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In the present study, 3-p-methoxybenzyl/m-chlorobenzyl/phenyl-4-(3-methyl-2-thienylmethyleneamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones were obtained from the reaction between 3-methylthiophene-2-carbaldehyde and three different 4-amino-(3-p-methoxybenzyl/m-chlorobenzyl/phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones. In order to compare experimental and theoretical values, the geometric parameter, electronic, nonlinear optical properties, molecular electrostatic potentials and spectroscopic properties of 3-substituted-4-(3-methyl-2-thienylmethyleneamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones have been simulated. The electronic properties of the newly synthesized compounds were calculated using DFT/B3LYP and DFT/B3PW91 methods revealing parameters such as ionization potential, electron affinity, energy gap, electronegativity, molecular hardness, molecular softness, electrophilic index, nucleophilic index and chemical potential, all obtained from HOMO and LUMO energies, dipole moments and total energies. UV-visible absorption spectra and the stimulation contributions in UV-visible transitions were obtained by using TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and TD-DFT/B3PW91/6-311G(d,p) methods in ethanol. The calculated absorption wavelengths, oscillator power and excitation energies were compared with experimental values. In line with DFT, the numbers of molecular vibration were analyzed through the basis set of 6-311G(d,p). The recording of FT-IR frequencies was done for the pertinent compound. The recorded frequencies through DFT/B3LYP and DFT/B3PW91 methods were compared to experimental values, with a result gained closest to the values of B3LYP. Finally, the Gaussian09W program package in DMSO phase, starting from the optimized structure, has been instrumental in calculating the 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR chemical shift values of the GIAO method.

2-[(2-Sulfanyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)iminomethyl]phenyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate was obtained as a result of the reactions of 5-amino-2-sulfanylbenzimidazole with 2-(2-naphthylsulfonyloxy)benzaldehyde. The newly synthesized compound was characterized using IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical investigations of the thione–thiol tautomerism of the molecule were performed using DFT/ B3LYP calculations with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The NMR chemical shifts were calculated by the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with the experimental data. Additionally, the frontier molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO), MEP, and NLO analyses were performed for the optimized structure. The NLO analysis showed that the thiol form of the molecule is more stable than the thione form and is a good non-linear optical compound.

Fuel cells have important applications in recent decades due to high-energy demands, fossil fuel depletions and environmental pollution throughout world. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts a source fuel into an electrical current. It generates electricity inside a cell through reactions between a fuel and an oxidant, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. In this study, preparation of Platinum nanoparticle (PtNPs)/boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs)/6-methyl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidenamino)-benzothiazole (ILs) nanocomposite (PtNPs/BNQDs/ILs) has been made. Afterwards, using various equipment and methods, characterization has been carried out. These equipment and methods are as follows: Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, X-Ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Method. The catalyst developed on PtNPs/BNQDs/ILs has proven to be cost-effective. Moreover, the PtNPs/BNQDs/ILs nanocomposite has achieved a higher peak for the current oxidation of methanol, when compared to BNQDs/ILs and ILs. Therefore, this catalyst has a better catalytic activity.

Saxagliptin is an effective and selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. This study was designed to determine possible protective effects of saxagliptin against damage caused by renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. In this study, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups (

In the present study, 3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (S1-8) were synthesized by treating 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (B) with eight different 3-substitued-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones (T1-8) in acetic acid medium, separately. The synthesized Schiff bases (S) were reacted with formaldehyde and secondary amine such as 4-piperidinecarboxyamide to afford novel heterocyclic bases. 3-Substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (T) were treated with 4-piperidinecarboxyamide in the presence of formaldehyde to synthesize eight new 1-(4-piperidinecarboxyamide-1-yl-methyl)-3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (M1-8). The structure characterization of compounds was carried out using 1 H-NMR, IR, HR-MS, and 13 C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory properties of the newly synthesized compounds were calculated against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Ki values were calculated in the range of 20.06±3.11-36.86±6.17 μM for GST, 17.87±2.91-30.53±4.25 μM for AChE, 9.08±0.69-20.02±2.88 μM for BChE, respectively, Besides, IC50 values were also calculated. Best binding scores of -inhibitors against used enzymes were calculated as -12.095 kcal/mol, -12.775 kcal/mol, and -9.336 kcal/mol, respectively. While 5-oxo-triazole piperidine-4-carboxamide moieties have a critical role in the inhibition of AChE and GST enzymes, hydroxy benzyl moiety is important for BChE enzyme inhibition.

