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This work focused on studying the behaviour of thermo-mechanical properties of kenaf fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites infused with clay nanoparticles. Kenaf/PLA biocomposites infused with different nanoclay contents of 0, 3, 5 and 7%wt with respect to PLA were fabricated using resin casting method. Thermo-mechanical properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). TGA results showed an improvement in the thermal stability of the biocomposites as nanoclay content was increased due to thermal barrier effects of nanoclays. DMA results showed that storage and loss moduli increased with increase in nanoclay content up to 5%wt nanoclay loading after which a reduction was observed, whilst tandelta gradually decreased with increase in nanoclay content. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the biocomposites reduced with increase in nanoclay content. This was due to nanoclays which infused themselves into the biocomposite phase structure improving crystallinity. Tg also reduced due to agglomeration effects at high nanoclay loading. Consequently, the infusion of clay nanoparticles into kenaf/PLA biocomposites improved the thermo-mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Optimum improvements were achieved with 5%wt nanoclay loading.

This work focused on investigating the efficacy of clay nanoparticles loading in the medium velocity impact resistance of kenaf/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Kenaf/PLA biocomposites with different nanoclay loadings of 0, 3, 5 and 7% by weight were fabricated and their medium velocity impact resistance tested on a gas gun. Results indicate that the addition of nanoclay in the biocomposites improved the medium velocity impact resistance of the biocomposites, specifically the perforation threshold limit, energy absorbed, crack and damage resistance. Improvements on these properties were thought to be due to enhancements brought about by the nanoclays on interfacial bonding and microstructural properties of the biocomposites revealed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The nanoclays reduced the micro-voids thereby improving bonding between PLA and kenaf fibres. SEM–EDX analysis detected silicon and aluminium elements which were from the nanoclays and the elemental maps showed that all the elements were uniformly distributed in all cases with good dispersion of the nanoclays. However, incidences of nanoclay agglomeration were observed at 7 wt% nanoclay content which had adverse effects on the biocomposites properties. Optimum results were achieved with 5 wt% nanoclay content, beyond which a reduction in the medium velocity impact resistance was observed. The perforation threshold, energy absorption capacity, resistance to damage and prevention of crack propagation increased by 41.9, 109, 26.5 and 28.9%, respectively, at the 5 wt% nanoclay content level. The study shows that the addition of nanoclay improves the impact properties of kenaf/PLA biocomposites within the medium velocity range. The novel nanoclay impregnated biocomposite material developed is suitable for applications where good impact properties are required.

In this study, the possibility of producing layered silicate-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using additive manufacturing procedures was investigated. In particular, this investigation presents novel methods for making nanoclay-infused acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composite spur gear. The gear was developed by introducing different weight percentages of nanoclay (0–5 wt%), on each acrylonitrile butadiene styrene layer. A square panel of 6 layers with varying proportions of nanoclay was fabricated using a 3D printer. The effect of nanoclay loading on the mechanical properties such as impact, tensile, flexural, and DMA of spur gears created using pure acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and nanoclay-infused nanocomposite was investigated and compared. The strength of the developed spur gear varies with different loading of nanoclay. The results that the spur gear, with 2 wt% nanoclay, offered superior properties. The micrographs showed the dispersion of nanoclay strongly bonded with the matrix, resulting in improved strength and stiffness. The improvement in mechanical properties depicts the effectiveness of additive manufacturing procedure with an enormous benefit for the mass production of gears of different types.

Carbon black (CB)-filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites attract a significant interest due to their superior structural and functional performances. Properties of CB-filled PLA composites depend on physical and chemical interactions in them. In this study, interactions within CB (N220)-filled PLA composites as a function of processing method, filler concentration, and their effect on mechanical properties are investigated via mechanical tests. Strong interface interaction at intermediate concentration of 2.5 wt.% CB with PLA was confirmed through mechanical tests. Moreover, a 2.5 wt.% of CB-formed networks within PLA composites, which added the fracture resistance in the weaker phase, thereby improving their mechanical properties. Beyond 2.5 wt.%, a linked skeletal grid was formed, enhancing the fracture path in a weaker phase and deteriorating the mechanical properties. Experimental results on density and elastic modulus were compared with the theoretical model predictions. This study gives an insight on interactions controlling physical and mechanical properties related to various processing techniques and weight percent of CB in PLA composites.

The objective of this work is to improve the thermal, mechanical and fiber-matrix adhesion properties of banana fibers using nanoclay particle infusion. The nanoclays were infused into the banana fibers by using alkaline and silane chemical treatments. The morphology and distribution of nanoclays in banana fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Nanoclay infused fiber resulted in 35.7% and 12.5% increased tensile modulus and strength over untreated fiber, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis of nanoclay infused banana fiber shows ~ 2.2 times increased weight gain at 600°C when compared with untreated banana fiber.

