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A study was carried out at CSIR-CIMAP, RC. Hyderabad (India) to study the impact of coppicing time on the oil percent and its chemical composition of different cultivars of lemongrass using a randomized block design. The freshly harvested herb was used for the hydro-distillation for essential oil, and subsequent chemical analysis. The chemical components identification of the essential oil was performed by GC–MS. In the results coppicing time influenced significant changes in the essential oil content, essential oil yield, and its chemical composition especially, total citral, and geraniol content. The four top rankers varieties/cultivars of lemongrass for the essential oil yield were CIM-Shikhar > Krishna > CKP-25 > CIMAP-Suwarna; for the essential oil content CIM–Shikhar > Krishna > CIMAP-Suwarna > Praman; for total citral content Nima > CIM–Shikhar > Krishna > Pragati, and for the total geraniol content Himrosa > CN-5 > Tawirosa > Kalam, respectively. Therefore, we can recommend these varieties/cultivars for commercial cultivation in large areas under the semi-arid region of south India.

Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) is an aromatic, perennial herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The plant is indigenous to tropical areas especially India and West Africa. In Nigeria, it is found in the Savannah and coastal areas. The whole herbs of the plant contain essential oils and it is cultivated for various purposes. The plant is a rich source of eugenol in its essential oil. It is also used in the preparation of tea and infusions. It is also used in the treatment of fungal infections, fever, cold, and cough. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol) is a phenolic compound from the class of phenylpropanoids. It is used in the food industry as a preservative, mainly due to its antioxidant property, and flavoring agent. The fresh herb × winter season/environment produced the highest essential oil 2.07 mL/plot with essential oil content 0.41% followed by fresh herb × summer season/environment (M1S2) = 1.68 mL. For the eugenol content, the autumn season/environment was found highly favorable = 74.52% (leaves = 69.024, stem = 74.531, and in inflorescence = 80.012) followed winter season/environment 72.30% (leaves = 71.841, stem 69.389, inflorescence 76.042, mean = 72.42%). These seasons are recommended for harvesting to obtain the optimum benefit for the quality essential oil yield.

Intercropping and sole cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil crops were evaluated to know the utility of lemongrass intercropping with lemon-scented basil oil yield and chemical profiles by utilizing the space available during the initial lag phase to increase the essential oil yield and income of the farmer. The results showed that Intercropping of lemongrass variety Krishna with variety CIM Jyoti of lemon-scented basil recorded significantly higher essential oil yield than different cultivation/cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. Meanwhile, the essential oil obtained after distillation of lemongrass, lemon-scented basil, and both oil samples are analyzed for chemical composition. A mixed distillation of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil recorded a higher percentage of citral I and citral II than lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. Also, camphor percentage is higher in the mixed sample compared to others. However, caryophyllene, citronellol, and geraniol percent were higher in lemon-scented basil than other essential oil samples. The gross income obtained under intercropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil during the initial lag phase was significantly higher than the sole cropping of lemongrass and lemon-scented basil. The co-distillation of lemon-scented basil lemongrass didn't impact odour and altered their essential oil's chemical profile.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily composed of terpenes and abundant aromatic plants. For example, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an aromatic plant that produces a monoterpene-rich essential oil, and studies show that this essential oil has excellent antioxidant activity. Erythrocytes incubated under high sugar levels are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species, which results in the oxidation of their membranes. Objective: The aim of this article is to investigate the antioxidant activity of lemongrass essential oil and its protective effect on erythrocytes exposed to high levels of glucose. Materials and Methods: The essential oil was obtained by steam dragging distillation; blood cell suspensions were incubated with glucose 5, 20, 50, and 100 mmol/L. The amount of TBARS produced was measured at 532 nm. In addition, the percentage of antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH free radical assay. Results: Lemongrass essential oil showed an increase in the antioxidant activity up to 240 mg/ml, while ascorbic acid used as positive control showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity starting at 1 mmol/L up to 18 mmol/L. However, such a lemongrass dose prevented peroxidation in erythrocytes incubated under a high glucose media, whereas ascorbic acid showed a protective effect only at a concentration of 1 mmol/L. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil has high antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidant as ascorbic acid, and also acts as a protective agent against erythrocyte lipoperoxidation due to hyperglycemia in vitro.

Aloe vera L. is used largely in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agro-food industries. The in vitro technique was proposed as an alternative method for large-scale propagation and/or conservation breeding programmes in response to the increasing demand for Aloe vera. Unfortunately, a major problem in the application of plant tissue culture is the browning of cultured tissues and microbial contamination. This work investigates for the first time the efficacy of using Essential Oils (EOs) to control enzymatic browning and contamination of cultures from Aloe vera. Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L β-indole butyric acid (IBA) was used as a basic medium for A. vera for in vitro culture. The effect of the addition of charcoal (at 0.5 g/L), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils (at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2%) to the basic medium was assessed. While thyme Essential Oil (EO) inhibited explant growth, rosemary EO induced the highest explant survival percentage, the lowest browning diffusion and contamination percentage. Moreover, a second experiment was conducted to determine the optimal rosemary EO concentration (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1%). Explant survival percentage was 100% after four weeks of culture with rosemary EO concentrations of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1% with no signs of browning. The lowest infection percentage (10%) was observed for media containing 0.075 and 0.1% of rosemary EO. The highest average number of leaves per explant was 3.71 with 0.1% rosemary EO and the greatest leaf length was 3.18 cm with 0.05%. The analytical techniques used to detect rosemary EO compounds were GC-FID (gas chromatography - flame ionization detection) and GC–MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The main constituents found were 1,8-cineole (53.92%), α-pinene (15.86%), β-pinene (10.79%), and camphor (7.99%). Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the rosemary EO was determined by the DPPH (Free radical-scavenging activity) (24.66 µg mL−1) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) (35.16 mmol Fe2+L − 1) tests. The chemical composition together with the antioxidant effect and the most widely recognized anti-infectious properties of the used rosemary EO could explain its role in the inhibition of both enzymatic browning and microbial growth in culture media. These results could be a scope for further screening of EOs to be used for the improvement of in vitro culture of A. vera and other industrial crops.

