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In our study, we aimed the preparation of Saffron stamen aqueous extract (SSAE) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to be used topically for thermal burns. First, biological activity tests such as DNA binding, DNA cleavage and antibacterial activity were performed to determine the effectiveness of SSAE to be encapsulated. Additionally, a genotoxicity test was performed for the reliability of SSAE. Ionic gelation method was used for encapsulation, and SSAE-loaded CNPs were obtained. Average particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PdI), morphology, and releasing kinetics of the SSAE-loaded CNPs and blank CNPs were determined. DNA binding showed that SSAE interacted with DNA electrostatically. It was determined that all doses of SSAE used in hydrolytic and oxidative DNA cleavage experiments cleave DNA. As a result of the Ames / Salmonella test, it was found that 1,25 mg SSAE was not genotoxic. Then, this concentration was used in nanoparticle synthesis. As a result of DLS analysis, it was determined that SSAE-loaded CNPs have an average size of 57.61 +/- 1.234 nm, 0.175 +/- 0.008 PdI, and +14 +/- 0.755 mV zeta potential. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of SSAE-loaded CNPs calculated as 71.76 % and 2,64 % respectively. As a result of releasing kinetics, it was determined that 79.54 % of SSAE was released after 168 hours. Antibacterial results revealed that SSAE loaded CNPs were more effective against bacteria than blank SSAE.

In this study; phthalonitrile compounds 4-((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)phthalonitrile (4) and 3-((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)phthalonitrile (5) were synthesized. These compounds were converted to their respective peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted zinc(II) (6 and 7) and lead(II) (8 and 9) phthalocyanine derivatives. The novel phthalocyanine complexes were characterized by using different spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR and mass. The spectroscopic, photochemical and photophysical properties of the phthalocyanines were investigated for determination of their potential as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. In addition, the effects of the substituent, binding position and the variety of central metal ions in phthalocyanine core on photochemical and photophysical properties were determined.

Polyvinyl alcohol (Chemical Abstracts Service No: 9002-89-5), biodegradable, biocompatible, water-soluble, odorless, tasteless, transparent, white to creamy granular or powder appearance, and is a synthetic hydroxy polymer used in a broad variety of industrial, trading, medicinal and food implementations. The aim of this review is to back the safety of polyvinyl alcohol qua a coating agent for medicinal chemistry and dietary addition products, considering the current knowledge of polyvinyl alcohol. All available information on polyvinyl alcohol obtained from a comprehensive scientific literature review was seriously evaluated. Orally directed polyvinyl alcohol is comparatively harmless. The safety of polyvinyl alcohol when directed orally is based on: (a) Acute oral toxicity LD50 rates are in the range of 14.7–20 g/kg, very low, (b) is very poorly absorbed from the digestive system, (c) does not accumulate in the body, (d) the highest levels of polyvinyl alcohol with no observed adverse effects when directed orally in male and female rats, 5000 mg / kg body weight / day in a 90-day diet survey as the highest dose tested and 5000 mg / kg body weight / day was found in two generation reproductive studies.

2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy substituted magnesium (II) phthalocyanine, which has very good solubility in polar and non-polar solvents and does not aggregate, was synthesized. Its structure was characterized by spectroscopic methods such as elemental analysis, UV-vis, FT-IR, MALDI-TOF mass and 1H NMR. It has very good solubility in polar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N- Dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and non-polar solvents such as toluene, chloroform. Its aggregation properties have been studied both in the solvents mentioned above and in N, N- Dimethylformamide at different concentrations. Its photophysical properties were determined in N, N-dimethyl formamide. The effects of the nature and presence of 2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy group, which is an antioxidant derivative, on the phthalocyanine skeleton on the spectroscopic and photophysical properties were investigated by comparing it with unsubstituted magnesium (II) phthalocyanine. It can be a good nominee for various technological applications in that it does not aggregate and has good solubility in polar and non-polar solvents, as well as better and favorable fluorescence properties than its analog in the previous study.

