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(Egyptian Journal of Medical Laboratory Sciences: 2001: 10(1): 65-70)

Summary. The salinity of the produced water from the First Eocene reservoir of the Wafra field was studied through its history. The change in the salinity of the initially produced water (from about 500 to 20,000 ppm NaCl) was attributed to meteoric water that might have entered the reservoir through outcrops west of the field. The correct value of the interstitial water salinity (23,000 ppm) that should be used in estimating the original oil in place (OOIP) by the volumetric method was determined by three different approaches. In addition, a technique to overcome the complex behavior of aquifer salinity in calculating the volumetric OOIP for the First Eocene reservoir is outlined. A study of the change in the produced water salinity of the First Eocene reservoir with time proved that water is dumping from an upper water- bearing zone into the reservoir. Analysis of temperature and noise logs confirmed that this upper water dumping, which apparently has supported the reservoir pressure, occurred behind casing in many deeper wells penetrating the First Eocene reservoir. Introduction History. The Wafra field is located in the Partitioned Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, as shown in Fig. 1. This field comprises several major and minor oil accumulations at different depths. The shallowest reservoir in the Wafra field is the First Eocene, which is found at a very shallow depth, and its name reflects the geologic age of the producing limestone zone. The productive area of the Wafra field comprises several productive area of the Wafra field comprises several reservoirs so that, at one location, one deep well can penetrate more than one reservoir. penetrate more than one reservoir. Drilling was begun in the Partitioned Neutral Zone in Dec. 1949 by a Getty Oil Co. and American Independent Oil Co. joint operation at the location of Exploratory Well is on the eastern flank of a large gravity anomaly. This exploratory well encountered a wet sand member at a depth very comparable to its depth in a big reservoir some 19 miles [30 km] north. Drilling activities were continued and seismic surveying was adopted in 1950 in an effort to determine precisely the subsurface structure shown by the gravity precisely the subsurface structure shown by the gravity anomaly. Following the unsuccessful results of Exploratory Wells 2 and 3, drilling operations were suspended awaiting additional geophysical work. The Wafra field was discovered in April 1953 when Exploratory Well 4 proved to penetrate commercial oil accumulation in the proved to penetrate commercial oil accumulation in the Burgan sand. Cores from this and a subsequent well confirmed the presence of oil accumulations in beds overlying the Burgan sand, especially in Eocene' limestones. The well designed to test the productivity of Eocene limestones, spudded on Dec. 31, 1953, proved conclusively that a significant oil accumulation existed in the Copyright 1987 Society of Petroleum Engineers First Eocene limestone at a very shallow depth. The last First Eocene well was completed in Jan. 1963. Currently, the First Eocene reservoir contains more than 200 completions, the majority of which are partially penetrating openhole completions. penetrating openhole completions. Geology. It is known from the stratigraphic column of the Wafra field that the First Eocene reservoir is overlain by the Rus and Dammam formations. The Rus formation is an anhydrite rock that represents a cap rock for the First Eocene reservoir. The Dammam formation is mainly a water-bearing formation with a salinity of about 16,000 ppm. The First Eocene reservoir rock has been described as a marly dolomitic limestone of various porosities. porosities. The First Eocene reservoir consists of two structures known as "main area" (bigger structure) and "west Wafra" (smaller structure). Although the First Eocene limestone in the west Wafra structure is appreciably higher than that in the main area, it is particularly important to note that little or no oil is present in the western flank of the west Wafra structure. present in the western flank of the west Wafra structure. In addition, logs taken from wells penetrating the First Focene limestone suggest a strongly tilting oil/water contact (OWC). The OWC at the eastern flank of the reservoir is about 200 ft [61 m] deeper than at the western flank of the reservoir. These observations imply that oil accumulation in the First Eocene limestone is under hydrodynamic condition. JPT P. 1119

The cathodic and anodic behaviour of copper in tap water at pH values of 5, 7 and 9 has been studied at 50 ± 1°C in the presence of different concentrations of 2-amino-thiazole (ATZ) and 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidine (ADMP). The chemical nature of the complex formed between copper and ATZ or ADMP has been found in acidic solution to be a Cu(II) complex and to a lesser extent Cu(I) complex. The concentration of Cu(I) complex seems to increase as the solution becomes more basic. Polarization studies of the inhibition process suggest that the surface of the copper in both cases is largely covered by the complex.

