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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive method for cancer treatment that relies on the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), upon excitation of photosensitizer (PS), to eradicate tumor cells. However, the overexpress of endogenous antioxidants in tumor cells will eliminate the ROS and restrict the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Herein, a novel type of PS was developed by conjugating cinnamaldehyde (CA), a kind of oxidative stress amplified agent, with porpholactam through a hydrazone bond. The new PS retains the photophysical properties of porpholactam, which displays high singlet oxygen quantum yield for the PDT function. The results of in vitro experiments performed including ROS assay and the cytotoxicity in cancer cells suggest that the rational design of the novel porpholactam-CA derivatives result in enhanced ROS generation upon irradiation, providing a possible approach to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects in PDT.

The study of lanthanide (Ln)-transition-metal (TM) heterometallic clusters which play key roles in various high-tech applications is a rapid growing field of research. Despite the achievement of numerous Ln-TM cluster compounds comprising one Ln atom, the synthesis of Ln-TM clusters containing multiple Ln atoms remains challenging. Here, we present the preparation and self-assembly of a series of Au-bridged heterometallic clusters containing multiple cerium (Ce) atoms via on-surface coordination. By employing different pyridine and nitrile ligands, the ordered coordination assemblies of clusters containing 2, 3 and 4 Ce atoms bridged by Au adatoms are achieved on Au(111) and Au(100), as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Density functional theory calculations uncover the indispensable role of the bridging Au adatoms in constructing the multi-Ce-containing clusters by connecting the Ce atoms via unsupported Ce-Au bonds. These findings demonstrate on-surface coordination as an efficient strategy for preparation and organization of the multi-Ln-containing heterometallic clusters., The preparation of lanthanide-transition metal clusters containing multiple lanthanide atoms remains challenging. Here, the authors present the controlled on-surface formation of ligand-stabilized heterometallic Ce/Au clusters containing two, three and four Ce atoms bridged by Au adatoms.

Mechanochromic luminescent materials have attracted considerable attention because of their interesting color switching behavior under mechanical grinding or hydrostatic pressure. Here, the intrigu...

Homoleptic tris(6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) rare earth metal complexes M(κ2-dmbp)3 (M = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er; dmbp = 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) were synthesized by in situ reduction of 3 equiv. of dmbp with excess KC8 in the presence of 1 equiv. of rare earth metal trihalides. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and magnetic measurements. While the structural parameters and spectroscopic data confirmed the existence of the trivalent rare earth metal cation and three dmbp radical anions, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum and the measured magnetic moment of Y(κ2-dmbp)3 indicated that two parallel dmbp radical anions were antiferromagnetically coupled. For paramagnetic rare earth metal ions, room temperature magnetic susceptibility values indicated a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the metal ion and the remaining dmbp radical. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on Y(κ2-dmbp)3 to gain insight into the electronic structures of these homoleptic metal complexes. The computational results were consistent with the structural, spectroscopic, and magnetic data for a S = 1/2 ground state and spin densities mostly residing on one dmbp radical anion, while the spins on the other two parallel dmbp radical anions being antiferromagnetically coupled.

A series of mononuclear lanthanide complexes with the formula [Hex4N][Ln(DBM)4] (1Ln) (Ln = Nd and Tb), [But4N][Dy(DBM)4] (2), [Et4N][Dy(DBM)4] (3), [PhCH2N(CH3)3][Dy(DBM)4] (4) and [Hex4N][Dy(TTA)4] (5) formed by four β-diketonate ligands (i.e. DBM = dibenzoylmethane, TTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone) and four organic counter ammonium cations (i.e. Hex4N = tetrahexylammonium, But4N = tetrabutylammonium, Et4N = tetraethylammonium and PhCH2N+(CH3)3) were structurally and magnetically characterized. The organic ammonium as contactless cation pairs with [Ln(β-diketonate)4]−1 moieties, the impact of different remote organic cations and the first coordination sphere comprising distinct β-diketonates on their SMM performance were elaborately studied. This is an efficient method by virtue of the interaction of the remote organic ion pair to modulate their single-molecule magnetic (SMM) properties. More importantly, the tetrakis β-diketonate Dy(III) anion can be almost intactly grafted on functional GaN substrate through an anion exchange reaction, resulting in diminishing slow magnetic relaxation behavior, which presents potential application in future SMM devices.

The first-row transition metal compounds, [MII(L1)2](ClO4)2 (M = Ni (1); Co (2)), have been prepared by treatment of a neutral tetradentate ligand (L1 = N2,N9-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide) with metal perchlorate salts in MeOH. Both compounds have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and it was found that the coordination numbers are 6 and 7, respectively. The reaction of 6,6′-bis(2-tbutyl-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine (L2) with hydrated FeII(ClO4)2 afforded a 8-coordinate Fe(II) compound, [FeII(L2)2](ClO4)2 (3); however its reaction with hydrated CoII(ClO4)2 resulted in 6-coordinate [CoII(L2)2](ClO4)2. It is interesting to observe field-induced slow magnetic relaxation in the 7-coordinate Co(II) compound 2 and 8-coordinate Fe(II) compound 3, which further supports the validity of designing high coordination number compounds as single-molecule magnets. Direct current magnetic studies demonstrate that 2 has a very large positive D value (56.2 cm−1) and a small E value (0.66 cm−1), indicating easy plane magnetic anisotropy. Consistent with the larger D value, an effective spin-reversal barrier of Ueff = 100 K (71.4 cm−1) is obtained, which is the highest value reported for 7-coordinate Co(II) complexes with a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. In contrast, 8-coordinate Fe(II) compound 3 exhibits uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.