A series of 2-ethoxy-4-{[3-alkyl(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-on-4-yl]-azomethine}-phenyl benzenesulfonates (3) were synthesized from the reactions of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (1) with 2-ethoxy-4-formyl-phenyl benzenesulfonate (2). N-acetyl derivatives (4) of compounds 3 were also obtained. Then, the compounds 3 have been treated with morpholine and 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the presence of formaldehyde to synthesize 2-ethoxy-4-{[1-(morpholine-4-yl-methyl)-3-alkyl(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-on-4-yl]-azomethine}-phenyl benzenesulfonates (5) and 2-ethoxy-4-{[1-(2,6-dimethylmorpholine-4-yl-methyl)-3-alkyl(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-on-4-yl]-azomethine}-phenyl benzenesulfonates (6), respectively. The structures of twenty-six new compounds were identified by using elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectral data. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activities of the new compounds were evaluated against six bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Klepsiella pneumonia according to agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, in order to determine the possible antidiabetic properties of the synthesized 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, inhibition effects on the AR enzyme were investigated and molecular docking studies were carried out to determine the receptor-ligand interactions of these compounds. IC50 values of triazole-derived compounds (6a, 6b, 6d-g) against AR enzyme were determined as 0.95 µM, 0.75 µM, 1.83 µM, 0.62 µM, 1.05 µM, 1.06 µM, respectively. Considering the docking scores and binding energies obtained docking studies, it has been shown that molecules fit very well to the active site of the AR enzyme.

WOS: 000425564300025, Ceftizoxime (CFX) is used to reduce the infection caused by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In this report, silver@gold nanoparticles (Ag@AuNPs) involved in 5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (ILs) was firstly synthesized. After that, CFX imprinted glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared. The formation of the surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CFX imprinted electrochemical surface was formed in the presence of 100.0 mM phenol containing 25.0 mM CFX as template. The linearity range and the detection limit (LOD) of the developed nanosensor were calculated as 1.0 x 10(-9) - 1.0 x 10(-11) M and 2.0 x 10(-12) M, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background Kidney transplantation is the best treatment method for end-stage renal disease. Technically, left kidney transplantation is easier than right kidney, and the complication rates in the right are higher than the left kidney. We performed 28 kidney transplantations from 14 deceased donors between November 2010 and May 2016. Our aim was to share our outcomes and experiences about these 28 patients. Methods We performed 182 kidney transplantations between November 2010 and May 2016. Fifty-four kidney transplantations were performed from deceased donors. Thirty-two of these were performed from 16 of the same donors. These 32 recipients' data were collected and retrospectively analyzed. We excluded the transplantations from two same-donors to their four recipients in this study. The remaining 28 recipients were included in the study. Results The left and right kidney recipients' numbers were equal (14:14). The left kidney:right kidney rate was 11:3 in the first kidney transplantation recipient group; in the second kidney transplantation recipient group, the rate was 3:11. The difference was statistically significant (P = .002). We found no statistical differences for sex, mean age, and body mass index of recipients, total ischemic time of grafts, hospitalization times, creatinine levels at discharge time, and current ratio of postoperative complications of recipients (P > .05). Conclusions There were no differences in the left or the right kidneys or in the first and the second kidney transplantations during the long follow-up period.

