in vivo. 16283 RÉSUMÉ Objectif : Cocos nucifera est une plante tropicale dont les racines sont utilisées au Bénin pour soigner l’anémie. Ces racines contiennent les anthocyanes qui sont isolés par le butanol. Ce travail se propose de tester l’innocuité de la fraction butanolique de cet extrait de racines. Méthodologie et résultats : Les Tests de toxicité orale aigüe (TOA) et subchronique (TSC) ont été effectués par gavage de rats Wistar avec la fraction d’extrait à la dose unique de 2000 mg/Kg de poids pour la TOA et de 200 mg/Kg/Jour pendant 28 jours pour la TSC. A J0, puis à J14 pour le TAO et à J28 pour le TSC, les rats ont été pesés puis prélevés pour le dosage des transaminases ASAT et ALAT, l’urémie, la créatininémie, la numération des leucocytes sanguins et l’histologie du foie, des reins et de la rate. Ces analyses n’ont pas montré d’anomalies. La fraction butanolique de l’extrait aqueux de racines de Cocos nucifera n’a pas révélé de toxicité orale aiguë ou sub-chronique. Le bilan physique évalué par le comportement et le poids des rats est normal. Le bilan hépatique effectué par les transaminases ASAT et ALAT est amélioré. Le bilan rénal réalisé par l’urémie et la créatininémie est normal. Le bilan immunitaire déterminé par le nombre de leucocytes sanguins est normal. Ces observations fonctionnelles sont confirmées par l’histologie du foie, des reins et de la rate qui n’a pas montré d’atypies morphologiques de ces organes. Conclusion et application des résultats :L’absence de toxicité orale à l’état aigu ou subchronique serait liée aux anthocyanes qui y sont contenus et dont certains sont connus comme étant non toxiques. Ce résultat ouvre de belles perspectives pour tester diverses propriétés biologiques, notamment l’activité hématopoïétique de cette fraction butanolique de l’extrait de racines de Cocos nucifera qui sera utilisé comme medicament tradiotionnel amélioré. Mots clés : Cocos nucifera, butanol, innocuité.

Forsythia suspensa leaves (FSL), rich in phillyrin, forsythiaside A, phillygenin, rutin, and other compounds, is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has been effective in heat retreat an...

We have studied the antioxidant activity and analyzed active substances of the aqueous and methanol extracts of endemic species Thecocarpus carvifolius Hedge and Lamond. The antioxidant activity was identified and assessed using the DPPH, FRAP and iron chelating capacity assay. Active substances were detection, total phenolic, flavonoids and volatile compounds were analyzed. According to DPPH analyzes, the inhibition percentage was 48.57% for aqueous extract and 76.34% for methanol extract. The FRAP reduction capacity was determined as 3.32 mg/mL for aqueous extract and 11.75 mg/mL FESO4 for methanol extract. The total concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were calculated as 64.08 - 35.29 mu g/mL and 146.84 - 555.66 mu g/mL in aqueous and methanol extracts, respectively. Finally, five volatile compounds were detected in methanol extracts. The results indicated that the endemic species of T. carvifolius can be evaluated as a natural antioxidant plant.