We investigate a family of dinuclear dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnets (SMMs) bridged by methyl and halogen groups [Cp'2 Dy(μ-X)]2 (Cp'=cyclopentadienyltrimethylsilane anion; 1: X=CH3- ; 2: X=Cl- ; 3: X=Br- ; 4: X=I- ). For the first time, the magnetic easy axes of dysprosium metallocene SMMs are experimentally determined, confirming that the orientation of them are perpendicular to the equatorial plane which is made up of dysprosium and bridging atoms. The orientation of the magnetic easy axis for 1 deviates from the normal direction (by 10.3°) due to the stronger equatorial interactions between DyIII and methyl groups. Moreover, its magnetic axes show a temperature-dependent shifting, which is caused by the competition between exchange interactions and Zeeman interactions. Studies of fluorescence and specific heat as well as ab initio calculations reveal the significant influences of the bridging ligands on their low-lying exchange-based energy levels and, consequently, low-temperature magnetic properties.

Oxidative stress is one of the hallmarks of ischemic stroke. Catalase-based (CAT) biomimetic complexes are emerging as promising therapeutic candidates that are expected to act as neuroprotectants for ischemic stroke by decreasing the damaging effects from H2O2. Unfortunately, these molecules result in the unwanted production of the harmful hydroxyl radical, HO•. Here, we report a series of salen-based tri-manganese (Mn(III)) metallocryptands (1-3) that function as catalase biomimetics. These cage-like molecules contain a unique "active site" with three Mn centers in close proximity, an arrangement designed to facilitate metal cooperativity for the effective dismutation of H2O2 with minimal HO• production. In fact, significantly greater oxygen production is seen for 1-3 as compared to the monomeric Mn(Salen) complex, 1c. The most promising system, 1, was studied in further detail and found to confer a greater therapeutic benefit both in vitro and in vivo than the monomeric control system, 1c, as evident from inter alia studies involving a rat model of ischemic stroke damage and supporting histological analyses. We thus believe that metallocryptand 1 and its analogues represent a new and seemingly promising strategy for treating oxidative stress related disorders.

Compared with homopolymers, the copolymers exhibit improved properties, providing a broad application prospect. Herein, we report the visible-light-induced living/controlled radical copolymerizatio...

Magneto-luminescent molecules have significant applications in data storage and quantum computing. However, design of these bi-functional molecules coupled with magnetic behavior and photoluminescence is still challenging. In this work, we report a metallofullerene DyErScN@Ih-C80 exhibiting single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior and near-infrared emission. For DyErScN@Ih-C80, two functional lanthanide metal ions of Dy3+ (SMM function) and Er3+ (luminescent function) are integrated inside a fullerene cage using a trimetallic nitride template, and its structure has been unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic measurements revealed that DyErScN@Ih-C80 behaves as a SMM with a blocking temperature up to 9 K resulting from the intramolecular magnetic interaction between Dy3+ and Er3+ ions. Moreover, DyErScN@Ih-C80 exhibits temperature-dependent near-infrared emission around 1.5 μm with multiple splitting peaks from Er3+, which arises from the influence of Dy3+ ion. This study provides a new strategy to synthesize new magneto-luminescent molecule materials.

The magnetic properties of the T-shaped three-coordinate complexes, namely, [(sIMes)2Fe(THF)][BPh4] (1, sIMes: 1,3-bis(2′,4′,6′-trimethylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene) and [(cyIMes)2Fe(THF)][BPh4] (2, cyIMes: 1,3-bis(2′,4′,6′-diethylphenyl)-4,5-(CH2)4-imidazol-2-ylidene) and quasi-linear two-coordinate complexes [(sIDep)2Fe][BArF4] (3, sIDep: 1,3-bis(2′,6′-diethylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene; ArF: 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) and [(cyIDep)2Fe][BArF4] (4, cyIDep: 1,3-bis(2′,6′-diethylphenyl)-4,5-(CH2)4-imidazol-2-ylidene) were studied. Magnetic characterization indicated the unquenched first-order angular momentum and large zero-field splitting. AC susceptibility measurements showed that the T-shaped three-coordinate Fe(I) complexes exhibited field-induced relaxation of magnetization. The Direct, resonant quantum tunneling, and Raman processes were observed and contributed to the determination of the overall magnetic relaxations.

In the series of the adducts of tris(alkyl) HoIII complexes, Ho(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 (1Ho-THF, Me = methyl) can exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under a zero applied direct current (DC) field with the ...

Topotactic reduction of the perovskite oxide TbBaCo2O5.5 with CaH2 leads to a new crystalline phase TbBaCo2O4.5, adopting a 2 × 2 × 1 superstructure compared to TbBaCo2O5.5. The structure consists of a corner-shared network of square pyramidal CoO5 and trigonal planar CoO3 units. Magnetic susceptibility and variable temperature neutron diffraction data reveal that TbBaCo2O4.5 adopts a G-type antiferromagnetically ordered structure (TN ∼ 322 K). The ordered moments are consistent with the presence of low-spin Co2+ (S = 1/2) in trigonal-planar coordination and high-spin Co2+ centers in square pyramidal coordination. TbBaCo2O4.5 shows lower conductivity than TbBaCo2O5.5, which is consistent with the p-type conduction behavior. The unique anion vacancy arrangements in TbBaCo2O4.5 further complement the role of A-cations in controlling the oxygen vacancy distribution in LnBaCo2O5+δ series and demonstrate more opportunity to tune the structural and physical properties based on cationic and anionic lattice coupling.