Diazinon [O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin4-yl) thiophosphate] (DIA) is a significant organophosphorus insecticide in agricultural applications. Thus, sensitive analytical methods development is important for a healthy lifestyle. In this work, the electrochemical detection of DIA molecule in fruit juice samples by using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) incorporated polyoxometalate (POM)/two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) nanosheets and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was reported. To characterize as-prepared nanomaterials scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques were performed. The electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The as-fabricated DIA imprinted electrode displayed a wide linear range and highly sensitive response to DIA. Moreover, the detection limit (LOD) found to be 3.0 10-12 M. The modified sensor.was successfully used for recognition of DIA in fruit juices. © 2020 The Electrochemical Society ("ECS"). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited.

Septicemia, also known as sepsis, refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and becomes the dominant reason of mortality for seriously diseases. Procalcitonin (PCT), the peptide precursor of the hormones, is a key biomarker of septicemia in the diagnosis and detection of bacterial inflammation. In this study, an ultra-sensitive sandwich type electrochemical immunosensor for PCT detection was constructed. Firstly, delaminated sulfur-doped MXene (d-S-Ti3C2TX MXene) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was utilized as immunosensor platform to increase the amount of PCT antibody1 (Ab1). After that, carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride (c-g-C3N4) was used to label PCT Ab2 as signal amplification. The structure of electrochemical immunosensor was highlighted by x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Herein, c-g-C3N4 not only has excellent catalytic activity toward H2O2 for signal amplification, but also can be directly utilized as redox probe. The analytical results have revealed that 0.01 - 1.0 pg mL-1 and 2.0 fg mL-1 were found as linearity range and limit of detection (LOD). Furthermore, the validated electrochemical immunosensor was examined in terms of stability, repeatability, reproducibility and reusability. Finally, the immunosensor was applied to plasma samples having high recovery. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Nine novel {bis-4-[(3-alkyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4(5H)-yl)-iminomethyl]-phenyl} [1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-disulfonates were synthesized and their structures were determined with spectral methods. Corrosion inhibitor activities of the title compounds were investigated using quantum mechanical methods. The parameters such as the Energy of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (EHOMO), Energy of the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO) and dipole moment (μ) which are related to the corrosion effectivity of the organic compounds whose the molecular geometry and electronic properties are especially studied, were determined by using the density function theory method. Using these calculation results, properties such as hardness (ɳ), softness (σ), electronegativity (χ) values were calculated. Also quantum chemical parameters such as the fraction of transferred electrons (ΔN) between the iron surface and the 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-one derivative compounds were calculated. It has been discussed that which parameters have a good linear relationship with inhibition efficiency. The results of the calculations show that there is a close relationship between the activity of organic-based corrosion inhibitors showing good corrosion inhibitor activity and the calculated quantum chemical parameters of the process. Thus, corrosion inhibitor activity can be predicted without conducting an experimental study.

The synthesized Schiff Bases were reacted with formaldehyde and secondary amine such as 2,6-dimethylmorpholine to afford N-Mannich bases through the Mannich reaction. 3-Substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (4) were treated with 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the presence of formaldehyde to synthesize eight new 1-(2,6-dimethylmorpholino-4-yl-methyl)-3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (4a-h). The structures of the synthesized eight new compounds were characterized using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS spectroscopic methods. Synthesized compounds inhibitory activity determined against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes with Ki values in the range 25.23–42.19 µM for AChE, 19.37–34.22 µM for BChE, and 21.84–41.14 µM for GST, respectively. Binding scores of most active inhibitors against AChE, BChE, and GST enzymes were detected as −10.294 kcal/mol, −9.562 kcal/mol, and −7.112 kcal/mol, respectively. The hydroxybenzylidene moiety of the most active inhibitors caused to inhibition of the enzymes through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond.

This experimental study was designed to investigate both protective and therapeutic effects of aminoguanidine (AG), on radiotherapy (RT)-induced oxidative stress in kidney and testis. Forty rats were divided into five groups equally as follows: (i) control, (ii) RT, (iii) AG, (iv) AG+RT and (v) RT+AG group. Histopathological findings and biochemical evaluations, including tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione (GSH), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress index (OSI), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr) and testosterone levels, were determined. MDA, TOS and OSI were significantly higher in RT-treated groups, whereas SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH were significantly lower in these groups when compared with the control rats in the kidney and testis tissue. AG treatment significantly decreased MDA, TOS and OSI levels and increased SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH levels, when compared to the RT-treated groups in both kidney and testis tissue. BUN and Cr levels did not change among the groups, whereas testosterone levels were found as reduced in the RT-treated rats. AG treatment significantly augmented these hazardous effects of RT on testis tissue. According to our results, AG has beneficial effects against RT-induced kidney and testis injury.