Chalcone containing new peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanine derivatives were designed and synthesized ( Scheme 1 , Scheme 2 ). The structures of chalcone-phthalocyanines were characterized by a combination of common spectroscopic techniques such as LC–MS/MS (for new phthalonitrile derivative 3a), ground state electronic absorption spectra (for all new phthalocyanines), 1H NMR spectroscopy (for all new compounds), 13C NMR spectroscopy (for new phthalonitrile and metal-free phthalocyanine derivatives), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR with ATR sampling accessory) (for all new compounds) and MALDI–TOF mass spectral data (for all new phthalocyanines and new phthalonitrile derivative 3b) as well as elemental analysis. In addition, the effects of the presence of different kinds of metal ions [magnesium(II) or zinc (II)] in the phthalocyanine core and the effects of the introduction of (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy units at both peripheral and non-peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine skeleton on photophysical and photochemical properties of the new substituted magnesium(II) and zinc(II) phthalocyanines have also been examined in DMF. The obtained results were compared with each other and with unsubstituted magnesium(II) and zinc(II) phthalocyanines. All newly synthesized phthalocyanines are soluble in common organic solvents as well as no type of aggregation was observed in these solvents. Moreover; the chalcone fused magnesium(II) and zinc(II) phthalocyanines also showed excellent fluorescence properties. Specifically, the new non-peripheral zinc(II) and magnesium(II) chalcone-phthalocyanines have the remarkable potential to be used as Type II photosensitizers for the treatment of cancer in PDT owing to their good singlet oxygen and appropriate photodegradation quantum yields. Since chalcones and their derivatives show a broad range of biological and pharmaceutical activities, these products are promising candidates for various applications, particularly as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in combination with fluorescence imaging.

Intermetallic (Co-Sn, Ni-Sn, Co-Ni) nanoparticles have been synthesized through a borohydride reduction with NaBH4 in aqueous solutions of the chloride salts of Co, Ni, Sn at room temperature using a template technique with a carbon support. As a result nanocomposite materials have been obtained in situ. The ratio of the metallic components has been chosen according the phase diagrams of the relevant binary (Co-Sn, Ni-Sn, Co-Ni) systems: Co:Sn=35:65, Ni:Sn=45:55, Co:Ni=50:50. As carbon supports have been used graphite and carbon powder. To avoid the nanoparticle’s aggregation b-cyclodextrin has been added to the reaction solutions. To study the influence of the supports used on the morphology, specific surface area, elemental and phase composition of the synthesized intermetallic nanoparticles and their carbon nanocomposites SEM, EDS, BET, and XRD investigation techniques have been used. The particle’s morphology varies with the different supports, but in the all cases it is typical for alloyed materials. The nanoparticles are different in shape and size and exhibit a tendency to aggregate. The last-one is due to the unsaturated nanoparticle’s surface and the existing magnetic forces. Regardless of the elemental composition, the nanosized particles are characterized by a relatively high specific surface area (SSA). The Ni-Sn nanoparticle have the largest SSA (80 m2/g), while the Co-Sn particles have the lowest SSA (69 m2/g). The use of a carrier modifies the SSA of the resulting nanocomposites differently depending on the size and shape of the carrier’s particles. The studies conducted on the intermetallic nanoparticles synthesized with various carriers demonstrate that the particle’s morphology, size, and specific surface area for the different supports are suitable for use as catalysts, electrode materials in Li-ion batteries and as magnetic materials for biomedical applications.

This study presents the synthesis, characterization and toluene sensing properties of copper(II), indium(III) acetate, mono-lutetium(III) acetate and tin(IV) phthalocyanines substituted with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol bioactive groups at the peripheral and non-peripheral positions. The effects of the substituent’s position on the toluene vapor detection capabilities of these compounds were investigated. Adsorption data were analyzed by using first-order and Elovich equations in order to investigate the adsorption kinetics. It was found that the kinetics of the toluene adsorption strongly depends on the position of the substituent groups. Our results showed that the Elovich equation fits the experimental data well for non-peripherally substituted Pc based sensors, while the pseudo first-order model best describes the adsorption data for peripheral substituted Pc based sensors.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of novel metal-free (H2Pc) and metallo porphyrazines (magnesium(II) (MgPz), copper(II) (CuPz), iron(II) (FePz), manganese(II) (MnPz) and nickel(II) (NiPz)) substituted with four 2-methylpyrazine groups on the peripheral positions. The spectroscopic properties of newly synthesized porphyrazines were investigated. The electrochemical behaviors of these porphyrazines were also determined in DMSO solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods on edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPG) electrode.