espanolCapsicum annuum var. glabriusculum presenta adaptaciones locales a distintas dinamicas antropocentricas y ecologicas, por lo que ampliar sus usos alimenticios a partir de su potencial antioxidante permitira contribuir al conocimiento para fortalecer cadenas de valor, robustecer su aprovechamiento y el consumo de plantas comestibles silvestres locales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue suplementar con chile piquin un aceite comestible comercial de cartamo y evaluar su capacidad antioxidante, a traves de la determinacion del contenido de compuestos fenolicos y mediante ensayos de captacion de radicales libres ABTS+ y DPPH·, evaluados en: 1) la muestra de chile piquin a traves de dos solventes de extraccion y 2) en el aceite suplementado y sin suplementar a los 0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d y 28 d posteriores a la preparacion (DPP). El chile piquin presento altos valores antioxidantes, el analisis de varianza (ANOVA) indico que el extracto acuoso supero al hidroalcoholico. El ANOVA factorial mostro diferencias significativas en los tres parametros antioxidantes evaluados. Estas disimilitudes se asociaron a la suplementacion, tiempo (DPP) y la combinacion de la suplementacion y DPP. La suplementacion del aceite de cartamo con C. annuum var. glabriusculum enriquecio 66 % su valor antioxidante. La comparacion de medias mostro diferencias significativas en la combinacion de tratamientos y DPP. La combinacion de aceite suplementado y los DPP presento variabilidad en los datos de polifenoles totales y habilidad contra ABTS+. Se observo una relacion inversa entre los DPP y compuestos fenolicos totales y capacidad contra ABTS+, contrario a la prueba para DPPH·. Los resultados obtenidos validan que la adicion de chile piquin incrementa la biofuncionalidad del aceite de cartamo y puede ser alternativa de fuente de antioxidantes naturales. EnglishCapsicum annuum var. glabriusculum presents local adaptations to different anthropocentric and ecological dynamics. Therefore, expanding its food uses based on its antioxidant potential will contribute to knowledge about ways to strengthen value chains, enhance their use and encourage the consumption of local wild edible plants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of commercial edible safflower oil supplemented with piquin chili by determining the content of phenolic compounds and by assays of free radical scavenging in ABTS+ and DPPH·. The evaluation included: 1) the piquin chili sample through two extraction solvents and 2) the supplemented and unsupplemented oil at 0 d,7 d, 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after preparation (DPP). The piquin chili presented high antioxidant values. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the aqueous extract surpassed the hydroalcoholic extract. The factorial ANOVA showed significant differences in the three antioxidant parameters evaluated. These dissimilarities were associated with supplementation, time (DPP) and the combination of supplementation and DPP. Safflower oil supplementation with C. annuum var. glabriusculum enriched 66 % more its antioxidant value. The comparison of means showed significant differences in the combination of treatments and DPP. The combination of supplemented oil and DPP showed variability in total polyphenol data and ability against ABTS +. An inverse relationship was observed between DPP and total phenolic compounds, and capacity against ABTS +, contrary to the test for DPPH·. The results obtained validate the argument that the addition of piquin chili increases the biofunctionality of safflower oil and can be an alternative source of natural antioxidants.

Cyanthillium cinereum is a medicinal plant commonly known as little ironweed is used in various traditional systems of medicines. In Ayurveda, it is known as Sahadevi and is used as remedy for many ailments. It has been reported to possess numerous biological properties including diaphoretic, anthelmintic, diuretic, lithontriptic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Metabolite profiling of aqueous extract of C. cinereum (CCE) and its herbal formulation KGS tablet has been carried out by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopic analysis. ESI-MS/MS based characterisation led to the identification of several bioactive phytochemicals belonging to various classes of metabolites like phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids and anthocyanin. Most of the identified compounds are known for their various biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.

Various herbal plants used in traditional medicines contain a vast array of substances that can be used to treat various disease and complications, the present study deals with anthelmintic activity of different extracts of leaves of Polypodium decumanum, a potential medicinal plant. The crude plant extracts of leaf part exhibited anthelmintic activity. Two concentrations (30mg/ml and 40mg/ml) of each extract were studied, which involved for the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the test worms. It was found that ethyl acetate extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity followed by ethanolic extract and aqueous extract in causing paralysis and death of earth worms.

The leaves of Alchornea cordifolia are traditionally used by African populations for the treatment of several diseases. The acute toxicity study concluded that the total aqueous extract of Alchornea cordifolia (ETAAC) is not toxic by single administration and that its LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg of body weight (bw). Tests carried out by daily administration of ETAAC did not result in any significant change in the body weight of the animals and the weight of vital organs. After 28 days of treatment, no significant difference was observed in the figurative elements of the blood and in the biochemical parameters. Significant decreases were observed in urea and alanine-amino transferase after 60 days of treatment. Alchornea cordifolia does not affect the functioning of the kidneys, liver and heart. It is therefore not toxic at doses of 100 mg/kg of bw, 200 mg/kg of bw and 400 mg/kg of bw in rats.

The adverse effect of gentamicin on tissues like kidney and liver makes its use limited in clinical settings. Ocimum gratissimum are known for many medicinal uses. The effect of aqueous extract (AO...