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams- -Scrib is one of the most devastating seed-borne diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In the present study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of Bunium persicum essential oil (EO) and its main constituents on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination inhibition of C. lindemuthianum. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EO and its main constituents on decreasing the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by C. lindemuthianum, which are associated with disease progress. Also, the effects of seed treatment and foliar application of EO and its main constituent, cuminaldehyde, on anthracnose disease severity was investigated. The essential oil of B. persicum, was obtained by using a clevenger apparatus and its major constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EO was characterized by the presence of major compounds such as cuminaldehyde (37.7%), γ-terpinene (17.1%) and β-pinene (15.4%), which indicated antifungal effects against C. lindemuthianum. This pathogen did not grow in the presence of EO, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, β-pinene at 1,500; 1,010 and 1,835 ppm concentrations, respectively. Also, sporulation and spore germination of C. lindemuthianum was completely inhibited by EO and cuminaldehyde. Synergistic effects of the main constituents showed that combing γ-terpinene with cuminaldehyde induced a synergistic activity against C. lindemuthianum and in combination with β-pinene caused an additive effect. Activities of pectinase, cellulase and xylanase, as main CWDEs, were decreased by EO and its main constituents at low concentration without affecting mycelial growth. Seed treatment and foliar application of peppermint EO and/or cuminaldehyde significantly reduced the development of bean anthracnose. We introduced B. persicum EO and constituents, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, as possible control agents for bean anthracnose.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is of great importance due to its medicinal properties and industrial uses. However, as in most plants, physiological and biochemical changes occur in turmeric plants subjected to saline conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and antioxidant response of turmeric plants, and the yield and composition of turmeric essential oil under saline stress. The study was greenhouse-based, and 180 days old turmeric plants were treated with 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl solutions for 130 days. Plants grown under high NaCl concentrations showed significantly reduced shoot length and shoot and rhizome biomass accumulation. Large amounts of proline accumulated in the leaves at 150 mM NaCl. Lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content increased with salinity in both leaves and rhizomes. Antioxidant enzymes showed greater activity in the leaves of plants exposed to high NaCl concentrations. Salinity altered the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil in the rhizomes. A total of 114 compounds were identified in the essential oil, with the main compounds from the sesquiterpenes class. Sesquiterpenes can constitute a secondary antioxidant system which can assist the primary antioxidant defense system to maintain the levels of hydrogen peroxide in cells at concentrations sub-lethal to turmeric plants. In addition, the presence of rhizomes has a mitigating effect on salt stress in this species due to the antioxidant activity of the essential oil present in the rhizomes.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of encapsulated essential oils (EOs) addition on nutrient digestion, serum biochemical parameters, peripheral blood alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology in laying hens.Methods: A total of 320 laying hens of 48-wk-old were randomly allotted into 4 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 8 birds in each replicate. The birds were fed a basal diet (control) or the diet added with mixture of EOs (which consist of eugenol, nerolidol, piperine, thymol, linalool, and geraniol) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for period of 84 days.Results: The addition of EOs at 100 or 200 mg/kg increased the dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestion as compared to control. The addition of all doses of EOs did not affect serum gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and P but increased serum asparate aminotransferase (AST) concentration. The addition of 200 mg/kg EOs increased serum creatinine, while 100 mg/kg decreased Ca concentration. The addition of 100 and 200 mg/kg EOs generally improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology.Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the addition of 100 or 200 mg/kg encapsulated EOs generally increased apparent nutrient digestion and serum AST concentration, improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal morphology in laying hens.

India is an emerging basil essential oil producer in South-east Asia. Two high essential oil yielding hybrids, namely one inter specific hybrid between of O. basilicum and O. kilimandscharicum Gurke (HYBL-1) and another intraspecific hybrid of O. basilicum × O. basilicum (OBL-1) of basil were analyzed using GC, enantiomeric GC, NMR, enantio-GC–MS and GC–MS methods. Inter specific hybrid HYBL-1 contained high essential oil-rich in linalool (68.5%), camphor (8%), and 1,8-cineole (4.6%) as characteristic constituents among monoterpenoids, whereas β-caryophyllene (1.9%), germacrene D (1.0%), and epi-α-cadinol (1.9%) were the sesquiterpenoids at the Lucknow (North Indian conditions) and linalool (71.8%), camphor (9.4%) and 1,8-cineole (4.3%) at Hyderabad (South Indian conditions) locations. Intraspecific hybrid (OBL-1) possessed linalool (66.1%), 1,8-cineole (5.4%) and geraniol (8.6%) with sesquiterpenoids in low proportions. Inter specific hybrid HYBL-1 showed superiority over OBL-1 in the multi-location trials conducted at Lucknow and Hyderabad. Average mean performance of inter specific hybrid over locations was: herb yield 44.80 t/ha, oil content 0.63%, oil yield 188.50 kg/ha, linalool content 67.65%, camphor content 8.90% v/s OBL-1 herb yield 21.32 t/ha, oil content 0.53%, oil yield 97.50 kg/ha, linalool content 65.55%, camphor content 0.00%, respectively. The essential oil of these two hybrids subjected to enantiomer differentiation revealed a high enantiomeric excess for (3R) -(−)-linalool, whereas (1R)- (+)-camphor was recorded exclusively in inter specific hybrid. The extensive NMR experiments were performed to confirm constituents in these hybrids and found that NMR spectroscopy could also be an ideal tool for the differentiation of essential oils from commercial samples declared as natural.

Kinetic modeling plays a key role in development of large-scale extraction processes. In this study, we modeled the process of extracting essential oils from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel materials in different kinetics including pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic models in both linear and nonlinear forms. The coefficient of determination, R2, and the percentage of deviation, %q, were used as the basis to determine the most suitable kinetic model kinetics. The results show that non-linear pseudo first order model (equation 7) was best fitted to describe the experimental data. The obtained essential oil was characterized by the abundance of limonene.