The synthesis of novel highly soluble and non-aggregated metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines containing four 2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy groups was achieved by starting phthalonitrile compounds. The phthalocyanines were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, ultraviolet–visible and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopic techniques. Their photochemical and photophysical properties were also investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide. In addition, the influences of position of methyl groups on phenoxy unit and nature of metal in phthalocyanine cavity on photophysical and photochemical properties were investigated by comparing with previous analogues (phthalocyanines with 2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy and 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy groups).

In this study, novel peripherally tetra-(5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) substituted metal-free (4) , zinc(II) (5) and lead(II) (6) phthalocyanine derivatives were synthesised. The novel phthalocyanines (4–6) were characterised by general spectroscopic methods such as IR, 1 H NMR, UV–vis, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Once the solubilities of the compounds were investigated, it was noticed that they have excellent solubility and did not tend to aggregation behaviour in common solvents. The photophysical and photochemical properties of novel phthalocyanines (4–6) were investigated in dimethysulfoxide. The effects of substituted 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy group and central metal ion [zinc(II)/lead(II)] on photophysical and photochemical properties of the novel phthalocyanines have also been examined, and the results were compared with unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine. According to photophysical and photochemical investigation results, it was observed that the novel phthalocyanines (4–6) have a potential for PDT application.

Novel azo-bridged indium(III) acetate phthalocyanine was synthesized by cyclotetramerization reaction of (E)-4-((2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)diazenyl)phthalonitrile. This phthalocyanine was fully characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV–vis and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses as well. Additionally, the photophysical and photochemical properties of this phthalocyanine was investigated for the first time. The obtained results were compared with azo-bridged zinc(II) and metal-free phthalocyanine counterparts for determination of central metal effect on these properties. These results were also compared with unsubstituted zinc(II) and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines for determination of substitution effect on the photophysical and photochemical properties.

In this study, the synthesis and characterization of 3-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenethyl methacrylate substituted novel phthalonitrile compound and its peripherally substituted zinc(II) lead(II) and metal-free phthalocyanine derivatives were performed for the first time. This novel compounds were characterized by obtained data from general spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass. The photophysical and photochemical properties of these phthalocyanines were investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide solutions for determination of their photosensitizing abilities in photocatalytic applications such as photodynamic therapy. The lead(II) phthalocyanine complex did not produce any fluorescent in N,N-dimethylformamide because of the heavy atom effect of bigger lead atom. The fluorescence quantum yields of studied zinc(II) and metal-free phthalocyanines were found to quite higher than unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine due to substitution of the phthalocyanine skeleton. The influence of substituent and variety of the central metal ions on spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined and compared.

In this study the synthesis and characterization of novel phthalonitrile compound ( 3 ) and its metal-free ( 4 ), zinc(II) (5) , and lead(II) ( 6 ) phthalocyanines bearing four 4-(4-methoxyphenylethyl)-5-propyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one groups at peripheral positions were synthesized for the first time. These novel compounds were fully characterized by FT-FT-IR, 1 H NMR, UV–vis and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopic techniques. Their photochemical and photophysical properties were also investigated in N , N -dimethylformamide solutions. In addition, the effect of 4-(4-methoxyphenylethyl)-5-propyl-2,4-dihydro-3 H -1,2,4-triazol-3-one groups as substituents and central metal ions (without metal, zinc(II) or lead(II)) in the phthalocyanine cavity on these properties were also compared. The studied zinc(II) or lead(II) phthalocyanines can be potential Type II photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer applications because these phthalocyanines showed good singlet oxygen generation and appropriate photodegradation.

The symmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanines conjugated with 9,10-dioctyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dioxytriptycene or 9,10-diundecyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dioxytriptycene moieties were synthesized in this study. These novel phthalocyanines were characterized by standard characterization techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV–vis, Mass and Elemental Analysis. All these phthalocyanines showed highly solubility and formed non-aggregated monomeric species in most of the organic solvents. Their photochemical properties such as singlet oxygen, and photodegradation quantum yields, and photophysical properties including fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were investigated in toluene. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied zinc(II) phthalocyanines by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone were also described in toluene.