WOS: 000443172200011, Cadmium is recently threatening not only the life of man but also nature and living environment. In addition, cadmium usage is generally decreasing because it is toxic. 3-Methyl-4- (4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (MDT) in 0.1 M supporting electrolyte was attached to glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by the phenol oxidation. The modified surface was investigated by several methods. The stability of the prepared surface was presented. The GCE with MDT was utilized for Col(11) ions analysis in water samples. The concentration range and the detection limit were 1.0x10(-9)-1.0x10(-8) M and 2.0x10(-10) M, respectively.

WOS: 000431803900112, Fuel cells have important applications in recent decades due to high-energy demands, fossil fuel depletions, and environmental pollution throughout world. Pt/Pd nanoparticles/polyoxometalate/ionic liquid (ILs) nanohybrid synthesized for the first time and characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction method. A cost-effective catalyst has been developed on Pt/Pd nanoparticles/polyoxometalate/ionic liquid nanohybrid. The developed catalyst based on bimetallic nanoparticle demonstrates effective methanol oxidation in comparison with catalysts on monometallic nanoparticle and polyoxometalate/ionic liquid nanohybrid. (C) 2018 The Electrochemical Society., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [116Z153]; TUBITAK, This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), with project number 116Z153. We would like to thank TUBITAK for the financial support.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of high-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on kidney and testis, and the potential protective and therapeutic effects of melatonin on ASA-related pathology. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into the following 5 groups ( n = 8): group 1: control, not given any drug; group 2: only 200 mg/kg ASA was given; group 3: 5 mg/kg melatonin was given 45 min before administering 200 mg/kg ASA; group 4: 5 mg/kg melatonin was given 45 min after administering 200 mg/kg ASA; and group 5: only 5 mg/kg melatonin was given. The histopathological changes and the biochemical findings; such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as well as serum creatinine (Cr) levels were evaluated. ASA significantly increased MDA levels in both kidney and testis, whereas it significantly decreased the values of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH in kidney and CAT levels in testis. Melatonin significantly decreased MDA levels in kidney and ameliorated it in testis, whereas it caused elevation in the levels of antioxidants. BUN and Cr levels were higher after ASA, whereas these levels were diminished after melatonin administration. The improvement obtained by melatonin on ASA-induced histological alterations was more prominent when it was used after ASA in kidney and before ASA in testis. In this study, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of melatonin on high-dose ASA-related pathology of kidney and testis for the first time.

WOS: 000418314400044, In the present report, a new voltammetric sensor based on copper oxide nanoparticles involved in 2-(3-acetoxy4-methoxybenzylidenamino)-thiophenol (AMT) ionic liquid (CuO NPs/ILs) was developed for atrazine (ATR) analysis. Firstly, the CuO NPs/ILs modified surface was investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The linearity range and the detection limit (LOD) of the prepared sensor were calculated as 1.0 x 10(-11)-2.0 x 10(-9) and 2.0 x 10(-12) M, respectively. Voltammetric sensor was also applied to wastewater samples with high recovery. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin (CMN) against acute cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) toxicity on male reproductive system in rats. CdCl(2) is known to be a heavy metal and potential environmental pollutant. For this purpose, 28 rats were equally divided into four groups; the first group was kept as control and given distilled water and corn oil as carrier. In second and third groups, CdCl(2) and CMN were administered at the dose with 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and 100 mg kg(-1) for 3 days respectively. CdCl(2) and CMN were given together at the same doses in the fourth group. It was determined that acute CdCl(2) exposure caused a significant reproductive damage via increased oxidative stress (increased TBARS levels and decreased SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels), histological alterations (necrosis, oedema etc.) and spermatological damage (decreased sperm motility and sperm concentration and increased abnormal sperm rate) in male rats. However, CMN treatment partially reversed these toxic effects of CdCl(2) on the reproductive system. In conclusion, our results show that acute exposure of CdCl(2) may lead to infertility, and CMN could prevent and reverse hazardous effects of CdCl(2) to some degree. Thus, CMN may be useful for the prevention of CdCl(2)-induced reproductive damage.