Background: The genus Thymus is one of the well-known members of the Lamiaceae, which comprises about 215 species. It is a polymorphic genus in this family. Therefore, possible differences in chemical composition among polymorphs may result in differences in their biological activities. Objective: This study was designed to specify chemical composition in order to assess antioxidant activities and to characterize active constituents of essential oil from Thymus pubescens. Methods: Essential oil was collected by hydrodistillation and was analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by ABTS radical cation scavenging and β-carotene bleaching inhibition methods. Detection and identification of antioxidant components were performed by TLC-bioautography assay using ABTS•+ reagent. Results: GC analyses indicated the presence of 39 components, accounting for 96.64% of total constituents, with thymol (38.67%), γ-terpinene (7.46%), and p-cymene (5.54%) as the main components. The IC50 values for antioxidant activities were equal to 1.15 (1.05 – 1.25) μg/mL and 0.45 (0.33 – 0.62) μg/mL for ABTS•+ scavenging and β-carotene bleaching inhibition tests, respectively. TLC-bioautograpgy of oil resulted in identification of thymol as the major antioxidant compound. Conclusion: Essential oil exhibited very potent and significant antioxidant activities correlated well with increasing dose in vitro.

This study aimed to examine the antifungal activity of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) essential oil on Colletotrichum musae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causative organisms of anthracnose and crown-rot diseases of banana fruits, respectively. Chitin synthase is a promising target for antifungal compounds, since it is involved in synthesizing chitin, which forms a major proportion of the fungal cell wall. Disc volatilisation method was employed to assess the in vitro antifungal activity of the oil. The vapours of this essential oil at 4 μL per Petriplate exhibited 100% growth inhibition of both the fungal pathogens, and at 66.66 μLL−1 , it significantly (P

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae), popularly known as “sweet lime” or “sweet lemon”, is rich in essential oil. Citrus sp. essential oils present a wide spectrum of biological activities, including insecticidal and larvicidal. In this sense, we aimed to investigate the larvicidal potential of Citrus limettioides peel essential oil on the main urban vector of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses Aedes aegypti. The chemical characterization of the material revealed a monoterpene-rich essential oil (mainly limonene – 48.28% – and linalool – 32.17%). The C. limettioides peel essential oil presented a good larvicidal activity on A. aegypti (LC50 = 18.14 µg mL−1). Moreover, the compounds linalyl acetate and isopropyl tiglate, identified in the investigated essential oil, presented a predicted insecticide activity on A. aegypti. Finally, the safety of the C. limettioides peel essential oil was demonstrated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. These results support the idea of using the C. limettioides peel essential oil to the development of an economically viable larvicidal product.

Inflammation is an important component of the immune response to pathogens and damaged cells. This study aims to assess and compare of anti-inflammatory activities in-vitro and in-silico of essential oils from galls formed on leaves of Pistacia atlantica Desf from two regions in Algeria (four samples from Ain-oussera and four samples from Laghouat). The anti-inflammatory activity was achieved by Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and viability of LPS‑activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and inhibition activity of 15-Lipoxygenase (LOX), quercetin was used as a positive control. The essential oils from leave gall of Pistacia atlantica species is able to inhibited 15-LOX enzyme with IC50 0.004mg/mL and also inhibited the production of NO produced by macrophages (99.17%) without significant cytotoxic effect (78% cell viability). The molecular docking study confirm the inhibitory effect of the major compounds of the studied essential oil, even ADMET analysis indicate that the major compounds are not toxic.

Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli) is an aromatic herb cultivated for its high-value essential oil. It is majorly used as a base oil in fragrance formulation due to its characteristics sesquiterpenoid alcohols. Patchoulol is an imperative and bioactive sesquiterpenoid in the patchouli essential oil, which is primarily isolated from the aerial part of the plant. The patchoulol was enriched in this essential oil by ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques using different hydrotropes viz., sodium p-toluene sulphonate, resorcinol, sodium cumene sulphonate and sodium salicylate. The effect of various parameters such as extraction time (min), ultrasonic amplitude (%) and pulse interval (s) with 2 M concentration of hydrotropes was studied. Ultrasonic assisted-techniques has improved the percentage of patchoulol in patchouli essential oil. The highest composition of patchoulol i.e., 70.06 % was obtained for 5 min extraction time, 40 % ultrasonic amplitude, 30:30 s pulse interval for sodium salicylate at 2 M concentration.

In this study, the hydrodistillation process of lemon peel essential oil was modeled and the obtained essential oil was determined for chemical composition. The modeling was done through non-stationary diffusion model and first-order kinetic model (i.e., fixed diffusion model). The results revealed that the extraction process seemed to closely follow the simultaneous washing and diffusion model (non-stationary diffusion) and the highest yield was obtained at extraction conditions including 3: 1 mL/g of water-to-materials ratio, 204 W of heating capacity and extraction time of 60 min. At optimum conditions, essential oils obtained at the yield of 3.9% (v/w) and its composition was analyzed by GC–MS. The composition of lemon peel essential oil was predominated with Limonene (62.17%) and ϒ-Terpinene (12.356%), which characterizes the scent of this essential oil as well as its increased commercial value.