Reactions of 3-aryl-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-ones IIa-d with ethyl phenylacetate (I) in the presence of sodium ethoxide under reflux for one hour gave only the corresponding 3,5-diaryl-2,4-dibenzoyl-6-phenyl-cyclo-hexanones IIIa-d. The reaction of these compounds with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding 5-benzoyl-4,6-diaryl-3,7-diphenyl-1,4,5,6,7-pentahydro-1H-indazole IVa-d. The structures of the products were established by spectroscopic (ir, uv, nmr and mass spectra), single-crystal X-ray analysis and chemical evidence.

3-Aryl-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one I reacted with ethyl phenylacetate (II) in the presence sodium ethoxide at room temperature to give the corresponding ethyl β-aryl-γ-benzoyl-α-phenyl-butyrate III. However,' when the same ketones were refluxed with ethyl phenylacetate, they gave the corresponding 4-aryI-3,6-diphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones IV. The reactions of III and IV with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding hydrazones VI and 2-pyridones VIII, respectively. The structure and configuration of the products are based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

Ionization constants, pKa, for a set of six monothiodiacylmethanes have been determined in 50 vol% ethanol-water mixture at 25°±0.1. Excellent linear correlations are obtained when pKa values are plotted against the substituent constant, σx, and the polar substituent constant, σ*xC6H4, for substituted phenyl groups. The regression lines are : pKa=8.00-1.47 σx and pKa=8.92-1.195 σ*xC6H4, respectively. The pKa values are also correlated with the extended Hammett equation. The correlation follows the equation : pKa=7.717-1.330σI, x-1.248σR, x The rate of the oxidation of (Ie) with hexacyanoferrate (III) was discussed at different pH values.

Reactions of acetylenic ketones (Ia-f) with methyl α-naphthylacetate in the presence of sodium methoxide gave the corresponding 6-aryl-3-α-naphthyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrones (IIa-f) which upon refluxing with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol gave the corresponding 1-amino-2-pyridone derivatives (VIa-f). The structure of the products was established by chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

1,3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-ones 1 reacted with thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 4,6-diaryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)thiones 5 which upon dehydrogenation with 3 mol of ethanolic sodium ethoxide yielded the corresponding 4,6-diarylpyrimidine-2(1H)thiones 9. The N-acetyl derivatives of the former thiones were prepared. Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet spectral data of the above compounds were tabulated and discussed.

1, 3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-ones (IIa, b) reacted with methyl α-naphthylacetate (Ib) in the presence of sodium methoxide at room temperature, or under reflux to give only the corresponding 4, 6-diaryl-3-[3^-(1^-3^-diarylpropan-1^-one)]-3-α-naphthyl-4-hydro-2H-pyran-2-ones (IIIa, b). However, on reacting the ketones (IIc-f) with ethyl phenylacetate (Ia) in the presence of sodium ethoxide at room temperature, or under reflux, the corresponding ethyl γ-aroyl-β-aryl-α-phenyl-butyrates (IVa-d) or 4, 6-diaryl-3-[3^-(1^-, 3^-diarylpropan-1^-one)]-3-phenyl-4-hydro-2H-pyran-2-ones (IIIc, d), respectively, were obtained. The reaction of these compounds, (III) and (IV), with hydrazine hydrate gave the corresponding (3H)-1, 2-diazepin-3-one (VI) and hydrazone (IX) derivatives, respectively. The structures of the products were established by chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

Aroylphenylacetylenes reacted with ethyl phenylacetate and benzyl cyanide in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 6-aryl-3,4-diphenyl-2H-pyran-2-ones (2) and 4-aroyl-2,3-cis-diphenyl-crotonitriles (11), respectively. The structure and configuration of the products are based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