The aim of this study is to investigate the beneficial effects of the quercetin (Q) and chrysin (CH) against nephrotoxicity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD), a persistent environmental contaminant, in rats. Rats were divided randomly into six equal groups. TCDD, Q and CH were administered by gavages dissolved in corn oil at the doses of 2 µg/kg/week, 20 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. The kidney samples were taken from all rats on day 60 for the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels by spectrophotometric method. The results indicated that TCDD significantly induced lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant activities in rats. In contrast, Q and CH significantly prevented toxic effects of TCDD via increased GSH, CAT, GPx and SOD levels but decreased formation of TBARS. Also, it was determined that exposure to TCDD leads to significant histological damage in kidney tissue, and these effects can be eliminated with Q and CH treatment. In conclusion, the current study showed that exposure to TCDD can exert nephrotoxicity in rats. When Q and CH were given together with TCDD, they prevented nephrotoxic effects of TCDD. Their preventive effect lends more support to the role of oxidative and histological damage in the overall toxicity of TCDD.

Summary In this study, it was aimed to determinate beneficial effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against reproductive toxicity caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an environmental contaminant. For this purpose, 28 rats were equally divided into four groups (control, TCDD 2 μg kg−1 per week, PCA 100 mg kg−1 per day and TCDD + PCA group), and compounds were orally administered for 45 days. The results indicated that TCDD induced oxidative stress via an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels and a decrease in reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidise and SOD levels in male rats. In contrast, PCA treatment prevented toxic effects of TCDD in terms of oxidative stress. Additionally, sperm motility, sperm concentration and serum testosterone levels significantly decreased, and pathologic testicular damage increased with TCDD exposure. However, these effects of TCDD on sperm characteristics, histopathological changes and hormone levels were reversed by PCA treatment. In conclusion, it was found that TCDD exposure induced reproductive toxicity (oxidative, hormonal, histopathological and spermatological alternations) in male rats and PCA treatment could prevent toxic effects of TCDD. Thus, PCA may be useful for the prevention and treatment of reproductive toxicity caused by TCDD.

In this study, the beneficial effect of chrysin, a natural flavonoid currently under investigation due to its important biological activities, on reproductive system of rats was investigated. Rats (n = 16) were divided randomly into two equal groups. Rats in control group were given corn oil as carrier. Chrysin was orally administered at the dose of 50 mg kg(-1) per day by gavages, and it was dissolved in corn oil for 60 days. Tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px), sperm parameters (motility, concentration and abnormal sperm rate), reproductive organ weight (testes, epididymis, vesicula seminalis, prostate) and serum testosterone levels were determined in the rats. Our results indicated that chrysin significantly increased GSH, CAT, GSH-Px and CuZn-SOD levels, but did not change the formation of TBARS significantly. In addition, sperm motility, sperm concentration and serum testosterone levels significantly increased, whereas abnormal sperm rate significantly decreased with chrysin treatment. In conclusion, it is suggested that treatment with chrysin can positively affect the reproductive system in rats, and it can be used for the treatment of male infertility.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic and protective effects of molsidomine (MLS) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced renal damage in rats. Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups (control, MLS, DOX, DOX+MLS and MLS+DOX groups). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined from kidney tissues and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and albumin (Alb) levels also determined. Results: DOX treatment caused a significant increase in TBARS levels and a significant decrease in the GSH and CAT levels compared with the control group. In comparison, MLS administration before DOX injection caused a significant decrease in TBARS levels and also increases in GSH and CAT levels, whereas treatment of MLS after DOX injection did not show any beneficial effect on these parameters. All groups showed a significant increase in NO levels compared to the control group. There were no significant differences among the all groups for BUN and Cr levels. Serum level of Alb decreased in the DOX-treated groups when compared with control and MLS groups. The histopathological findings were in accordance with the biochemical results. MLS treatment reversed the DOX-induced kidney damage in group 4. MLS treatment before DOX injection exerted a protective effect against DOX-induced kidney damage. Conclusions: MLS shows promise as a possible therapeutic intervention for the prevention of kidney injury associated with DOX treatment. Additional studies are warranted.