This article reports a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosynthesis of ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves’ water extract. For the first time, we used a green synthetic route via C. viminalis leaves’ extract to prepare ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) using zinc acetate and ferric chloride as precursor materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results revealed polyphenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids present in the plant extract acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs. Outcomes of XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ZnO–Fe3O4 heterojunction in ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs, with crystallite sizes of 45, 35, and 60 nm, respectively, according to Debye–Scherrer’s formula. EDX confirmed Zn, Fe, and O in the ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the existence of both ZnO and Fe3O4 in the NCs with some agglomeration. The thermal stability of NCs was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, as-prepared ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs along with biosynthesized ZnO and Fe3O4 (prepared by C. viminalis extract) nanoparticles were examined for photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation for 150 min. The result reveals that the photodegradation efficiency of ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs (99.09%) was higher compared to that of monometallic ZnO (84.7%) and Fe3O4 (37.1%) nanoparticles.

Zygophyllum album (Z. album) is an endemic plant in Algeria and is known for its medicinal properties since long times. This study assess Z. album extract supplementation effects on protein oxidation and endothelial dysfunction tissues in rats rendered hypercholesterolemic-diabetic. Male Wistar rats (n=36), weighing 200±10 g were divided into three groups (n=12). The first group was rendered hypercholesterolemic with an enriched cholesterol diet (1 %) (HC). The second group was rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg of body weight) (D). The third group was hypercholesterolemic and diabetic (HC-D); each group was divided into two groups (n=6), untreated groups (HC, D, HC-D) and treated groups with 1 % Z. album extract (HC-Za, D-Za and HC-D-Za). At d28 of the experiment, Z. album treatment lead to a similar weight growth in HC-Za vs HC and HC-D-Za vs HC-D, while was increased in D-Za vs D (+35 %); similarly, food intake was increased by +17 %. An increase in glutathione (GSH) levels was noted in liver, heart and adipose tissue (p

Aim: The effect of aqueous extract of Costus afer stems on total protein, albumin,globulin, total and conjugated bilirubin levels in diet induced hyperlipidemic rats were studied. Methodology: Wistar albino male rats (100-135 g) were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 12 rats each. Group I was fed with standard diet as normal control rats and all the other groups were fed with high fat diet (10 g eggyolk/day) for 2 weeks. The plant extract was administered orally at different concentrations of 400, 800 and 1600mg/kg b.w alone and also in combination with the reference drug, Atorvastatin® (0.26mg) to the treatment groups for four weeks. The serum proteins and bilirubin were observed at specific intervals (2 weeks). Results: The results revealed significant (p

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of chitosan/zein-based coating containing free and nano-encapsulated Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. aqueous extract (PGE) on microbial, chemical...

Aim: To evaluate the effect of Aqueous extract of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp (AETB) on learning by Hebb William maze model in mice with acute alcohol consumption. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino mice (n=48) of either sex weighing 20-30g will be divided into eight groups of six mice each. Drugs were given orally after 12 hours of fasting. Group I mice received 10ml/kg of Normal Saline, Group II mice received Piracetam 200mg/kg, Group III received AETB 36mg/kg, Group IV received ethanol 1.5g/kg orally, Group V received ethanol(1.5g/kg )+ piracetam (200mg/kg), Group VI mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB(9mg/kg), Group VII mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB (18mg/kg), Group VIII mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB(36mg/kg). Time taken by the animal to reach the reward chamber from the start chamber (TRC) in Hebb-William maze was used as a parameterto evaluate the learning. Results: Acute alcohol administration showed increase in TRC. Whereas, acute administration of Aqueous extracts of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp showed a decrease in TRC when compared to the control group. The TRC values for the groups that were administered AETB along with acute alcohol administration showed decrease in TRC values compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Current study showed acute alcohol administration caused impairment of thelearning ability in mice. Whereas, acute administration of Aqueous extracts of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp (AETB)caused enhancement of learning. Pre-treatment with AETB before acute alcohol administration indicated protective action of AETB on alcohol affected learning in mice. Keywords: Hebb­William maze, Learning, Terminalia bellirica