Studies on the essential oils for the phytochemical, larvicidal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of vitex trifolia fresh leaves obtained from Ganye Local Government, Adamawa state, Nigeria were carried out. Out of the compounds with different concentrations obtained from the analysis, major constituents include caryophyllene, 4-methylidene-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo [3,1,0] hexane[sabinene], 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3,1,1] hept-2-ene, naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-[1–methylethyl] [1α,4αβ,8aα], [1Z,4Z,8Z]-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene, Naphtalene,1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-[1-methylethyl], [1S-cis]-, Naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-[1-methylethenyl], terbenthene, 2-p-menthadiene and trans sabinene hydroxide which contains 22.80%, 27.40%, 7.70%, 5.23%, 4.90%, 3.52%, 4.14%, 3.52%, 3.52% and 1.03% respectively. In addition to the essential oils obtained, the results also depicted the presence of phytochemicals varying from terpenoids, glycoside, flavonoids and tannins. The displayed activity profile for the scavenging ability and high larvicidal activity of the essential oil from the sample depends on its concentration.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) leaves are commonly used as human foodstuff in some African and Asian countries. Scientific knowledge about the chemical composition and biological properties of these leaves is useful to allow humans to properly use this specific part of this plant. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant and toxicological potentials of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of four cultivars of sweet potatoes (Batata Roxa, IAPAR 69, Beni Imo and Batata-doce Japonesa) grown in Brazil. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation (100°C, 4 hours) and their components were analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID techniques. The antioxidant activities and the toxicological potentials of these essential oils were determined by ABTS and Artemia salina assays, respectively. Twenty-three compounds were found in these essential oils, with the sesquiterpene group being the major one. The compounds β-caryophyllene, β-copaene, γ-elemene, and β-elemene were found in concentrations of 1.08 – 28.63% of the essential oil among cultivars. β-Caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, and δ-cadinene may explain the characteristic aroma of these essential oils. Their moderate antioxidant capacities demonstrated by the mean IC50(ABTS) value of (2.53 ± 0.27) mg mL−1 could be explained by the synergistic effects of α-cadinol, α-caryophyllene, γ-elemene, δ-cadinene, germacrene B, and phytol. The LD50(ASB) values (minimum: 0.60 ppm for cv. Beni Imo; maximum: 4.78 ppm for cv. Batata Roxa) are probably associated with δ-cadinene, α-cadinol, phytol, and α-caryophyllene. The high cytotoxicity attributed to this kind of essential oil shows that its use as a natural food preservative can be harmful to human health. The use of sweet potato leaves as a human foodstuff must be also considered with caution. As far as we are aware, no studies on the essential oils of these cultivars of sweet potato grown in Brazil were previously reported in the literature.

The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) has several biological activities, among them the insect repellent action. Some studies showed that cinnamic acid esters can be applied as natural pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the production of esters from citronella essential oil with cinnamic acid via enzymatic esterification. Besides, the essential oil toxicity before and after esterification against Artemia salina and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti was investigated. Esters were produced using cinnamic acid as the acylating agent and citronella essential oil (3:1) in heptane and 15 wt% NS 88011 enzyme as biocatalysts, at 70 °C and 150 rpm. Conversion rates of citronellyl and geranyl cinnamates were 58.7 and 69.0% for NS 88011, respectively. For the toxicity to Artemia salina LC50 results of 5.29 μg mL-1 were obtained for the essential oil and 4.36 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with NS 88011. In the insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, was obtained LC50 of 111.84 μg mL-1 for the essential oil of citronella and 86.30 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with the enzyme NS 88011, indicating high toxicity of the esters. The results demonstrated that the evaluated samples present potential of application as bioinsecticide.

Numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from different Citrus species fruit peel, leaves and flowers. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition, larvicidal and antileishmanial activities of essential oil from Citrus reticulata fruit peel (CR-EO). CR-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Limonene (85.7%), ɣ-terpinene (6.7%) and myrcene (2.1%) were identified as its major components. CR-EO showed high activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 8.23 µg/mL). CR-EO also exhibited high larvicidal activity against third instar Aedes aegypti larvae at a lethal concentration (LC50 = 58.35 µg/mL) and 100% mortality at 150 µg/mL. This study suggests, for the first time, the potential use of CR-EO against this important mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the genus Aedes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) was tested on minimizing handling stress in Macrobrachium rosenbergii through the evaluation of their metabolite responses [glucose, lactate, glycogen, protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)]. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. citratus extract in the anaesthetization of M. rosenbergii. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three treatments including control, prawn exposed to stress alone (T1) and prawn exposed to stress in the presence of C. citratus EO (T2) were tested. A C. citratus EO at 500 μL L-1 had been determined in a previous study and was selected as the critical dose to be applied as an anesthetic agent. Handling stress was induced into prawns by netting, at 2 min interval for 30 min and their hemolymph were collected to determine the metabolite responses. RESULTS The increase of glucose, lactate and LDH of M. rosenbergii when exposed to handling stress alone (T1) in comparison to T2 (stress with anesthetic C. citratus EO) were identified. Further, a low glycogen level in parallel with low AChE activity was observed which indicates the involvement of secondary metabolites to cope with the energy demand in T1 over T2. CONCLUSION This study indicates the efficiency of C. citratus EO to reduce stress during handling in M. rosenbergii.

In this study, control (0), 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 mg L-1 ginger essential oil (GEO) (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was added to rumen liquid (RL). Then, the effects of the GEO added to the RL In vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), rumen fermentation parameters and methane (CH4) production were examined on these samples. It was determined that the addition of the GEO to RL decreased the in vitro gas production of Trifolium pratense hay (TPH), the OMD and ME contents, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA) and other volatile fatty acids (OVFA) (P

Essential oil (EO) was hydrodistilled from Achillea biebersteinii and analyzed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) and (GC–MS). Three monoterpenes, α-terpinene, p-cymene, and camphor were isolated as the main terpenes in the EO. Oil-in-water nanoemulsion (particle size 52.7 ± 4.4 nm) was prepared and characterized from EO through a hydrothermal approach. The EO products caused insecticidal effects and altered F1 progeny of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in a dose and exposure time-dependent manner. The nanoemulsion was superior in bioactivity, followed EO. At 12.5 µl/cm2, nanoemulsion and EO caused 100% mortality of the second larvae after 4 days of exposure with reduction of F1 progeny of 100.0 and 89.2%, respectively. At 50.0 µl/cm2, percentage mortality and reduction in progeny of EO products ranged between (61.4–100%) and (53.0–100%), respectively. Upon fumigation, nanoemulsion at 10 µl/L air caused 100% mortality of the second larvae after 4 days of exposure. At 20 µl/L air and 4 days after treatment, percentage mortality with the remainder botanicals ranging between 64.7 and 100. LC50′s of products after 48 h exposure ranging between 6.7 and 58.1 µg/cm2 in insecticidal bioassay, and between 3.6 and 26.3 µl/L upon fumigation. Botanicals caused a remarkable inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), where nanoemulsion (IC50 = 14.22 mM), EO (IC50 = 35.12 mM) and camphor (IC50 = 23.93 mM) were superior as AChE inhibitors. There is a potential for using of A. biebersteinii EO, its nanoemulsion and monoterpenes as natural grain protectants after the required toxicological investigations.