Aim: To determine nitric oxide (NO) levels in serum, urine, tumor tissue and non-malignant adjacent tissue in bladder cancer patients compared with those in patients with a non-neoplastic genitourinary disease and to evaluate postoperative serum and urine NO change. Methods: Samples was collected in 20 cancer and 41 control patients. Griess reagent was used for NO measurements. Results: Mean age in the cancer and control groups was 64.2 ± 9.9 and 63.7 ± 8.9 years, respectively. Preoperatively, urinary infection incidence was not statistically different between groups. There were no significant differences in serum, urine and tissue NO levels in patients with and without infection in both groups. Hematuria was found to not affect urine NO level in the cancer group. Urine NO level was significantly higher than in controls preoperatively, decreased significantly following operation and remained stable after the third month. High serum NO values decreased at the early postoperative period; however, they re-increased in the long-term. No significant differences were observed in the third month in serum and urine NO levels between the patients with (no. 6) and without (no. 14) residual or relapsing tumor. No statistical difference was observed between NO levels in non-malignant adjacent and control tissues. However, tumor tissue NO level was significantly higher than those in the other two. There were no statistical differences in the first and third month serum and urine NO levels between patients who underwent bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation therapy postoperatively and the patients who took chemotherapy or no further treatment. Conclusions: Both local and generalized host defense mechanisms seem to function in bladder cancer patients. Although further evaluation with a longer observation period and larger numbers of patients is necessary, results suggest that serum and urine NO levels are not putative and useful markers for bladder cancer.

ALP, Hamit Hakan/0000-0002-9202-4944; Cebi, Aysegul/0000-0003-3804-7966 WOS: 000301907200049 PubMed: 21821836 Background. Accelerated atherosclerosis is the major cause of mortality in patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between oxidative DNA damage [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine ratio (8-OHdG/dG ratio)], oxidative stress biomarkers and endothelial function in HD patients as an indicator of atherosclerosis. Methods. Forty-four chronic HD patients without known atherosclerotic disease and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and 8-OHdG/dG ratio were determined as oxidative stress markers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured as antioxidants. Endothelial function was assessed by ultrasonography. Results. 8-OHdG/dG ratio and MDA levels were higher in HD patients than controls while SOD and GPx activities were lower in HD patients compared to controls. Flow-mediated dilatation FMD% in HD patients were lower than the control group (7.28 +/- 0.79 versus 11.18 +/- 0.82, P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between FMD% and 8-OHdG/dG ratio (r = -0.678, P < 0.01) and MDA levels (r = 0.517, P < 0.01), while there was a significant positive correlation between FMD% and SOD (r = 0.538, P < 0.01) and GPx levels (r = 0.720, P < 0.01). Conclusions. Our data have demonstrated that HD patients exhibit increased oxidative DNA damage and decreased antioxidant activity. We propose that endothelial function is negatively correlated with 8-OHdG/dG ratio and positively correlated with antioxidant enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the inverse relationship between endothelial function and plasma oxidative DNA damage in HD patients.