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) at high concentration has been reported to alter the physiological and biochemical states of animals and humans. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a polypore mushroom reported to possess many medicinal attributes such as anticholesterolemia and the control of hormonal disorders. The present study investigated the effect of water extract of G. lucidum in the changes of haematology, oestradiol, cholesterol and protein levels of Wistar rats induced by MSG. Haematological analysis was determined from plasma, while oestrogen, serum total protein and cholesterol levels were determined from the serum of the rats. Results showed that MSG significantly raised the level of oestrogen (62.5 ± 0.28 pg/mL) in the rats which was significantly reduced in the rats fed with MSG for 30 days before treating them with the extracts of G. lucidum (30.85 ± 12.94 pg/mL–44.15 ± 0.92 pg/mL) and in rats fed concurrently with MSG and G. lucidum. The cholesterol level was significantly reduced in the rats treated with MSG and G. lucidum (200 mg/kg) concurrently compared to rats fed with MSG alone. The white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) levels were within normal in rats fed with both MSG and G. lucidum as in the control group while the rats fed with MSG only had low WBC, neutrophil (NEU) and RBC. This could imply that G. lucidum ameliorates the effect of MSG on serum oestrogen, serum cholesterol, WBCs, NEU, platelets and lymphocytes.

Syzygium cumini, owing to higher bioactive constituents, its parts principally kernels are used for the antidiabetic purpose since the olden days. The current manuscript illustrated batch extraction of phenolic compounds from S. cumini using a stirred extractor. The yields 0.61 mg/g, 35.9 mg/g, 79.89 mg GAE/g, and 7.29 mg CE/g of catechin, gallic acid, TPC and TFC, respectively, were obtained in 105 min. at 1:20 SCKP to water, 50 ± 2 °C temperature, 4 pH, at 250 rpm and 106 µm particle size of SCKP. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of the obtained aqueous extract was carried out by DPPH, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The IC50 values of SCKP aqueous extract obtained were 12.97, 9.03, and 7.13 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging, inhibition of α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. The cost required to extract 1 kg of catechin, gallic acid, TPC, and TFC was Rs 6691.6, 113.7, 51.1, and 559.93/-, respectively. Stirred batch extraction technique manifests traditional but simple, ecofriendly, and efficient compared to other traditional techniques. The output of this research bestows support to utilize the SCKP stirred batch extract as a promising source of antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds in ayurvedic formulations.

The seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem) were analyzed for gradient yields in different solvents and its acaricidal properties. The solvents used were aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, hydroethanol and methanol in Soxhlet apparatus for the extraction of extracts. The acaricidal properties of A. indicaseed extract was assessed by using the solution of 8% aqueous, ethanolic, hydro-ethanolic and methanolic extracts. The highest yield obtained was methanolic extract about 14.84%, followed by ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extract 13.24%, 9.76% and 8.12% respectively. Variable amounts of yields might be possible due to the method, solvents, time and temperature applied for the extraction. During the assessment of acaricidal properties of A. indicaseed extract, aqueous extract was found more effective as compared to ethanolic extract, hydroethanolic extract and methanolic extract and lowest efficacy was recorded in methanolic extract, might be happened by the presence of sufficient biomolecules in aqueous extract.

PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach. (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant found in Benin whose root bark was effective in treating anemia. To identify the family of chemical compounds of this organ was responsible for its hematopoietic efficiency, this work aimed to test the ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract of the plant organ on anemic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were anemic by phenylhydrazinechloridrate on D0. From day 2 to day 15, some were gavage fed with the ethyl acetate fraction of PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach root bark aqueous extract at 40 or 60 mg / kg / day. Others received either vitafer as a reference drug or distilled water (untreated anemic group). Blood samples were collected from these rats and non-anemic control rats at days 0, 2, 7, 10 and 15 for the blood count and osmotic resistance of red blood cells. Results: At D2, phenylhydrazine significantly decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell number, which were corrected on D7 by the extract fraction with a dose-dependent effect. The extract fraction rapidly stimulated release of macrocytes, immature red blood cells in the first week to compensate the anemia. The extract did not affect blood platelet number, suggesting some specificity of action on the red blood cell line. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of Psorospermumfebrifugum root bark aqueous extract stimulated erythropoiesis faster than the crude extract. Its action seemed specific and dose-dependent. It would probably be related to the flavonoids which action mechanism needs to be explored.