Density measurements (i.e., physical magnitude) are quick, efficient, and crucial in determining the structure and quality of solid materials. For polymer composites, properties tend to increase, decrease, or both with density. In this work, poly(lactic acid) composites (PLAC) filled with carbon black (CB), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared using the dissolution–dispersion method (DD) and oligomeric–dispersion method (OD). To study the hybrid effect, PLAC with 2.5 weight percent (wt%) CB + MWCNTs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0wt%) and 2.5wt% CB + CNFs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0wt%) were prepared using DD and OD. Density measurements were performed on PLAC to determine the extent of dispersion and interphase characteristics. PLAC prepared by OD showed an increase in density values in comparison to DD, irrespective of the filler.

This study focuses on the thermoformability of biopolymer films derived from corn starch and filled with montmorillonite-based nanoclay fillers. Biopolymer films with nanoclay concentrations from 0 to 5 wt% were prepared by solution casting and followed by thermoforming. The result shows that nanoclay addition improves the formability (dimensional stability and plugging property) of thermoformed specimen and also depends on the nanocomposite structure and clay concentration. Improved product stability with optimized properties was observed at 2–3 wt% nanoclay concentration due to exfoliated structure and better nanoclay particle dispersion in the polymeric matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis show maximum of 27℃ increased decomposition temperature, 12% increased storage modulus and 4℃ increased Tg at 5 wt% nanoclay-filled biopolymer film. Tensile result shows 13% increased strength, two-fold increased modulus and 29% reduced elongation for 3 wt% nanoclay-filled biopolymer series.

The objective of this work was to find a possible engineering application for polypropylene (PP) by preparing fibers filled with nanoclay particles. Unfilled and nanoclay filled (0–5 wt%) PP fibers were continuously drawn and examined. The surface morphology and topographic studies of fibers were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that unfilled PP fibers possess poor density distribution with the nonuniform diameter across the fiber length affecting structural integrity. However, PP fibers filled with ≥2 wt% nanoclay had shown improvement in structural integrity. The structure and morphology of fibers were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and the result indicated good dispersion of nanolayers of clay in PP matrix with exfoliated nanocomposite structure up to 2 wt% nanoclay and above 2 wt% showing intercalated nanocomposite structure. Improved tensile, thermal and water barrier properties of nanoclay filled PP were also observed.

Biomaterials are materials which are used to replace a part or a function of the body in safe, reliable, economical and physiologically acceptable manner. Polymers are used as biomaterial for a long time due to its light weight and biocompatibility. Natural and synthetic rubber are mainly used because of their inertness and bicompatible nature. Silicone rubber are widely used and natural rubber as of yet found limited applications. Through this chapter the relevant use of both the rubbers are described applications are discussed and possible future developments are considered.

The objective of this work is to study the influence of nanoclay addition in PP sheet during infrared (IR) heating assisted thermoforming process. The effect of nanoclay on viscoelastic, friction and dimensional characteristics during sheet forming was examined. The result indicated that the nanoclay addition improves the sagging (sagging depth and sagging disintegration) and plugging (plug depth and friction) properties during sheet forming. The plugging properties of nanoclay filled PP sheet resulted in the improved physical characteristics (minimal change in thickness (Δt) and % dimensional elongation) when compared with unfilled PP sheet. The nanoclay filled formed PP sheet resulted in improved tensile and dynamic mechanical properties when compared with unfilled formed PP sheet.

The potential applications, in the biomedical fields, of curcumin loaded silver nanocomposite were studied by using bovine serum albumin (protein) and acrylamide. The design and development of silver nanoparticles with small size and adequate stability are very important, in addition to their applicability, particularly in bio-medicine. In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared by chemical reduction method, employing sodium borohydride as the reducing agent for silver nanoparticles. The properties of the protein hydrogels formed were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. The size and its distribution, and formation of metal nanoparticles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy indicating the diameter of the silver nanoparticles in the range of 3–8 nm. The thermal study of curcumin-silver nanocomposite hydrogels was determined by thermo-gravimetric analysis. In order to increase the antibacterial activity of theses inorganic nanomaterials, natural biological curcumin was incorporated into the protein hydrogel. The main emphasis in this investigation is to increase the antibacterial activity of the hydrogels by loading curcumin, for advanced medical application and as a model drug.