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of sitagliptin on renal damage induced by renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rats. For this, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): (1) sham group, in which the rats only underwent right nephrectomy; (2) right nephrectomy and left kidney ischemia (1 h) and reperfusion (24 h) group (I/R); (3) 5 mg/kg sitagliptin administrated group, per-oral once a day for two weeks; (4) 5 mg/kg sitagliptin administrated group, per-oral once a day for two weeks before left kidney I/R (n = 8). Sitagliptin-treated rats that underwent renal I/R demonstrated significant decrease in the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine and also, lipid peroxidation, total oxidant status and malondialdehyde level in the renal tissue when compared to the renal I/R group. Additionally, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidative capacity were significantly increased after renal I/R in sitagliptin-treated rats. Our histopathological findings were in accordance with these biochemical results. In sum, in the current study all of our results indicated that sitagliptin treatment ameliorated renal damage induced by renal I/R in rats.

Summary The protective effect of quercetin on docetaxel – an anticancer agent – induced testicular damage in rats was investigated. Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1 – control, carrier solutions were given; group 2 – quarcetin 20 mg kg−1 day−1 was given orally; group 3 – docetaxel 5 mg kg−1 was given intraperitoneally as single dose; group 4 – docetaxel and quarcetin were given together. The histopathological changes; the specific biochemical markers, including antioxidants; and the sperm characteristics were evaluated. Docetaxel caused a significant increase in TBARS level and a significant decrease in SOD, GPX, CAT and GSH levels in the testicular tissues compared with the control group, whereas quercetin led to a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, which was caused by docetaxel, via reducing TBARS level and increasing the levels of SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH. In addition, after docetaxel administration, sperm motility, sperm concentration, testicular and epididymis weights were significantly decreased and abnormal sperm rate and histopathological changes were increased. However, these effects of docetaxel on sperm parameters, histological changes and the tissue weights were eliminated by quercetin treatment. Our results show that the administration of docetaxel induced the testicular damage (oxidative stress, testes tissue damage and sperm parameters), and quercetin prevented docetaxel-induced testicular damage in rats.

This experimental study was designed to explore the protective effect of apocynin, the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, on kidney damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model.Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into a control group and three I/R groups (1-hour ischemia followed by 23-hour reperfusion). Three I/R groups were treated by apocynin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) at two different time points (before ischemia and during ischemia). The histopathological findings, including apoptotic changes, and also tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathion peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Cr) levels, were determined.Kidney tissue MDA and MPO, and serum BUN and Cr levels were found to be significantly higher in the I/R group, but there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH between the I/R and the control groups. Although apocynin significantly reduced MDA and MPO in group 3 and increased GPX in both treatment groups when compared to the I/R group, the elevated BUN and Cr levels were significantly reduced in treatment groups. Renal I/R injury also induced extensive tubular necrosis, glomerular damage, and apoptosis in the histological evaluation. Apocynin, especially when used during ischemia, ameliorated these histological damages in different amounts in treatment groups.The beneficial effects of apocynin on renal I/R injury were evaluated for the first time.

Background/Aims: This experimental study was designed to investigate protective and therapeutic effects of Dexpanthenol (Dxp), an alcoholic analogue of pantothenic acid, on kidney damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into a control group and 4 I/R groups (1 h ischemia followed by 23 h reperfusion). Three I/R groups were treated by Dxp (500 mg/kg, i.p.) at 3 different time points (before ischemia, during ischemia and late reperfusion). The histopathological findings including apoptotic changes, and also tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr) and albumin (Alb) levels were determined. Results: Kidney tissue MDA levels were found to be significantly higher in the I/R group, whereas the values of GPX were lower when compared to the control group. The levels of SOD and CAT did not reach to statistical meaning level in I/R group. Dxp given during ischemia reduced the elevated MDA levels to the nearly control levels and this ameliorating effect was found as parallel to the result of GPX. Serum levels of BUN and Cr were significantly higher in I/R group. Dxp given during ischemia significantly reduced the elevated BUN and Cr levels when compared to I/R group. Renal I/R injury also induced extensive tubular necrosis, glomerular damage and apoptosis in the histological evaluation. Dxp ameliorated these histological damages in different amounts in all treatment groups. Conclusion: In this study the protective effects of Dxp against renal I/R injury has been evaluated for the first time.