An anisotropic high-spin qubit with long coherence time could scale the quantum system up. It has been proposed that Grover's algorithm can be implemented in such systems. Dimetallic aza[80]fullerenes M2@C79N (M = Y or Gd) possess an unpaired electron located between two metal ions, offering an opportunity to manipulate spin(s) protected in the cage for quantum information processing. Herein, we report the crystallographic determination of Gd2@C79N for the first time. This molecular magnet with a collective high-spin ground state (S = 15/2) generated by strong magnetic coupling (JGd-Rad = 350 ± 20 cm-1) has been unambiguously validated by magnetic susceptibility experiments. Gd2@C79N has quantum coherence and diverse Rabi cycles, allowing arbitrary superposition state manipulation between each adjacent level. The phase memory time reaches 5 μs at 5 K by dynamic decoupling. This molecule fulfills the requirements of Grover's searching algorithm proposed by Leuenberger and Loss.

Two dinuclear dysprosium single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with a nearly identical core structure, namely [Dy2(DMOP)2(DBM)4(CHCl3)4] (1) and [Dy2(DMOP)2(DBM)4(C2H4Cl2)2] (2) (DMOP = 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, DBM = dibenzoylmethane), and their Y(III) (3) and Gd(III) (4) analogues were structurally and magnetically characterized. Despite the fact the phenoxyl of DMOP can only transfer weak exchange coupling and the local coordination environment around the individual Dy(III) ion is in a low geometrical symmetry, their joint contribution ultimately leads to significant zero-field slow magnetic relaxation behaviours. It is interesting to note that the effective energy barrier (Ueff) of the magnetization reversal was nearly doubly improved by only deliberately replacing or losing the lattice solvents while maintaining the Dy2 core structure. Ab initio calculations confirmed that changing the lattice solvents induced the intramolecular coupling change and impacted the dynamic magnetic relaxations. The significant enhancement of an SMM's performance depending on the lattice solvents indicated that it is possible to improve an SMM's properties by tuning the guest molecules.

A single-ion magnet (Dsp)Er(COT) was obtained by replacing a carbon atom of [Cp*]– in (Cp*)Er(COT) by a soft P atom. Both relaxation barrier and blocking temperature are improved., Beyond the lanthanide organometallic single-ion magnet (SIM) (Cp*)Er(COT)1 ([Cp*]– = pentamethylcyclopentadienide; COT2– = cyclooctatetraenide) that has a good performance, we managed to replace one coordinated carbon atom on the [Cp*]– ring by a soft phosphorus atom and obtained (Dsp)Er(COT) (CCDC No. ; 1835955; Dsp– = 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)phospholyl) whose sandwich structure is reported here for the first time. This substitution results in a remarkable change of magnetic dynamics. It exhibits slow magnetic relaxation under a zero applied direct current (DC) magnetic field with an energy barrier (Δ/kB) of 358 K and magnetic hysteresis up to 9 K, both of which are higher than those of (Cp*)Er(COT). With the descended local symmetry of (Dsp)Er(COT), the energy barrier and blocking temperature (TB) both improve unexpectedly and are among the highest ones in Er(iii)-based single-molecule magnets (SMMs).

An approximately equatorial three-coordinated dysprosium(iii) complex DyL2[N(SiMe3)2] (L = bis(2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)amine) with an additional neutral auxiliary pyrrole ligand was synthesised and structurally characterized. The magnetic property measurement shows that it is an equatorial charge distributed field-induced single-molecule magnet. Ab initio calculations reveal that the neutral pyrrole ligand plays an important role in stabilizing the ground doublet and thus enhancing the magnetic anisotropy.

Bulky and strong electron-donating dibutylamino groups were incorporated onto the peripheral positions of one of the two phthalocyanine ligands in the bis(phthalocyaninato) terbium complex, resulting in the isolation of heteroleptic double-decker (Pc)Tb{Pc[N(C4H9)2]8} {Pc = phthalocyaninate; Pc[N(C4H9)2]8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dibutylamino)phthalocyaninate} with the nature of an unsymmetrical molecular structure, a square-antiprismatic coordination geometry, an intensified coordination field strength, and the presence of organic radical-f interaction. As a total result of all these factors, this sandwich-type tetrapyrrole lanthanide single-ion magnet (SIM) exhibits an overall enhanced magnetic performance including a high blocking temperature (TB) of 30 K and large effective spin-reversal energy barrier of Ueff = 939 K, rendering it the best sandwich-type tetrapyrrole lanthanide SIM reported thus far.

A series of AlNa bimetallic ammonium metal formate frameworks (AlNa AMFFs) have been prepared by employing various ammoniums from NH4+ to large linear polyammoniums. The series consists of six perovskites of (412 ⋅63 ) topology for mono-ammoniums, two chiral (49 ⋅66 ) frameworks incorporating polyethylene ammoniums, two niccolites with (412 ⋅63 )(49 ⋅66 ) topology containing diammoniums, and two layered compounds made of 2D (4,4) AlNa formate sheets intercalated by small diammoniums. The first ten compounds present the structural hierarchy of (412 ⋅63 )m (49 ⋅66 )n framework topologies for (m, n)=(1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1), respectively, in parallel to the homometallic AMFFs for divalent metals. The symmetry lowering, asymmetric formate bridges, and different hydrogen-bonding strengths appeared in the bimetallic structures owing to the different charge and size of Al3+ and Na+ seemingly inhibits the occurrence of phase transitions for more than half the AlNa AMFFs within the series, and the bimetallic members undergoing phase transitions show different transition behaviors and dielectric properties compared with the homometallic analogs. Anisotropic/negative/zero thermal expansions of the materials could be rationally attributed to the librational motion, or flip movement between different sites, of the ammonium cations, and the coupled change of AlNa formate frameworks. The thermal and IR spectroscopic properties have also been investigated.