The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent.

Background Citrus essential oil (EO) has been used for mood elevation and sedative hypnotic purposes. However, scientific proofs of its central nervous system (CNS) action remained largely unexplored. This study investigated chemotypes, electrical brain waves and sleep-wake effects of the essential oil from Citrus reticulata in rat model. Methods Chemical contents of citrus EO were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes on the frontal and parietal skulls were used for electroencephalographic (EEG) recording while inhaling the citrus EO (200 μl on cotton wool). Diazepam (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard anxiolytic drug. EEG frequency analyses were performed by using Fast Fourier transform. All data were statistical analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results GC–MS analysis reveal d -limonene (95.7%) as a major constituent of citrus EO. The EEG results showed that overall EEG patterns of citrus EO effects were relatively similar to that of diazepam. However, significant differences between treatments were seen from sleep-wake analyses. Diazepam significantly increased episode numbers of awake and non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and reduced averaged episode duration. On the other hand, the citrus EO significantly decreased REM sleep latency and increased total time and episode numbers of REM sleep. Conclusion These findings demonstrated unique CNS effects of C. reticulata EO with EEG fingerprints and sleep-wake profiles. The data might be useful for citrus essential oil sub-classification and clinical application.

Seeking an opportunity for genetic improvement in aromatic grasses lead to an explorative study on the aspects of genetic variability, character association and path analysis between essential oil yield/plot and its contributing traits in twenty five genotypes of Cymbopogon sp. collected from different agro-climatic zones of India, grown in RBD with three replicates. Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for the traits that were brought under study. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and moderate to high genetic advance over mean were recorded in geraniol content, citral content and geranyl acetate content indicating predominance of additive gene effects controlling these traits. Correlation and path analysis revealed that oil content, herb yield/plot and geranyl acetate content are overriding traits among all other growth and yield parameters, therefore more emphasis should be laid upon them while designing selection indices for improvement of essential oil yield.

Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol essential oil (BEO, 18.2% v/v borneol) is a by-product of steam distillation to produce natural crystalline borneol (NCB, 98.4% v/v borneol). Given the known medicinal properties of borneol, the analgesic function and safety were studied. Horn's method and the Draize test revealed a gender difference in mice regarding acute oral LD50, i.e., low-toxicity to female mice (2749 mg/kg), but practically non-toxic to male mice (5081 mg/kg). There was no acute and skin or eye irritation when BEO was applied directly, if the BEO concentration was less than 50%. The analgesic effect of BEO was evaluated by the glacial acetic acid-induced writhing pain model. Continuous topical application of BEO to the abdomen of mice for 6 d, significantly reduced observed writhing in mice (p < 0.001) with a strong dose-response relationship (r = -0.9006). Concomitantly, the levels of the serum pain-related mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) were significantly reduced (p < 0.001), and the latter showed a strong dose-response relationship (r = -0.9427). Therefore, BEO had similar analgesic functions to borneol and was demonstrated to be safe for medicinal use.

The aim of this research was to investigate the variation regarding the chemical composition and biological activities of needles essential oils (EOs) of P. halepensis. Chemical profiles demonstrated a significant (P

Varronia curassavica has anti-inflammatory properties because of the terpenes, α-humulene and β-caryophyllene, present in the essential oil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seasonality on the essential oil of V. curassavica accessions. Leaves from six accessions were collected from the Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Minas Gerais over 12 months. Correlations between the essential oil content and meteorological factors were determined. Gas chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectrometry was conducted to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil. The content and chemical composition of the oil varied throughout the year. Relative humidity was correlated with accessions ICA-VC2 (-0.64) and ICA-VC4 (0.68). β-bourbonene, β-elemene, spathulenol, germacrene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene occurred in all accessions. Accession ICA-VC3 exhibited lower variation (22.17%), higher average (0.97%) essential oil, and maintained an average abundance of α-humulene greater than 2.6%, which is the amount necessary for phytotherapeutics.

The objective was to evaluate the production and composition of lavender essential oil, simultaneously at open field and greenhouse, in spring-summer season, under different types of fertilization. Each cultivation system was considered an experiment (field and greenhouse), and in both, the experimental design used was randomized blocks, with five treatments, being fertilization with nutrient source - 100% mineral (100% M), 100% organic (100% O), 100% organomineral (100% OM), 50% organomineral (50% OM), and without fertilization (control), and three repetitions. Better performance and productivity of Lavandula dentata is related to respectively 100% OM and 50% OM fertilization in the field and greenhouse. The essential oil content does not differ between cultivation systems and kind of fertilizers, and the majorities compounds were 1.8-cineol, fenchone and camphor.

This study aims to determine the best concentration of red ginger essential oil addition (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) edible coating to chitosan on the organoleptic quality of pempek. The research method was experimental which consisted of 5 treatments, namely control, addition of red ginger essential oil with concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% with 20 panelists as replicates. Parameters observed included organoleptic characteristics (appearance, texture, aroma, taste, tooth test, and folding test) based on the panelists' preference level using hedonic tests and chemical analysis (moisture content and fat content) and the shelf life of pempek. The data from the water content and fat content tests were analyzed descriptively, while the organoleptic test results were analyzed using non-parametric statistics with the test Friedman, if the test Friedman gave a rejection, multiple comparisons were performed and test was performed Bayes for decision making. The results showed that the best treatment in extending the shelf life of pempek was treatment D with the addition of 1% red ginger essential oil with a moisture content of 55.30% on the first day and 55.31% on the fourth day. While the fat content on the first day was 1.42% and on the fourth day it rose to 2.72% with the characteristics of appearance, texture, aroma, and taste still favored by the panelists.