In this study, it was aimed to determinate protective effects of aminoguanidine (AG) against reproductive toxicity caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an environmental contaminant. Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups; the first group was kept as control and given corn oil as carrier. In second and third groups, TCDD and AG were orally administered at the dose of 2 μg kg(-1) per week and 100 mg kg(-1) per day for 45 days, respectively. In fourth group, TCDD and AG were given together at the same doses. Although TCDD significantly increased the formation of TBARS, it caused a significant decline in the levels of GSH, CAT, GPx and SOD in rats. On the other hand, AG, given together TCDD, reversed TCDD effects on TBARS SOD, GSH, GPx and CAT. In addition, sperm characteristics negatively affected and histopathological deformation occurred with TCDD exposure. However, AG treatment partly prevented these toxic effects of TCDD on spermatological parameters and histopathological changes. In conclusion, TCDD exposure induces testicular damage (oxidative stress, histopathological damage and sperm parameters), and AG treatment reversed TCDD-induced testicular damage in rats. Thus, AG may be useful for the prevention and treatment of TCDD-induced male infertility problems.

In this study, the therapeutic and protective effects of montelukast against cisplatin (CP)-induced acute renal damage were investigated.Thirty-five female rats were divided into five groups as follows: (1) control, (2) montelukast (10 mg/kg daily for 10 days per-oral (p.o.), (3) CP (single dose 7 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)), (4) CP + montelukast (10 mg/kg daily for 10 days p.o., after 3 days of the injection of CP), (5) montelukast (10 mg/kg daily for 10 days p.o.) + CP (single dose 7 mg/kg i.p., after the last dose of montelukast). At the end of the experiment, malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were determined in the renal tissue. Also, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels were assayed from the trunk blood samples.CP treatment caused a significant elevation of MDA, MPO, BUN, and Cr levels when compared with the control group. Also, GSH levels were found to be reduced due to the CP treatment. Montelukast administration after CP injection ameliorated all of these parameters. Our histopathological findings (marked swelling of epithelial cells, tubular dilatation, tubular desquamation, and loss of brush border in the kidney) were consistent with the biochemical results.Montelukast treatment after CP injection exerted therapeutic effects against CP-induced acute kidney damage.

In the current study, the protective effect of montelukast (ML) on cisplatin induced reproductive toxicity in rats was investigated. Twenty-eight rats were equally divided into four groups; first group was kept as control. In the second group, ML was orally administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days. In the third group, CP was intraperitoneally administered at the dose of 7 mg/kg a single injection, and in fourth group, CP and ML were given together at the same doses. Although CP induced oxidative stress via significant increase in the formation of TBARS, it caused a significant decline in the levels of GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD in rats. In contrast, ML prevents these effects of CP through cause an increase in GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD levels and a decrease in formation of TBARS. In addition, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels significantly decrease and histopathological damage increases with CP treatment. However, the effects of CP on sperm motility, serum testosterone level, oxidative and histopathological changes are eliminated by ML treatment. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the reproductive toxicity caused by CP may be prevented by ML treatment. Thus, it was judged that co-administration of ML with CP may be useful to attenuate the negative effects of CP on male reproductive system.

In the current study, the protective effect of montelukast (ML) on cisplatin induced reproductive toxicity in rats was investigated. Twenty-eight rats were equally divided into four groups; first group was kept as control. In the second group, ML was orally administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days. In the third group, CP was intraperitoneally administered at the dose of 7 mg/kg a single injection, and in fourth group, CP and ML were given together at the same doses. Although CP induced oxidative stress via significant increase in the formation of TBARS, it caused a significant decline in the levels of GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD in rats. In contrast, ML prevents these effects of CP through cause an increase in GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD levels and a decrease in formation of TBARS. In addition, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels significantly decrease and histopathological damage increases with CP treatment. However, the effects of CP on sperm motility, serum testosterone level, oxidative and histopathological changes are eliminated by ML treatment. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the reproductive toxicity caused by CP may be prevented by ML treatment. Thus, it was judged that co-administration of ML with CP may be useful to attenuate the negative effects of CP on male reproductive system.