Strong electron-donating dialkylamino groups were incoporated onto the phthalocyanine ligand in bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes for the first time to investigate their effects on the spectroscopic properties, electrochemistry, and electronic structure. The bis[2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dibutylamino)phthalocyaninate] rare earth complexes M{Pc[N(C4H9)2]8}2 {Pc[N(C4H9)2]8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dibutylamino)phthalocyanine, M = Y, Tb} (1, 2) were isolated from the condensation reaction of the corresponding metal free ligand in a refluxing mixture of n-octanol/1,2,4-trichrolobenzene (TCB) (1 : 5) in the presence of M(acac)3·nH2O (M = Y, Tb) in relatively good yields, with their sandwich double-decker nature revealed on the basis of their mass, 1H NMR, electronic absorption, IR, and EPR spectroscopic results in addition to elemental analysis. Their electrochemistry was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). In particular, magnetic studies reveal the typical slow relaxation of the terbium double-decker, indicating its typical single-ion magnet (SIM) nature with a blocking temperature of 25 K and a spin reversal energy barrier of 752 ± 8 K, representing the sole example of sandwich-type tetrapyrrole lanthanide-based SMMs reported thus far with a blocking temperature over 20 K. Theoretical calculations disclose the effect of the bulky and strong electron-donating peripheral dialkylamino groups, which create a square-antiprismatic coordination geometry and intensified coordination field strength for the central terbium ion, resulting in the excellent magnetic performance of this terbium double-decker SIM.

Fine-tuning of the porphyrin β-periphery is important for naturally occurring metal tetrapyrroles to exert diverse biological roles. Here we describe how this approach is also applied to design molecular catalysts, as exemplified by Ni(II) porphyrinoids catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We found that β-hydrogenation of porphyrin remarkably enhances the electrocatalytic HER reactivity (turnover frequencies of 6287 vs. 265 s−1 for Ni(II) chlorin (Ni-2) and porphyrin (Ni-1), and of 1737 vs. 342 s−1 for Ni(II) hydroporpholactone (Ni-4) and porpholactone (Ni-3), respectively) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the proton source. DFT calculations suggested that after two-electron reduction, β-hydrogenation renders more electron density located on the Ni center and thus prefers to generate a highly reactive nickel hydride intermediate. To demonstrate this, decamethylcobaltocene Co(Cp*)2 was used as a chemical reductant. [Ni-2]2− reacts ca. 30 times faster than [Ni-1]2− with TFA, which is in line with the electrocatalysis and computational results. Thus, such subtle structural changes inducing the distinctive reactivity of Ni(II) not only test the fundamental understanding of natural Ni tetrapyrroles but also provide a valuable clue to design metal porphyrinoid catalysts.

An organic material single crystal of [BzIQl][PIC] ([BzIQl]+ = benzylisoquinolinium; [PIC]− = picrate) has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal XRD studies reveal the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with C2/c. The two neighboring [PIC]− anions form a dimer through π⋯π interaction, while the cations stack to a columnar structure through C-H⋯π and π⋯π interactions. The anions (A) and cations (C) are arranged into a columnar structure in a ⋯AA-CC-AA-CC⋯sequence through C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The cations and anions are linked through electrostatic and other hydrogen bonding interactions form 3D network. The power XRD measurements substantiate the quality of the crystal. The presence of functional groups of the organic material was confirmed by FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis and theoretical studies. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) carried out on the grown crystal indicates that the material is stable up to 224.9 °C. Additionally, the organic material shows three main emission peaks about 385, 467 and 538 nm upon excitation at 241 nm in solid state at room temperature.

Two half-sandwich organodysprosium complexes [(C7H8)Dy(AlCl4)3] and [(C7H8)Dy(AlBr4)3] were synthesized by modifying the arene ligand of the complex [(C6Me6)Dy(AlCl4)3]. Single X-ray diffraction data reveals the local geometry of Dy(III) ion is close to pentagonal bipyramid. Magnetic investigation shows both are single-ion magnets with enhanced magnetic properties.

A new tripodal hexadentate ligand of tris[6-(1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]methanol (tppm) was synthesized and explored for constructing the trigonal-prismatic cobalt(II) complex [Co(tppm)][ClO4]2·2CH3CN·H2O (1). Magnetic study showed that 1 exhibited large uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with a zero-field-splitting parameter of -80.7 cm-1 and typical single-molecule-magnet behavior.

Two iso-structural hybrid perovskites of [(CH3)2SO][RE(HCOO)3] for RE3+ = Lu3+ and Y3+ are polar and possess neutral rare earth formate frameworks incorporating dimethyl sulfoxide locating in the framework cavities and coordinating to the RE3+ ions. The materials display reversible phase transitions at 172 K and 138 K for Lu and Y, respectively. The phase transitions are driven by the transformations of weak C–H⋯O interactions and the gradual twists of the constituents in low temperature, which control the order–disorder states of dimethyl sulfoxide and account for different anisotropic thermal expansion behaviors for the two phases and the characters of dielectric responses.