The synthesis of highly soluble and non-aggregated peripherally/non-peripherally Zn and In(OAc) phthalocyanines was achieved by 3-/ and 4-(2-phenylphenoxy)phthalonitrile as starting materials. The novel compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR (for phthalonitriles), UV–vis and MALDI-TOF mass (for Pcs) spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, photophysical, photochemical and spectral properties of the phthalocyanines were reported. Especially, the indium(OAc) phthalocyanines showed good singlet oxygen quantum yields in DMSO and they can be appropriate candidates as Type II photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications.

The new, well-soluble and non-aggregated peripheral or non-peripheral tetra-ethyl 7-oxy-4,8-dimethylcoumarin-3-propanoate substituted magnesium (II), zinc (II) and indium (III) acetate phthalocyanines were synthesized. They were characterized by widely known spectroscopic methods such as UV–vis, IR, MALDI-TOF Mass, 1H NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Photophysical and photochemical properties were studied in N, N-dimethylformamide to determine the usability of each of these phthalocyanines as photosensitizers. The influences of the position and presence of the coumarin derivative at the phthalocyanine skeleton and metal’ nature in the phthalocyanine cavity on photophysical and photochemical properties were investigated by comparing with previous analogues (magnesium, zinc, and indium phthalocyanines containing coumarin derivative with different functional groups). The spectroscopic, photophysical, photochemical data and results obtained for each of these phthalocyanines show that they may have the potential to be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of novel peripheral and non-peripheral tetra-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy substituted lead(II) phthalocyanines. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–vis, fluorescence, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopic techniques, as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Their spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were studied in dimethylsulfoxide and compared with the above-mentioned properties of lead(II) phthalocyanines containing different substituents reported in the literature. Novel phthalocyanines can be good candidates as photosensitizers for photocatalytic reactions because they possess properties that are important for Type II mechanics, such as low photostability, sufficient singlet oxygen production, high solubility and non-aggregation behavior in commonly known organic solvents.

The synthesis of novel peripheral or non-peripheral tetra-mesityloxy substituted metal-free, zinc and indium phthalocyanines, which are highly soluble in organic solvents, has been achieved. The phthalocyanines have been characterized by UV – vis, IR, MALDI-TOF Mass, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. On their spectroscopic, photochemical and photophysical properties, the effects of the substituent position and the variety of central metal ions in phthalocyanine cavity are also investigated. Photodegradation, singlet oxygen and fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes in dimethylformamide for the phthalocyanines are described. These properties of the compounds are very useful for photodynamic therapy applications and their high singlet oxygen quantum yields are very important for Type II mechanisms. The phthalocyanines can be appropriate candidates as Type II photosensitizers.

The synthesis of novel peripheral or non-peripheral tetra-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy substituted metal free, zinc(II) and indium(III) phthalocyanines was achieved. The novel compounds were characterized by IR, UV– Vis , 1 H NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopies and elemental analysis as well. The effects of the substituent position and the influence of the variety of central metal ions in novel phthalocyanines, on their spectroscopic, photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields, fluorescence lifetimes) and photochemical (photodegradation, singlet oxygen) properties were also investigated in dimethylformamide (DMF). The phthalocyanines showed good singlet oxygen quantum yields, appropriate photodegradation and fluorescence behaviour. For this reason, they may be appropriate candidates Type II photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer.

A3B type unsymmetrical 8,11,15,18,22,25-hexadecyl-2,3-(9,10-dioctyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dioxytriptycene) (11) and 8,11,15,18,22,25-hexadecyl-2,3-(9,10-diundecyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dioxytriptycene) (12) zinc(II) phthalocyanines were synthesized for the first time. Their photophysical and photochemical properties were investigated as solutions in toluene and obtained values were compared with unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine for determination of substitution effect. Both newly synthesized phthalocyanines showed high singlet oxygen generation making them good candidates as photosensitizers for photocatalytic reactions.