This study focused on the functional properties of bread incorporated with spearmint (S) aqueous extract (S1 = 0% (control), S2 = 2.5%, S3 = 5.0% and S4 = 7.5%) by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferrous-ion chelating (FIC) ability. Additionally, spearmint bread samples were compared with commercially available bread, including Roti Canai, White Bread (WB), Wheat germ bread (WG), Wholemeal bread (WM). Sensory evaluation was also investigated for spearmint bread samples. The presence of different concentrations of spearmint aqueous extract increased (p

Introduction: Bubonium graveolens is used in traditional pharmacopoeia against imbalances of the gastrointestinal tract, cephalic pains, and bronchitis, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Methods: We have investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens in male mice of strain NMRI Albinos, weighing between 22 g and 38 g. Acetic acid was used to induce writhes in the mice and inflammation of paw edema. Results: Evaluation of the analgesic activity showed that the aqueous extract at 150 mg/kg of the plant induced a decrease in the number of abdominal cramps caused by 1% acetic acid. The aqueous extract of the plant had an analgesic effect almost equal to that of Diclofenac; in fact, the latter caused a pain inhibition of 49 ± 1.1% while Bubonium graveolens caused a pain inhibition of 49.6 ± 2.1%, at the concentration of 150 mg/kg. Evaluation of the percentage of inhibition showed that the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens had a better anti-inflammatory activity compared to Diclofenac sodium during the treatment duration (69.57% — 56.52% at 60 min; 71.43% — 50.00% at 120 min, and 75.00% — 66.67% at 180 min). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that Bubonium graveolens inhibits inflammation and could explain its effective use in traditional medicine.

Objetivo: Comparar el efecto hipoglicemiante del extracto acuoso de Moringa oleifera (moringa), Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacón) y metformina en Rattus norvegicus, variedad albina, con diabetes mellitus inducida. Materiales y métodos: Estudio preclínico, experimental controlado y aleatorizado. La diabetes se indujo por vía intraperitoneal con una dosis de aloxano a 130 mg/kg de peso vivo (PV); se emplearon 24 Rattus norvegicus, variedad albina, machos, cepa Holfzman (seis por grupo). Se dividieron de la siguiente manera: grupo control (sin tratamiento), grupo metformina (14 mg/kg PV), grupo M. oleifera (200 mg/ kg PV), y grupo S. sonchifolius (140 mg/kg PV), los tratamientos fueron administrados mediante sonda orogástrica durante 15 días. Los niveles de glicemia fueron determinados usando un glucómetro electrónico Accu-Chek® Instant (Roche). Resultados: Se observó reducción de la glicemia en los tratamientos: M. oleifera (p = 0,009), S. sonchifolius (p = 0,002) y metfotmina (p = 0,002), en 313 mg/dL, 281,5 mg/dL y 415 mg/dL, respectivamente. En cuanto a la comparación de la glicemia en los grupos tratados y control, se observó que a las 24 horas y cuatro días de tratamiento no hubo diferencia (p 0,05); mientras que al octavo (p 0,05) y décimo quinto día (p 0,01) los grupos tratados tuvieron menor glicemia respecto al control, pero similares entre ellos. Conclusión: El extracto acuoso de S. sonchifolius y de M. oleifera, y la metformina presentaron similar efecto hipoglicemiante en ratas de experimentación con diabetes inducida.

This study examined anti-termite effect of Anadelphia afzeliana extracts on Daniellia oliveri, Gmelina arborea and Terminalia ivorensis wood species in Makurdi, Nigeria. A. afzeliana was collected, dried under shade, pulverized and the phytochemical constituents of screened. Weight of 100 g was respectively dissolved in 200 mL of methanol and hot water and mixtures left to macerate within 24 hours and thereafter filtered to obtain extracts. Concentrations of 20 %, 30 % and 50 % were constituted from methanol and aqueous extracts.Test woods were weighed and impregnated in treatments for 72 hours, after which absorption and retention were calculated. Treated woods were laid out in a timber grave yard in a Completely Randomized Design with seven treatments and solignum as control. Grand total of 360 test wood were used. Percentage weight loss was calculated on test wood. Anthraquinones, balsams, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, terpens, resins, phenols and saponins phytochemicals were present in A. afzeliana. Mean absorption of G. arborea, T. ivorensis and D. oliveri test wood were 93.04 -130.55 kg/m3, 100.54 - 142.04 kg/m3 and 96.94 - 175.01 kg/m3, respectively. The values were lowest in solignum and highest in 20 % A. afzeliana aqueous extract. Mean retention in G. arborea, T. ivorensis and D. oliveri were 9.29 - 62.51 kg/m3, 11.29 - 90.78 kg/m3 and 10.79 - 55.69 kg/m3; lowest in solignum and highest in 50 % A. afzeliana aqueous extract. Mean percentage weight loss was 13.81 - 30.65 % (G. arborea), 13.37 - 23.31 % (D. oliveri) and