A series of isostructural hydrazinium lanthanide (Ln) formate framework compounds of [NH2NH3][Ln(HCOO)4] for Ln3+ ions from Tb3+ to Lu3+ and Y3+ have been successfully prepared by utilizing NH2NH3+. The compounds crystallize in orthorhombic polar space group Pca21, with cell parameters at 180 K of a = 18.2526(7)-18.1048(5) A, b = 6.5815(2)-6.5261(2) A, c = 7.6362(3)-7.5044(2) A, and V = 917.33(6)-886.67(4) A3, showing the effect of lanthanide contraction. The compounds possess polar perovskite-like structures incorporating the hydrazinium cations in the cavities of the NaCl-like framework, in which the Ln3+ ions in a bicapped trigonal prism are connected by anti-anti and syn-anti formate groups. The N-H···Oformate hydrogen-bonding interactions are between the hydrazinium cations and the anionic framework. One anti-anti formate group is frustrated by the competitive N-H···Oformate hydrogen-bonding interactions. It thus twists or flips upon warming, resulting in large anisotropic thermal expansion and negative thermal expansion below 180 K. A comparison with the transition metal and magnesium analogues revealed that the structural compactness, tighter binding of the hydrazinium cation by the framework, and symmetrically better match between the framework and ammonium cation for Ln compounds could inhibit the occurrence of phase transition in the series. The IR spectroscopic, thermal, and magnetic properties are investigated.

The single-molecule magnetism of sandwich tetrapyrrole lanthanide compounds has clearly initiated a huge renaissance in the magnetochemistry of pure lanthanide coordination complexes. In this review, we focus on their structure–function relationships, their historical evolution, and preliminary efforts in surface effect on the SMM properties of multikis(tetrapyrrole) lanthanide complexes for the development of spintronic devices.

A series of new sandwich type lanthanide complexes containing both boratabenzene and cyclooctatetraenyl ligands, [(C5H5BR)Ln(COT)] (1Er: R = H, Ln = Er; 2Er: R = Me, Ln = Er; 3Er: R = NEt2, Ln = Er; 4Dy: R = H, Ln = Dy; 5Dy: R = Me, Ln = Dy; 6Dy: R = NEt2, Ln = Dy; 7Y: R = NEt2, Ln = Y), were synthesized. The structures of 1Er–7Y were all characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Dynamic susceptibility experiments showed that the erbium complexes 1Er–3Er exhibited slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field while the dysprosium complexes 4Dy–6Dy did not. For the erbium complexes, the magnetic properties were influenced by the substituent on the boron atom. 1Er exhibited hysteresis up to 8 K, and 2Er featured the highest energy barrier (300 cm−1) among all the reported erbium single-ion magnets (SIMs). The influence of the boron substituent on the magnetic properties was highlighted by ab initio calculations.

The compound [CH3 CH2 NH3][Cu(HCOO)3] undergoes a phase transition at 357 K, from a perovskite to a diamond structure, by heating. The backward transition can be driven by pressure at room temperature but not cooling under ambient or lower pressure. The rearrangement of one long copper-formate bond, the switch of bridging-chelating mode of the formate, the alternation of N-H⋅⋅⋅O H-bonds, and the flipping of ethylammonium are involved in the transition. The strong N-H⋅⋅⋅O H-bonding probably locks the metastable diamond phase. The two phases display magnetic and electric orderings of different characters.

A heterobimetallic complex, (TPFC)Sn–Co(TAP) (TPFC = 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, TAP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin), was synthesized. The complex featured a Sn–Co bond with a bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of 30.2 ± 0.9 kcal mol−1 and a bond dissociation Gibbs free energy (BDFE) of 21.0 ± 0.2 kcal mol−1, which underwent homolysis to produce the (TPFC)Sn radical and (TAP)CoII under either heat or visible light irradiation. The novel tin radical (TPFC)Sn, being the first four-coordinate tin radical observed at room temperature, was studied spectroscopically and computationally. (TPFC)Sn–Co(TAP) promoted the oligomerization of aryl alkynes to give the insertion products (TPFC)Sn–(CHC(Ar))n–Co(TAP) (n = 1, 2, or 3) as well as 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes. Mechanistic studies revealed a radical chain mechanism involving the (TPFC)Sn radical as the key intermediate.

A series of homoleptic mononuclear 8-coordinate FeII and CoII compounds, [FeII(L2)2](ClO4)2 (2), [FeII(L3)2](ClO4)2 (3), [FeII(L4)2](ClO4)2 (4), [CoII(L1)2](ClO4)2 (5), [CoII(L2)2](ClO4)2 (6), [CoII(L3)2](ClO4)2 (7), and [CoII(L4)2](ClO4)2 (8) (L1 and L2 are 2,9-dialkylcarboxylate-1,10-phenanthroline ligands; L3 and L4 are 6,6′-dialkylcarboxylate-2,2′-bipyridine ligands), have been obtained, and their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The metal center in all of these compounds has an oversaturated coordination number of 8, which is completed by two neutral homoleptic tetradentate ligands and is unconventional in 3d-metal compounds. These compounds are further characterized by electronic spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and magnetic measurements. CV measurements of these complexes in MeCN solution exhibit rich redox properties. Magnetic measurements on these compounds demonstrate that the observed single-ion magnetic (SIM) behavior in the previously reported [FeII(L1)2...

Herein, a series of light lanthanide-based complexes, Ln(fdh)3(bpy) (Ln = CeIII, PrIII, and NdIII and fdh = 1,1,1-fluoro-5,5-dimethyl-hexa-2,4-dione, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), were synthesized and characterized. The angle-resolved magnetometry studies reveal that the three complexes have Ising-type anisotropy, and the magnetic easy axes orient along the negative charge dense direction in the crystal field. The results were consistent with the ab initio calculations. This research demonstrates that the crystal field electron density distribution determines the anisotropy of light lanthanides.