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The objective of this work is to study how the rheological factors of unfilled and nanoclay-filled HDPE–PP blend series influence the structure, morphology, and mixing characteristics. For this study, a series of HDPE–PP blends (0–100 wt % HDPE), with and without nanoclay, was prepared by using melt-mixing method. Nanoclay was varied from 0 to 5 wt % in all the blend and polymer series. The rheological properties were examined by melt viscosity, scanning electron microscopy, and theory of mixing. The result indicated that the viscosity of the blend increased as HDPE and nanoclay content increased, and also affected the structure and morphology of the resulting blend. The thermal properties were examined by using differential scanning calorimetry and suggest improved crystalline and melting characteristics of PP and PP-rich phase of blend. The structure of nanoclay-filled blend was examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, confirming the formation of nanocomposite with improved tensile properties.

This paper presents the effect of moisture on fatigue properties of untreated and NaOH-clay-treated sisal fiber-reinforced epoxy and polypropylene (PP) composites. Sisal fibers were reinforced in e...

The purpose of this work is to develop and characterise a novel bio-resin made from banana sap (BS) for low end applications such as the interior components of motor vehicles. The sap from banana plant (Musa cavendish), that is locally grown in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, was used as the starting material for the bio-resin. The BS was characterised using various physical and chemical testing methods. Qualitative analysis of BS confirmed the presence of carbohydrates which was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Phenols were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. BS from the pseudo stem of the plant was added in varying concentrations (30–65 wt.%) to polyester resin. The bio-resin was processed for 12–35 h and reacted with styrene, an initiator and a catalyst, and cured at room temperature for 24 h and post cured at 80 °C for 3 h. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting product, called a banana sap maleate were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was concluded that adding 50 wt.% BS gave the best mechanical properties when compared to the control resin which is 100% petroleum-based unsaturated polyester resin.

The chapter discusses the different processes involved in the ageing process of a polymer. Polyurethane synthesized from natural resources are generally considered biodegradable. The chapter analyzes the ageing behavior of polyurethane blends with different polymers like PVDF, PVC, epoxy, and polyester. Towards the end of the chapter the different aspects of polyurethane IPNs are also discussed.

Polyurethane is one among the most commonly used polymers in the industry. The high mechanical strength, solvent resistance, thermal stability, and chemical resistance make them suitable for a wide range of applications. The polyurethanes are normally used in furniture and automotive industry as cushions and seats. A blend of polyurethane with other polymers improves the properties of both polymers, which will increase the applicability of the polymers. The chapter extensively studies the applications of different polyurethane blends and interpenetrating networks.

This chapter deals with the composites and nanocomposites based on polyurethanes and their important applications. The polyurethanes are unavoidable polymeric materials in industry. The different types of polyurethanes have been used for a variety of applications for decades. The properties and applications of PU-based composites depend on the type of filler added to it, i.e. Carbon black, Silica, Carbon nanotubes, nanosilica etc.

Polyurethane has high mechanical properties. This chapter deals with the basic concepts of mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties. The dynamic mechanical properties are dependent on the temperature and structure of the materials. The chapter details the dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethane and its blends with different polymers. Both thermoset blends and thermoplastic blends are discussed. When coming to interpenetrating networks, the importance of the mechanical analysis is increased.

“Aging” is a term used in many branches of polymer science and engineering when the properties of the polymer change over a period of time. The changes may be observed in engineering properties such as strength and toughness; in physical characteristics such as density; or in chemical characteristics such as reactivity towards aggressive chemicals. Polymer aging may involve physical aging withouta chemical reaction occurring; chemical changes such as crosslinking during curing of a thermoset; thermal conditioning at elevated temperature; or photochemical aging, as occurs in weathering. Polyurethanes are a prominent class of polymers which are synthesized from various polyols, diisocyanates, and chain extenders and they can be structurally manipulated to achieve a wide range of properties suitable for various applications.

Minimizing the formation of inorganic scale deposits in industrial water continues to be a challenge for water treatment systems. In order to meet this challenge a novel biodegradable poly (DL-malic acid-co-citric acid) copolymer, effective in providing calcium carbonate scale inhibition was developed. Synthesis and characterization of the biodegradable, water-soluble and polyester copolymer was performed. Synthesis was done by direct bulk melt condensation in the absence of a catalyst above 150°C. Characterization of the copolymer was carried out using infrared absorption spectra (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) equipment. In the present work the precipitation of calcium carbonate from relative supersaturated solutions at different weight ratios of comonomer inhibition rates have been studied. The results indicate that the copolymer is an effective calcium carbonate descaling inhibitor that suppresses the growth process against calcium mineral scale deposits.