1,3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-ones, I, reacted with guanidine hydrochloride (II) in the presence of 3 moles of sodium hydroxide to give the corresponding 2-amino-4,6-diarylpyrimidines, III. The structure and configuration of the products are based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The protonation constants of these compounds (series A and series B) have been determined in 50 volume percent ethanol-water medium. Excellent linear correlations are obtained when pKa values of the two series of 2-amino-4,6-diarylpyrimidines, IIIa-j and IIIk-r, are plotted against the substituent constant, σx, and the polar substituent constant, σ* xC6H4, for substituted phenyl groups. The pKa values have also been correlated with the extended Hammett equation. The correlation follows the equations: Series A; pKa = 3.273 - 0.820σI,X - 0.662σR,X Series B; pKa = 3.169 - 0.424σI,X - 0.137σR,X

A partir de chalcones et d'uree, synthese de diaryl-4,6 tetrahydro-1,2,3,4 pyrimidines-2 qui peuvent etre oxydees en derives dihydro-1,3; ces derniers sont obtenus egalement a partir de diaryl-1,3 propynones et d'uree

1,3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-ones 1 reacted with thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 4,6-diaryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)thiones 5 which upon dehydrogenation with 3 mol of ethanolic sodium ethoxide yielded the corresponding 4,6-diarylpyrimidine-2(1H)thiones 9. The N-acetyl derivatives of the former thiones were prepared. Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet spectral data of the above compounds were tabulated and discussed.

Die Ketone (I) gehen bei der Kondensation mit Harnstoff in die Pyrimidinone (II) uber, von denen sich (IIa)-(IIc) isolieren lassen, wahrend (IId) und (IIe) unter den angewendeten Reaktionsbedingungen zu (IIId) bzw. (IIIe) dehydriert werden.

1, 3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-ones (IIa, b) reacted with methyl α-naphthylacetate (Ib) in the presence of sodium methoxide at room temperature, or under reflux to give only the corresponding 4, 6-diaryl-3-[3^-(1^-3^-diarylpropan-1^-one)]-3-α-naphthyl-4-hydro-2H-pyran-2-ones (IIIa, b). However, on reacting the ketones (IIc-f) with ethyl phenylacetate (Ia) in the presence of sodium ethoxide at room temperature, or under reflux, the corresponding ethyl γ-aroyl-β-aryl-α-phenyl-butyrates (IVa-d) or 4, 6-diaryl-3-[3^-(1^-, 3^-diarylpropan-1^-one)]-3-phenyl-4-hydro-2H-pyran-2-ones (IIIc, d), respectively, were obtained. The reaction of these compounds, (III) and (IV), with hydrazine hydrate gave the corresponding (3H)-1, 2-diazepin-3-one (VI) and hydrazone (IX) derivatives, respectively. The structures of the products were established by chemical and spectroscopic evidence.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is widely farmed in Turkey. This study investigates the physicochemical properties of safflower biodiesel and its blends with Euro diesel and butanol. A polynomial curve-fitting method was used to predict kinematic viscosity and density of the ternary blends. Furthermore, characteristics such as DSC, FT-IR, UV-Vis and TGA were adopted to evaluate the influence of butanol addition on biodiesel–diesel blends. Engine performance parameters such as BP, torque and BSFC and emissions such as CO, HC, NOxand EGT were studied. Safflower methyl ester satisfied both EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards regarding viscosity, flash point and density. However, iodine value was quite high. Oxidation stability fails to satisfy either standard. This is due to the high level of unsaturated fatty acids (91.05%). A reduction in BP, torque, HC and CO coupled with an increase in BSFC, NOxemissions and EGT was observed for all blends compared to Euro diesel. Overall, all blends appear to be good alternatives to biodiesel–diesel blends. This work supports that biodiesel can be blended with diesel and butanol as ternary blends (up to 20%) for use as a fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. Therefore, combustion characteristics of blends shall be further investigated.