The slow magnetic relaxation typical for single-ion magnets has been known for certain low-coordinate 3d metal complexes with d6, d7, and d9 electronic configurations, but never for d8 complexes. Herein, we report a study on two-coordinate d8 cobalt(i)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, for which slow magnetic relaxation behavior was observed for [Co(IMes)2][BPh4] (IMes: 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene) under an applied dc field. The system represents the first d8 single-ion magnet, and features a fitted energy barrier of Ueff = 21.3 cm-1 and pre-exponential factor of τ0 = 6.6 × 10-6 s. The analog two-coordinate cobalt(i) complexes with different NHC ligands, [Co(sIMes)2][BPh4] (sIMes: 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) and [Co(IAd)2][BArF4] (IAd: 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene; BArF4: tetra(3,5-ditrifluoromethylphenyl)borate), do not show such single-ion magnet behaviour. Ab initio calculations imply that the dihedral angle between the two NHC planes and the degree of unsaturation of the NHC ligands can dramatically alter the D value of the two-coordinate cobalt(i)-NHC ions, possibly via changing of the Co-NHC π-interactions, and hence affect the spin-orbit coupling splitting.

We have investigated the dynamic behaviour of the magnetization of a hydrogen-bonding linked Co(II) 1D supramolecular coordination polymer. In the structure, two different mononuclear Co(II) species are linked by O–H···N hydrogen bonding through coordinated H2O and . Field-induced slow magnetic relaxation effect is observed and the anisotropy energy barrier is 33 K. Ab initio calculations reveal that Co(II) ion in [Co(bpm)2(N3)2] species is uniaxial anisotropic with a negative axial zero-field splitting parameter of D = − 82.4 cm− 1. The Co(II) ion in [Co(bpm)2(H2O)2]2+ species, however, is easy-plane anisotropic with a positive D and negative E value (D = 46.3 cm− 1, E = − 7.8 cm− 1). This is an interesting complex in which slow magnetic relaxation stems from the combination contribution of uniaxial anisotropy and easy plane anisotropy.

A pair of enantiopure cubane-type CuII4O4 clusters was constructed from simple chiral ligands (R or S)-2-[(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethylimino)methyl]phenol (H2LR or S). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that complexes 1R and 1S are enantiomers. They consist of a CuII4O4 cubane core in which the four CuII centres are linked by a μ3-oxo bridge. The four CuII ions in one cluster are all in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy also confirmed that complexes 1R and 1S are enantiomers and that the chirality was successfully transferred and amplified from the ligand to the coordination environment of the CuII ions. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show an overall antiferromagnetic interaction which could be fitted by using MAGPACK with a two parameter model (J1 = –5.58 cm–1, J2 = 3.80 cm–1).

Two new trihydrazine bridged Co(II) chain compounds have been synthesized and magnetically characterized. The two compounds are both composed of [Co(N2H4)3](2+) chains. One exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering behavior while the other behaves as a single-chain magnet (SCM) at low temperature.

A novel method for the direct determination of kanamycin B in the presence of kanamycin A in fermentation broth using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was developed. An Agilent Technologies C18 column was utilized, evaporation temperature of 40°C and nitrogen pressure of 3.5 bar, the optimized mobile phase was water-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v), containing 11.6 mm heptafluorobutyric acid (isocratic elution with flow rate of 0.5 mL/min) with the gain 11. Kanamycin B was eluted at 5.6 min with an asymmetry factor of 1.827. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.05 to 0.80 mg/mL for the kanamycin B (r(2) = 0.9987). The intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation obtained from kanamycin B were less than 4.3%. Mean recovery of kanamycin B from spiked fermentation broth was 95%. The developed method was applied to the determination of kanamycin B without any interference from other constituents in the fermentation broth. This method offers simple, rapid and quantitative detection of kanamycin B.

Four azide–copper coordination polymers, [Cu2L1(N3)4]n, [Cu2L2(N3)4]n, [Cu2L3R(N3)4]n, and [Cu2L3S(N3)4]n, were synthesized by using pybox [pyridine-2,6-bis(oxazolines)] as coligands {L1: 2,6-bis(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)pyridine; L2: 2,6-bis(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)pyridine; L3R or 3S: 2,6-bis[(R or S)-4-benzyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl]pyridine}. Compounds 1 and 2 possess similar 1D infinite azide–copper hexagonal tapes with three types of N3 bridges (two single end-on N3 bridges and one double end-on N3 bridge). Compounds 3R and 3S possess an azide–copper 2D honeycomb layer with two types of N3 bridges (a single end-to-end N3 bridge and a double end-on N3 bridge). The chirality of these enantiopure layered structures is controlled by the addition of the chiral pybox ligand in the synthesis, which is very rare for the reported azide–copper coordination polymers. The double end-on N3 bridge transfers mainly ferromagnetic exchange coupling interactions in these four compounds. Owing to the steric hindrance of the pybox ligands, the interchain and interlayer separations are broadened, which weakens the magnetic interactions between them. Thus, no long-range ferromagnetic ordering was observed above 1.8 K. A magnetostructural correlation was also discussed in detail.

Two neutral mononuclear iron(II) complexes with different spin-crossover (SCO) properties, Fe(L1)2(SCN)2 (1) and Fe(L2)2(SCN)2 (2) (L1 = 2-(thiophen-3-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline and L2 = 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), were solvothermally synthesized. With the different substituted position in 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, 1 exhibits gradual SCO around room temperature with T1/2 = 280 K, while 2 displays abrupt SCO with 10 K hysteresis at T1/2↓ = 210 K and T1/2↑ = 220 K.