In this study the chemical treatment of sisal fiber using the combined alkali (NaOH) and clay is discussed. The purpose of this fiber treatment is to improve the fiber–matrix compatibility, interface strength, mechanical, thermal and water barrier properties. The phase change due to chemical treatment of raw sisal fiber was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The result shows the presence of about 20 wt.% clays in NaOH–clay treated sisal fiber with 2.6× reduced water uptake and also with improved mechanical and thermal properties. Subsequently the treated and untreated fibers were reinforced in polypropylene (PP) matrix and the mechanical and thermal properties were examined. The result indicates that the fiber–matrix interface strength, adhesion, glass transition temperature and tensile properties of composites were improved in NaOH–clay treated fiber composites.

This paper discusses the improvement of water uptake property of NR-SBR type rubbers that are nanoclays filled. 1 wt.% to 3 wt.% nanoclays were filled in NR-SBR base rubber and the water uptake properties were examined. Results show that the nanoclay serves as viable filler in rubber polymer to protect them from high moisture absorption. The tensile, wear and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties were examined in these samples before and after placing them in a water medium. The results indicate that these properties were less affected in the nanoclay filled rubber than the base rubber.

The objective of this article is to study the combined effect of isophthalic acid (IPA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) in PET polymer and film on thermal, mechanical, and gas transport properties. The purpose of developing this material is to reduce the melting point, improve mechanical, thermal, and gas barrier properties. The chosen raw materials, namely, IPA and PEG for copolyester synthesis will replace partially the acid and diol monomers of PET. The molar concentration of comonomers (IPA and PEG-400) were varied from 2 to 50% and the result shows that the gas barrier properties (namely O2, CO2, N2, and water vapor transmission rate), mechanical, and thermal properties were lesser than that of PET polymer. On improving the crystallinity of PET-isophthalate-PEG (PET-IP) copolymer, barrier properties are improved than that of PET polymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

The objective of this work is to improve the properties of NR–SBR type rubber that is frequently used in automotive tyres, using nanoclays additions. Low weight (1 wt.%, 2 wt.% and 3 wt.%) percentages of nanoclays were filled in rubber matrix using either a laboratory type Banbury mixer or a two roll mixer. The structural characterization that was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the curing characteristics of nanocomposites shows that the formation of an exfoliated structure is dependable on curing time and clay concentration. The structural effect of nanocomposites on tensile, hardness, tear strength and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) is examined and the outcome of these results is discussed in this paper.

Infrared spectroscopy helps in investigating the relationship existing between the structure of polymer composites and their structure-sensitive properties by determining molecular interactions. Neat polylactic acid and carbon black (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 wt.%) filled polylactic acid composites were fabricated via dissolution dispersion solution casting. Composites filled with 2.5 wt.% of carbon black showed increased mechanical properties in tensile mode, in comparison to its neat and filled polylactic acid. Hence, an interest in analyzing the structure and property dependence via attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for neat polylactic acid and carbon black filled composites was felt. Analyzing ATR-FTIR spectrographs for neat polylactic acid and filled polylactic acid composites confirms strong interactions with the addition of carbon black; these interactions are at a maximum for 2.5 wt.% of carbon black. Displacement (i.e., shift), percent transmittance, and area of absorption peak in infrared spectra, confirm the strength of molecular interaction in polylactic acid composites, and are corroborated with the numerical values of the mechanical properties in tensile mode.

This work presents the effect of synthetic procedures (extrusion and casting) on the dispersion characteristics of nano layered silicate clay particles in the polypropylene (PP) polymer matrix. Three different molecular weights PP samples are taken and filled with nanoclay of 1 wt% and 3 wt%, and these nanocomposites were synthesized by using an extrusion or casting methods. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is used to characterize the structure and morphology of nanocomposites. Rheological and mechanical results show that the extruded products are better than that of cast products. The outcome of this work is discussed in this paper.

The effect of nanoclays (0—5 wt%) on short glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites is examined in this study with special emphasis on the processing, structure, tensile, and wear properties. Addition of nanoclay reduces the melt flow rate of PP and PP—GF composites; however, it improves the crystallization characteristics due to their nucleating effect. This nucleating effect of nanoclay is due to the nanolevel dispersion in polymer matrix and this phenomenon is not observed in the unmodified microclay-filled PP composites. Improved tensile properties are observed in nanoclay-filled PP—GF composites due the intercalated/exfoliated nanocomposite structure. Furthermore, the addition of nanoclay in PP—GF composites improves the wear properties.