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss has safe anticancer properties, and is regarded as an endangered plant in Iran. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and the resulting environmental damages made it essential to shift to utilizing organic fertilizers and soil amendments for increasing the water and fertilizer efficiency in sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the changes in yield and essential oil compositions of Dracocephalum kotschyi in response to azocompost, vermicompost, nitroxin, and urea under different irrigation regimes. To investigate the effects of both nutrient inputs and water availability on yield and essential oil composition of D. kotschyi, at a semiarid site of Iran, a split-plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018–2019. The main plots were four irrigation regimes including irrigation up to field capacity after depletion of 20% (unstressed control), 40% (mild stress), 60% (moderate stress), and 80% (severe stress) soil available water. The subplots consisted of unfertilized control and four fertilizer sources (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, and azocompost). The highest biomass was observed through vermicompost application in unstressed treatment at the third harvest (4058.9 kg ha−1). Moreover, the highest essential oil content was obtained under water deficit stress in the first harvest. The highest essential oil yield was also produced with application of vermicompost (40.90 kg ha−1) and azocompost (40.42 kg ha−1) under unstressed conditions at the third harvest. In harvest summations, urea fertilizer had the highest essential oil yield under unstressed control (75.19 kg ha−1), mild (64.79 kg ha−1), and severe (65.63 kg ha−1) stress conditions, while it was produced from nitroxin treatment under moderate stress (53.63 kg ha−1). Geraniol, dl-limonene, cis-sabinene hydrate, neral, geranial, methyl geranate, and geranyl acetate were the main components of the essential oil profile. D. kotschyi showed different responses to water availability in conjunction with various fertilizer sources. Therefore, we can say that it tries to make better response to different conditions for its survival and development by changing essential oil content and compounds. Our findings suggest that organic fertilizers, especially vermicompost, can improve soil properties and essential oil yield. Finally, based on the results of this study, urea is recommended for unstressed, mild, and severe water stress conditions, and nitroxin for moderate conditions.

There is a growing demand for active packaging as an emerging phenomenon in improving food quality and shelf life. Encapsulation of natural compounds in nanoliposomes can be used as a protective system during processing and storage.The present study aimed to prepare a biodegradable coating of chitosan with essential oil of cumin nanocapsule. It examine the effects of chitosan coating and the free or nanocapsule Cuminum cyminum essential oil (CCEO) on the chemical and microbial properties of veal samples via modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (20% CO2 and 80% O2) over a period of 21 days at 4 °C. The antimicrobial activity of CCEO was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Additionally, GC–MS analysis revealed that main components of CCEO were Cumin aldehyde (37.34%), γ-Terpinene (21.14%) and o-Cymene (16.21%) respectively. Nanoliposomes were prepared with an average size of 134 nm via ethanol injection method. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomes were calculated to be 4.60 and 99.97 ± 0.01%, respectively. Coating had a significant effect (P

Aromatic plants represent a natural source of bioactive compounds. Even their essential oils attracted the interesting of many researchers for their biological activities. Therefore, the aims of this work were to analyze the volatile (aroma) compounds of three wild Algerian plants (Thymus algeriensis, Origanum glandulosum and Eucalyptus globulus) and determinate the composition of their essential oils (EO) by HS-SPME-GC/MS and GC-FID/GC–MS technics, respectively. Followed by evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the studied essential oils by five complementary methods. MICs determination and antibiofilm activity of these essential oils were determined against six pathogenic microorganisms. The main compound for T. algeriensis aroma and EO was thymol with 50.15% and 70.58%, respectively. Whereas carvacrol with percentage of 35.60% and 33.97% was the major component in O. glandulosum aroma and EO, respectively. In the case of E. globulus aroma, α-pinene (26.21%), p-cymene (24.45%), 1,8-cineole (22.80%) were the major compounds, but 1,8-cineole (17.93%), p-cymene (16.08%) and p-cymen-8-ol (15.55%) were the dominated constituents in EO. Essential oil of T. algeriensis exhibited highest antioxidant activities in ABTS·+ and CUPRAC assays with IC50 values of 9.95 ± 0.17 and 29.21 ± 0.74 µg/mL, respectively. Essential oils allowed antibiofilm effects agains all tested strains with low MICs. Particularly, essential oil of T. algeriensis showed the lowest MICs (0.078–1.25 µL/mL) for all tested microorganisms. According to these results, T. algeriensis and O. glandulosum could be used as bioresource of thymol and carvacrol respectively by pharmaceutic industry. Also, the studied essential oils can be exploited as naturel antipathogenic and antioxidant agents alone or like additives.

Kumquats are small citrus fruits produced by the Fortunella japonica tree. In addition to its aroma, kumquat essential oil may have antiproliferative effects; however, research on the effects of kumquat essential oil on human cell lines is limited. This study investigated the effects of kumquat essential oil on the proliferation of three human cell lines (HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cells, and CUA-4 normal human fibroblasts). As the concentration of kumquat essential oil increased, cell proliferation and viability, as measured by MTT activity assays, decreased in all three cell lines. Compared to untreated cells, HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells exposed to kumquat essential oil exhibited an increased presence of phosphorylated JNK. Apoptosis was also stimulated, as PARP cleavage of treated HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells was detected. Use of a JNK inhibitor resulted in decreased PARP cleavage in HT-1080 cells following treatment with kumquat EO, suggesting that activity of JNK is implicated in the stress response. The kumquat essential oil constituents limonene and myrcene both independently led to decreased proliferation and apoptosis.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. (peppermint). Fifteen chemical constituents were identified in the essential oil, for a total of 99.99% of the compounds. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. for Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was 1.84 μg/ml, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 3.7 and 7.43 μg/ml, respectively. The oil displayed potent antioxidant activity inhibiting up to approximately73% of 2,2'-azinothiobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. In the cytotoxicity assay, the highest essential oil concentration (100 μg/ml) resulted in viability of approximately 90% human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. With respect to antitumor activity in C6 rat glioma cells, there was significant reduction in cell viability: 56-74% in 24 hr, and 71-77% in 48 hr. Data suggest that in presence of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor and non-cytotoxic properties were noted.