In situ formation of ligands is an efficient approach to synthesizing novel complexes with unique coordinating moieties. Oxazolidines and oxazinanes are 1,3-N,O-containing five-membered and six-membered heterocycles, respectively. Metal complexes of ligands derived from these two heterocycles are rather rare. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel multihydoxy ligand, 2-((2,3-dihydroxypropylamino)methyl)phenol (H3L1). It contains both aminoethanol and aminopropanol units, which may be employed to react with aldehydes to afford oxazolidines and oxazinanes, respectively. Thus, H3L1 was reacted with metal salts in the absence or presence of aldehydes to afford complexes [Cu(HL1)]2 (1), [CuL2]4·4CH3OH (2) [Zn5Na2(L3)4(DMSO)2.65(DMF)1.35]·DMF (3), and [Ni(HL4)]2 (4). Complex 1 is a dialkoxo-bridged binuclear Cu(II) complex. The coordination moieties are linked by intermolecular C–H···O hydrogen bonds to afford a 1D double-chain supramolecular structure. Interestingly, in complexes 2–4, H3L1 has been ...

The synthesis, structures, and magnetic properties of a series of lanthanide organometallic mixed sandwich molecules, (Cp*)Ln(COT), are investigated, where Cp* is the pentamethylcyclopentadiene anion and COT is the cyclooctatetraene dianion and Ln represents Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), and Tm(III). Among the five complexes, Dy and Ho complexes are determined to be single-ion magnets in addition to the previously reported Er complex. Both Dy and Ho complexes show obvious quantum tunneling magnetization relaxation in the absence of a static field. The diluted Ho complex behaves two sets of thermally activated relaxation as we reported previously in Er due to the COT ring static disorder. A stair-shaped hysteresis for the Er compound can be observed at 1.6 K with Hc = 1 kOe at a sweeping rate over 700 Oe/s. The quantum tunneling decoherence relaxation rate increases from Er to Ho to Dy, which may be caused by the relative increase of transverse anisotropy coming from the larger tilting of the two aromatic rings within the molecule. The fine electronic structure is analyzed with ligand-field theory employing the effective Hamiltonian method. The zero-field splitting is determined to be Ising type, and the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited one is consistent with the barrier obtained by Arrhenius analysis.

A single-chain magnet (SCM) was constructed from manganese(III) 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole complex [Mn(III) (tpfc)] through supramolecular π-π stacking without bridging ligands. In the crystal structures, [Mn(tpfc)] molecules crystallized from different solvents, such as methanol, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, exhibit different molecular orientations and intermolecular π-π interaction or weak Mn⋅⋅⋅O interaction to form a supramolecular one-dimensional motif or dimer. These three complexes show very different magnetic behaviors at low temperature. Methanol solvate 1 shows obvious frequency dependence of out-of-phase alternating-current magnetic susceptibility below 2 K and a magnetization hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 400 Oe at 0.5 K. It is the first example of spin-canted supramolecular single-chain magnet due to weak π-π stacking interaction. By fitting the susceptibility data χ(M) T (20-300 K) of 1 with the spin Hamiltonian expression H = -2J Σ(i=1)(n-1) S(Ai) S(Ai+1) + D Σ(i) S((iZ)(2)), the intrachain magnetic coupling parameter transmitted by π-π interaction of -0.31 cm(-1) and zero field splitting parameter D of -2.59 cm(-1) are obtained. Ethyl acetate solvate 2 behaves as an antiferromagnetic chain without ordering or slow magnetic relaxation down to 0.5 K. The magnetic susceptibility data χ(M) T (20-300 K) of 2 was fitted by assuming the spin Hamiltonian H = -2JΣ(i=1)(n-1) S(Ai) S(Ai+1), and the intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling constant of -0.07 cm(-1) is much weaker than that of 1. Ethanol solvate 3 with a dimer motif shows field-induced single-molecule magnet like behavior below 2.5 K. The exchange coupling constant J within the dimer propagated by π-π interaction is -0.14 cm(-1) by fitting the susceptibility data χ(M) T (20-300 K) with the spin Hamiltonian H = -2J S(A) S(B) + β(S((A)g(A)) + S((B)g(B)))H. The present studies open a new way to construct SCMs from anisotropic magnetic single-ion units through weak intermolecular interactions in the absence of bridging ligands.

An asymmetric bridging ligand 3,4′-bi-1,2,4-triazole (Hbtr) was used for constructing transition metal coordination polymer, and yielding a manganese(II) compound [Mn(btr)2]n (1) with a unique three-dimensional (3D) framework. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 and the structure is 3D (3, 6)-connected topological framework constructed from manganese ions and μ3-btr ligands. The magnetic investigation for compound 1 shows that it is an antiferromagnetically coupled 3D array of high-spin manganese(II) ions with long-range ordering below T = 2.6 K, which is a weak ferromagnetic state due to spin-canting.

The reactions of Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O, 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone oxime (abbr. as MeSao), NEt3 and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid/thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (2-TCA/3-TCA) lead to [Mn6O2(MeSao)6(2-TCA)2(EtOH)4(H2O)2](EtOH)2 (1) and [Mn6O2(MeSao)6(3-TCA)2(EtOH)4(H2O)2](EtOH)2 (2), respectively. Their structures can be described as a core of the [MnIII6O2(Mesao)6(O2C-thiophene)2(EtOH)4] consisting two off-set, stacked [MnIII3(μ3-O2−)]7+ triangular subunits linked by two central oximato O-atoms and two O-atoms from phenoxide group. Magnetic investigation revealed that 1 and 2 all have a spin ground state S = 4, and both complexes show single-molecule magnet behaviors with similar energy barriers Ueff ∼45 K.

A half-sandwich organolanthanide complex, [(C6Me6)Dy(AlCl4)3], in which Dy(III) is coordinated with a π-bonded arene was synthesized and magnetically characterized. This complex displays slow magnetic relaxation and a hysteresis loop associated with single-ion magnet behavior. The orientation of the magnetic anisotropy axis is analyzed using ab initio calculations.