This paper focuses on the micromechanical study of the tensile property of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites (PCN). Polypropylene (PP) filled with nanoclay is chosen as the PCN. Measurements of optical dispersion parameters (as discussed by Basu et al., namely, exfoliation number (ξn), degree of dispersions (χ) and agglomerate %) in PCN system were carried out using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM). The experimentally obtained tensile modulus is compared with theoretically obtained modulus values from the optical dispersion parameters and observed a close matching between these values. Also, the tensile values are compared with other standard theoretical models and observed that the results obtained from optical dispersion parameters are suited well with experimental results.

In this paper, a comparative study on the fracture toughness of woven glass fibre reinforced polypropylene, chopped glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and nanoclay filled polypropylene composites is presented. Nanoclays (Cloisite 15A) of 1 wt. % to 5 wt. % were filled in polypropylene (PP) matrix and they were subjected to fracture toughness stu-dies. The specimen with 5 wt. % nanoclay showed 1.75 times and 3 times improvement in critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and strain energy release rate (GIC), respectively, over virgin PP. On the other hand, 3 wt. % nanoclay PP composites showed superior crack containment properties. These structural changes of composite specimens were examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. It showed that exfoli-ated nanocomposite structures were formed up to 3 wt. % nanoclay, whereas, intercalated nanocomposite structures formed above 3 wt. % nanoclay in the PP matrix. Furthermore, the woven fibre reinforced PP composites demonstrated superior crack resistant properties than that of clay filled nanocomposites and chopped fibre PP composites. However, KIC and GIC values for woven fibre composites were lesser than that of chopped fibre composites. Moreover, KIC and GIC values for both nanoclay filled PP composites and woven fibre composites are comparable even though the clay filled PP demonstrated catastrophic failure. Also, the crack propagation rate of PP-nanoclay composites is comparable to that of chopped fibre composites.

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol — A (DGEBA) epoxy resin — clay nanocomposites was synthesized with diamino-diphenyl methane (DDM) curing agent. Nanocmposites were synthesized at different curing temperatures (60°C, 80°C, 100°C and 120°C), at various level of clay content in matrix (1–3% and 5%). The aim of this work is to study the effect of curing temperature on nanocomposite structure and properties. It is observed that property and structure of nanocomposites is governed by curing temperature and clay content in the matrix. Higher curing temperature shows increased mechanical properties over low temperature curing. Maximum increase in tensile properties is observed for 2 wt% nanoclay concentration irrespective of curing condition.

This study deals with the wear rates and quasi-static mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) infused with layered organo-modified montmorillonite nanoclays. Test results show that PP infused with 2 wt.% of organo-modified montmorillonite gives improved mechanical strength, higher fracture toughness, and lower wear rates. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the structure of the modified nanocomposite changes from an exfoliated structure at 1 wt.% nanoclay loading to an intercalated structures at 5 wt.% nanoclay loading. The general improvement in properties, which includes but not limited to the thermal barrier properties, may be attributed to the change in structure.

Polyaspartic acid (PSI) is suitable for the inhibition of inorganic scale deposition. To enhance its scale inhibition efficiency, PSI was modified by reacting aspartic acid with malic acid (MA) using thermal polycondensation polymerization. This reaction resulted in poly(aspartic acid-co-malic acid) (PSI-co-MA) dual polymer. The structural, chemical and thermal properties of the dual polymers were analysed by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography. The effectiveness of six different molar ratios of PSI-co-MA dual polymer for calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scale inhibition at laboratory scale batch experiments was evaluated with synthetic brine solution at selected doses of polymer at 65-70°C by the static scale test method. The performance of PSI-co-MA dual polymer for the inhibition of calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate precipitation was compared with that of a PSI single polymer. The PSI-co-MA exhibited excellent ability to control inorganic minerals, with approximately 85.36% calcium carbonate inhibition and 100% calcium sulphate inhibition at a level of 10 mg/L PSI-co-MA, respectively. Therefore, it may be reasonably concluded that PSI-co-MA is a highly effective scale inhibitor for cooling water treatment applications.

The formation of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate scale poses major problems in heat exchangers and water cooling systems, thereby affecting the performance of these types of equipment. In order to inhibit these scale formations, new types of biodegradable water soluble single polymer and dual poly(aspartic acid-citric acid) polymers were developed and tested. The effectiveness of single polymer and four different compositions of poly aspartic acid and citric acid dual polymer systems as scale inhibitors were evaluated. Details of the synthesis, thermal stability, scale inhibition and the morphological characterization of single and dual polymers are presented in this scientific paper. It was found that the calcium sulphate scale inhibition rate was in the range 76.06-91.45%, while the calcium carbonate scale inhibition rate observed was in the range 23.37-30.0% at 65-70 °C. The finding suggests that the water soluble dual polymers are very effective in sulphate scale inhibition in comparison of calcium carbonate scale inhibition.