Two in vitro and in vivo experiments were accomplished to investigate the impacts of integrated feed additives (IFA, combination of protected fat, lysine, and methionine plus yucca extract, eucalyptus essential oil, and direct-fed microbial) on gas production (GP), ruminal fermentation and degradability parameters and lamb performance, digestibility, and nitrogen balance. In the in vitro experiment, responses of graded doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 g IFA/kg DM) were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, 15 Barki male lambs (30.43 ± 0.74 kg BW ± SE) were individually allotted in complete randomized design into three treatments (five animal/treatment) as control (basal diet without additive), low dose (50 g/kg DM) and high dose (100 g/kg DM) for 120 days. In vitro results showed that both doses (100 and 125 g/kg DM) quadratically decreased (p 0.05) and ruminal protozoal populations (p = 0.094) compared with low dose and control diet. Both doses of IFA increased (p < 0.05) serum urea, creatinine, and triglyceride concentrations, while decreased (p < 0.001) ruminal NH3-N concentrations. These results suggested that, although IFA was effective to modify in vitro ruminal fermentation process and feed degradability, such aspects did not improve in vivo performance of growing lambs.

Plant-based repellents represent a safe, economic, and viable alternative to managing invasive insects that threaten native fauna. Observations of self-medication in animals can provide important cues to the medicinal properties of plants. A recent study in the Galapagos Islands found that Darwin’s finches apply the leaves of Psidium galapageium (Hooker 1847) to their feathers, extracts of which were repellent to mosquitoes and the parasitic fly Philornis downsi (Dodge & Aitkens 1968; Diptera: Muscidae). Introduced mosquitoes are suspected vectors of avian pathogens in the Galapagos Islands, whereas the larvae of P. downsi are blood-feeders, causing significant declines of the endemic avifauna. In this study, we investigated the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, testing each against a model organism, the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis (Patton 1905; Diptera: Culicidae), with the aim of singling out the most effective compound for repelling dipterans. Examinations of an ethanolic extract of P. galapageium, its essential oil and each of their respective fractions, revealed a mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, the latter consisting mainly of guaiol, trans-nerolidol, and β-eudesmol. Of these, trans-nerolidol was identified as the most effective repellent to mosquitoes. This was subsequently tested at four different concentrations against P. downsi, but we did not find a repellence response. A tendency to avoid the compound was observed, albeit significance was not achieved in any case. The lack of repellence suggests that flies may respond to a combination of the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, rather than to a single compound.

Salvia officinalis L. is well known as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Albania. Several studies suggest that Salvia officinalis L., in addition to treating minor common illnesses, might potentially provide novel natural treatments for the relief or cure of many serious and life-threatening diseases such as depression, dementia, obesity, diabetes, lupus, heart disease, cancer or antibacterial treatments. The most common methods used for obtaining extracts of essential oils are water distillation, distillation with organic solvents such as hexane, ethanol, methanol and extraction with liquid CO2 under pressure as well. The extracts fractions obtained by these methods are of interest especially in the fields of pharmacology, cosmetic, medicine, food chemistry etc. In this study the extraction of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L is carried out by using an organic solvent (hexane) and liquid CO2 solvent under pressure at 40 0 C. The essential oil extracts are analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The amount of essential oil and the overall yield obtained by hexane distillation method is lower than that obtained by CO2 extraction method. These findings demonstrated that the amount of S. Officinalis oils obtained by CO2 extraction method is optimal, making that suitable for a possible use in pharmaceutical purposes.

Background: Chamomile essential oil contains various kinds of chemical compounds that was useful for skin. One of them was capable to provided good protection against free radicals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop topical antioxidant formulation in the form of microemulsion gel that had good stability and safe for skin. Material and Methods: This study began with determined oil concentration to incorporated into microemulsion formula.Furthermore, optimization of the surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil concentration to produced clear microemulsion. The evaluation of microemulsion include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, oil droplet size, oil droplet morphology, freeze thaw test and antioxidant activity test for 28 days. Then microemulsion was incorporated into gel base to form microemulsion gel. The evaluation of microemulsion gel include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, freeze thaw test, antioxidant activity test and irritation test. Results: Optimization results of surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil which can produced clear microemulsion were Tween 80 30%, PEG 400 10% and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) 5%. Microemulsion had good stability indicated by pH range of 5 during stored at room temperature and climatic chamber with 75% Relative Humidity, viscosity range from 11 to 12 cps, stable droplets size below 50 nm, and no phase separation observed in centrifugation and freeze thaw test. Chamomile oil microemulsion IC 50 value of 84.223 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was also had good stability indicated by pH value was remain in neutral pH range (7), viscosity from 903 to 967 cps, and no phase separation in freeze thaw test. microemulsion gel IC 50 value of 80,785 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was not irritated the skin with primary irritation index 0. Conclusions: The results in this study showed that Chamomile oil microemulsion gel had good stability, had antioxidant activity and does not irritated.