Four cyano-bridged 1D bimetallic polymers have been prepared by using the paramagnetic building block trans-[Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)](-) (Hacac=acetylacetone): {[{Ni(tren)}{Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)}][ClO(4)].CH(3)OH}(n) (1) (tren=tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), {[{Ni(cyclen)}{Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)}][ClO(4)].CH(3)OH}(n) (2) (cyclen=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), {[{Fe(salen)}{Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)}]}(n) (3) (salen(2-)=N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-o-ethyldiamine dianion) and [{Mn(5,5'-Me(2)salen)}(2){Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)}][Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)].2CH(3)OH (4) (5,5'-Me(2)salen=N,N'-bis(5,5'-dimethylsalicylidene)-o-ethylenediimine). Compounds 1 and 2 are 1D, zigzagged NiRu chains that exhibit ferromagnetic coupling between Ni(II) and Ru(III) ions through cyano bridges with J=+1.92 cm(-1), zJ'=-1.37 cm(-1), g=2.20 for 1 and J=+0.85 cm(-1), zJ'=-0.16 cm(-1), g=2.24 for 2. Compound 3 has a 1D linear chain structure that exhibits intrachain ferromagnetic coupling (J=+0.62 cm(-1), zJ'=-0.09 cm(-1), g=2.08), but antiferromagnetic coupling occurs between FeRu chains, leading to metamagnetic behavior with T(N)=2.6 K. In compound 4, two Mn(III) ions are coordinated to trans-[Ru(acac)(2)(CN)(2)](-) to form trinuclear Mn(2)Ru units, which are linked together by pi-pi stacking and weak Mn...O* interactions to form a 1D chain. Compound 4 shows slow magnetic relaxation below 3.0 K with phi=0.25, characteristic of superparamagnetic behavior. The Mn(III)...Ru(III) coupling constant (through cyano bridges) and the Mn(III)...Mn(III) coupling constant (between the trimers) are +0.87 and +0.24 cm(-1), respectively. Compound 4 is a novel single-chain magnet built from Mn(2)Ru trimers through noncovalent interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) combined with the broken symmetry state method was used to calculate the molecular magnetic orbitals and the magnetic exchange interactions between Ru(III) and M (M=Ni(II), Fe(III), and Mn(III)) ions. To explain the somewhat unexpected ferromagnetic coupling between low-spin Ru(III) and high-spin Fe(III) and Mn(III) ions in compounds 3 and 4, respectively, it is proposed that apart from the relative symmetries, the relative energies of the magnetic orbitals may also be important in determining the overall magnetic coupling in these bimetallic assemblies.

Two coordination polymers, Ni(endi)(N(3))(2) (endi = 1,2-bis(tetrazol-1-yl)ethane) (1) and Ni(4-acpy)(2)(N(3))(2) (4-acpy = 4-acetylpyridine) (2), are obtained by employing a couple of cobalt complex as references. Both compounds have similar 2D (4,4) EE azide-nickel layer structures, but different interlayer separations. Their EE azide bridges are vigorously twisted, with the torsion angle tau value 88.3 degrees and 107.6 degrees for 1 and 89.2 degrees for 2. Different from most EE azide compounds, ferromagnetism is distinctly present, ordering below T(c) = 25 K for 1 and T(c) = 23 K for 2. Fitting of magnetic susceptibility data using the spin Hamiltonian H = -2J SigmaS(1)S(2) gives the ferromagnetic intralayer coupling J = 14.70(6) cm(-1) for 1 and 14.32(0) cm(-1) for 2, respectively. The magnetostructural correlations of 1 have been calculated using the density function theory based method. The computational results are consistent with the trend of the experimental data. One possible mechanism was proposed to explain the emergence of ferromagnetism based on the theoretical studies, and the ferromagnet construction approach was also proposed accordingly.

To shed light on magnetic properties of the magnetic exchange molecular cluster containing the constituent metal ion with unquenched orbital angular momentum, as representative examples two octahedrally coordinated high-spin Co(II)-cluster complexes were synthesized and characterized: complex (1) [Co3(Hbzp)6][ClO4]2· 2CH3OH·H2O (bzp = 2-benzoylpyridine) with a linear core Co(III)-Co(II)-Co(III) and complex (2) [Co4L(N3)4(CH3CN)4](ClO4)4·2H2O (L = Macrocyclic schiff base of tetra-2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde-tetra-ethane-1,2-diamine) comprised by two nearly independent Co(II)-dimers. Following Lines' isotropic exchange approximation the magnetic interaction effective Hamiltonian was introduced, which includes the exchange interactions, the spin-orbit coupling, the low-symmetry crystal field, and the intercluster exchange interaction. On the basis of the irreducible tensor operator approach to solve Hamiltonian we have coded the software, BJMAG package, and performed the best-fit procedure for experimentally temperature variable magnetic susceptibilities for the complexes (1) and (2). The best-fit parameters were obtained as follows: λ = −126 cm−1, Δ = 432 cm−1, κ = 0.96, mJ′ = 2.7 cm−1 for the complex (1) and λ = −165 cm−1, Δ = 960 cm−1, κ = 0.95, J′ = 9 cm−1, mJ′ = −0.1 cm−1 for the complex (2). To further elucidate the individual role of each interaction in the employed model, the effects of the key factors governing the magnetic properties on temperature variable magnetic susceptibilities were examined in detail. The significance of the intercluster exchange interactions at low temperatures was briefly discussed and a self-consistent molecular field to calculate the thermally average spin of the nearest neighbor in the intercluster interaction was proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009