To assess the effects of Curcuma longa aqueous extract (CE) on fertility in male rats exposed to Aluminum chloride (AlCl3), Twenty four male rats, 3 months old, divided into 4 groups (n=6) were used. Animal from the first group received, by the oral route, water-containing AlCl3 at the dose of 34 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats from the second group received both AlCl3 at the same dose in combination with oral treatment of CE at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. The third group received only an oral administration of CE with the same dose. Rats from the fourth group, without any treatment, served as control. After 4 weeks of experimentation, AlCl3 exposure showed a significant decrease in sperm concentration (4.58±0.65 × 106 cells /ml), and percentage of viability (61.53±23.63 %), and an increase of morphological abnormalities (26.11±17.84 %). A significant decreased in serum testosterone levels (0.31±0.26 ng/ml) and an increase of testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) level (0.16±0.015 μM/g) were also observed. Histological examination of the testes showed degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, germ line cells, and interstitial cells. However, CE treatment concomitant to AlCl3 showed that the rate of morphological abnormalities (19±2.65 %) is significantly decreased compared to AlCl3 group, with a significant increase in serum testosterone (1.17±0.24 ng/ml) and a significant decrease in MDA (0.11±0.003μM/g) level. Microscopic examination revealed a significant regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. This study demonstrated an ameliorative effect of Curcuma longa aqueous extract in testicular tissue and sperm quality. Keywords: Curcuma longa, Aluminum, fertility, testosterone, malondialdehyde (MDA), sperm.

The World Health Organization reported that at least 80% of populations rely on traditional medicine and medicinal plants for their primary health care. Due to their phytochemical compounds, the plants of the Aloe genus are reported to have high potential antiCovid-19 (and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of some Malagasy endangered species of Aloe genus. The ethanolic extract of few Aloe of Madagascar leaf extracts was fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using hexane. In total 18 different fractions from 9 species have been used to determine their antioxidant activity through in vitro model by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Both hexanic extract and aqueous extract displayed antioxidant activities in four species. The most evident antioxidant activity was expressed by A. helenae.

The present work was conducted to biofabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in single step employing aqueous extract of Dregea volubilis flowers and to investigate its antioxidant, antidiabetic and...

Background Salep is obtained by grinding dried orchid tubers and used as a valuable ingredient in the food industry. Because of the glucomannan content of salep, it is thought to have prebiotic potential. However, there is little information in studies concerning the fermentation characteristics and potential prebiotic properties of salep. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salep on bifidobacterial growth by measuring the highest optical density (OD), calculating the specific growth rates, and determining the production of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) as a result of bacterial fermentation. Result The OD and pH values obtained in this study showed that salep was utilized as a source of assimilable carbon and energy by the Bifidobacterium species (BS). All Bifidobacterium strains produced lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, indicating that salep is readily fermented by these bacteria. Salep at 1% (w/v) showed a similar effect on bifidobacterial growth as that promoted by 1% (w/v) glucose used as a traditional carbon source. Conclusions Bifidobacterium species can develop in media containing salep as well as in glucose and exhibit the potential to be used as new sources of prebiotics. How to cite: Usta-Gorgun B, Yilmaz-Ersan L. Short-chain fatty acid production by the Bifidobacterium species in the presence of salep. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.06.004 .

The aim of the present study was to examine the possible protective effects of the aqueous extract of Thymus munbyanus (TMAE) against 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-induced oxidative stress...