The objective of this study was to design, develop, and quantify the effectiveness of a simple method to facilitate the smart delivery of antimicrobial essential oils (EOs) via their absorption into a chemically bound high surface area support material. To this end, Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) was functionalized by means of a post-synthetic reaction using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to create an amine-terminated SBA-15 (SBA-APTES), and functionalization was confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and N2 isotherm analysis. Amine-modified SBA-15 was then grafted to a 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS)-modified silicon (Si) surface (Si-GPTS), and subsequent attachment to the GPTS-modified surface was confirmed through XPS, dynamic contact angle, and SEM analysis. The smart delivery devices (SBA-15 and SBA-APTES) were then loaded with antimicrobial oregano essential oil (OEO) and the antimicrobial activity was assessed against common food spoilage microorganisms Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Antimicrobial activity results indicate that both SBA-OEO and SBA-APTES-OEO have good antimicrobial activity and that functionalization of bare SBA-15 with APTES has no effect on antimicrobial activity (P > 0.05) compared to SBA-OEO. Moreover, it appears that direct surface coating of the modified SBA to a surface substrate may not provide a significant quantity of oil needed to elicit an antimicrobial response. Nevertheless, given the strong absorption properties of SBA materials, good antimicrobial activity, and the GRAS nature of SBA-OEO and SBA-APTES-OEO, the results found in this study open potential applications of the functionalized carrier materials. ispartof: ACS OMEGA vol:6 issue:45 pages:30376-30385 ispartof: location:United States status: published

The effect of several essential oils, plant extracts and packaging materials on oxidative stability of virgin olive oil during different storage times was investigated. The formation of free radicals, changing of color, development of rancid odor and taste are formed as a result of the oxidation of stored oils due to the effect of oxygen and light in the environment depending on the properties of the packaging materials used. As the storage time progressed, viscosity, color, free fatty acid, peroxide and K232 values were increased. The highest increase in K270 value was found in the first month whereas the value of p-anisidine was found to be maximum in the second and third months of storage. The highest acidity (1.91%) and discoloration were observed in the samples stored in the glass-pet bottle while the highest viscosity (99.80 mPa s), peroxide (12.00 meq O2/kg), K232 (0.73) and K270 (0.11) values are found in the samples stored in the tin. The highest free fatty acid values of samples stored in glass bottles, PET bottles and tin were detected in olive oils added rosemary. The peroxide values of the samples stored in glass and pet bottles decreased at 1st month and increased as the storage process progressed.

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) of chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA) containing various contents of peppermint essential oil (PEO), as a volatile bioactive agent, were prepared in order to inv...

Toxic effect of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. essential oil was assayed on weeds (Lolium perenne L. Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L.), potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Myzus persicae Sulz. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed carvacrol as the main component. The essential oil solutions completely inhibited the seed germination of the target weeds at concentration 2 μL/mL in Petri dishes. In contrast, in soil, this effect was achieved at a concentration of 5 µL/mL for studied dicot and at 10 µL/mL for the monocot species. Total destruction of target weeds at post-emergence stage after spraying with solution of the essential oil in concentrate 10 µL/ mL was found. Mature potato plants were poorly affected by the essential oil. A completely toxic effect on M. persicae was established by applying a solution with a concentration of 3 μL/mL of the essential oil. The experimental data indicate that the essential oil of the species has great potential, as an alternative to synthetic biocides, for the production of eco-friendly formulations for pest control.

The members of the Scabiosa genus are one of the traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of many diseases, in particular the treatment of scabies. In this study, it was aimed to determine antioxidant activities and chemical composition of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Scabiosa columbaria subsp. columbaria var. columbaria. The phenolic contents of both parts of the plant were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. A total of 6 phenolic compounds were determined and chlorogenic acid was the major compound in both flower and leaf parts of the plants, with 5936.052 µg/g and 8021.666 µg/g, respectively. 6 different methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the plant parts. Both leaf and flower parts of the plant showed high antioxidant activity in all tested methods and the antioxidant activity values of the leaf part were measured higher than those of the flower part for four tests. The methanol extracts of the plant parts was analyzed with GC–MS and number of the essential oil compounds in the leaf and flower parts were determined as 17 and 13, respectively. Linalool compound was also found to be common in both parts of the plant. The major compounds of the essential oils were identified as 4-Octadecenal (30.01%) in the flower and carvone (35.44%) in the leaf. In addition, terpene derivatives was determined as 90.32% of the highest essential oil group in the leaf, while this value was determined as 1.42% in the flower. For the flower, aromatics were determined as the main component group with 21.31%. © 2021 The author is grateful Dr. Mutlu G?ltepe for identification of the plant. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. 2-s2.0-85111568656

The improved properties of Euchema cottoni biopolymer films are significant determinants as a functional material. In this study, cinnamon oil extract reinforced cellulose nanofibre biopolymer films were fabricated. The CNF isolated via supercritical CO2 was obtained from bamboo precursor to enhance the properties of the films at different concentrations of cinnamon essential oil obtained from cinnamon bark which were incorporated in the matrix networks. The physico-chemical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of the isolated CNF reinforced E. cottoni biopolymer films was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission irradiation (FT-IR), Atomic forced microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurement (WCA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and antimicrobial properties. The characterization study was carried out for improved mechanical, thermal, morphological, wettability and antimicrobial properties. The result revealed that the morphology, mechanical, and wettability properties of the biopolymer films were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/w) of cinnamon essential oil in the matrix structure containing CNF. The hydrophobic property of the film was enhanced with the incorporation of cinnamon oil extract indicated decrease in surface roughness of the films which were exhibited by increased water contact angle compared to the neat film. The homogenous dispersion of CNF resulted to decreased surface roughness relative to the neat film by 314.96 to 48.30 Rq respectively. The hydrophobicity of the films increased as concentration of cinnamon oil in the matrix component was increased as the surface roughness decreased. Increased hydrophobic property of the film was noticed after the incorporation of 3% concentration of cinnamon oil with equivalent contact angle of 92.36○. The tensile properties of the biopolymer film was significantly improved as SW/CNF/C3 cinnamon oil was incorporated in the matrix. The optimum tensile strength was exhibited by the film by the addition of 3% concentration of essential oil, 75.2% cinnamaldehyde was contained in the oil extract. The E. cottoni derived biopolymer film demonstrated satisfactory mechanical and thermal stability including improved surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the biofilms exhibited good inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with the incorporation of the cinnamon oil extract with inhibition zone diameter at 26.94 ± 9.4 and 30.28 ± 0.46 respectively indicating effective antimicrobial activities of the biofilm. The functional properties of the fabricated biopolymer film was enhanced with the addition of cinnamon oil.