Streszczenie Celem tego artykułu jest synteza boranu cynku przy użyciu węglanu cynku, kwasu borowego, referencyjnego boranu cynku (ZB) jako substancji aktywnej oraz badanie efektywności tego procesu modyfikowanego odczynnikami i parametrami reakcji na hydrofobowość i wydajność syntezy boranu cynku. Dotyczy to działania różnych czynników modyfikujących hydrofobowość i parametry reakcji: glikol propylenowy (PG) (0−6%, kerozyna 1−6%, kwas oleinowy (OA) 1−6% oraz rozpuszczalniki: alkohol izopropylowy (IPA), etanol i metanol. Po pierwsze, badano jak wpływają następujące parametry reakcji na uzysk boranu cynku: czas reakcji (1−5 h), wskaźnik reaktywacji (H3BO3 : ZnO), (2−5), udział zarodków krystalizacji (0−1,5%) w odniesieniu do kwasu borowego, temperatura reakcji (50−120°C), temperatura chłodzenia (10−80 °C), szybkość mieszania (400−700 obr./min). Ponadto, reakcje były przeprowadzone w określonych warunkach mieszania mechanicznego i magnetycznego. Wytwarzany boran cynku ze względu na hydrofobowość badano metodami: dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej XRD, spektroskopii FT-IR oraz pomiarami kąta zwilżania. Reasumując, stwierdzono, że boran cynku można otrzymać z powodzeniem z różnymi rozpuszczalnikami wpływającymi na jego hydrofobowość.

The synthesis and photochemical properties of peripherally and non-peripherally 1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)phenoxy]prop-2-oxy tetra-substituted zinc phthalocyanines (2a and 3a) and their quaternized derivatives (2b and 3b) were reported in this study. Photochemical properties of quaternized ionic zinc (II) phthalocyanines (2b and 3b) were investigated in both dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aqueous solutions, while non ionic derivatives were only studied in DMSO. The quaternized compounds exhibit excellent solubility in water, making them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. This study also showed that the water-soluble quaternized Zn(II) phthalocyanines strongly bind to blood plasma proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). On the other hand, the interactions of the novel water soluble phthalocyaines with DNA were also examined.

New metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines containing four triptycene moieties were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, mass, IR, electronic spectroscopies and elemental analysis as well. The steady-state absorption spectra of the investigated compounds exhibited the main absorption bands in the visible region, at around 700 nm. The fluorescence spectra and quantum yields were recorded by steady-state emission measurements. The powerful nanosecond laser flash photolysis technique was employed to record the transient absorption spectra of the long-lived triplet states of the investigated compounds. The singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation properties of the target phthalocyanines under light irradiation were also investigated in tetrahydrofuran solution.

Synthesis and characterization of (E)-4-((5-bromo-2-(λ1-oxidanyl)benzylidene)amino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (1), its substituted phthalonitrile derivative (2) and its tetra substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine complex (3) were performed. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by methods such as elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR (except for 3) and MALDI-TOF mass spectra. The photophysical and photochemical properties of this substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine complex aimed to be used as a photosensitizer were investigated in DMSO solution for determination of their photosensitizing abilities in photocatalytic applications such as photodynamic therapy. The influence of the substituent as a bioactive compound on the phthalocyanine skeleton on spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined and compared with unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine and some zinc(II) phthalocyanines containing different substituents previously studied. According to photophysical and photochemical investigations, 3 has potential as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.

The new (E)-4-((5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide 1, (E)-4-((5-bromo-2-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)-3-methoxy benzylidene)amino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide 2 and peripheral tetrakis-(E)-4-((5-bromo-3-methoxy-2-(λ1-oxidaneyl)benzylidene) amino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine 3 were been synthesized and characterized using UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR (except for 3), MALDI-TOF mass spectra and elemental analysis for the first time. The spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties for the phthalocyanine 3 were been described in dimethyl sulfoxide. These properties of the phthalocyanine 3 as a photosensitizer are very useful for photodynamic therapy application and its good fluorescence properties, high singlet oxygen quantum yield and appropriate photodegradation quantum yield are very important for Type II mechanisms. It has the remarkable potential to be used as Type II photosensitizers for the treatment of cancer in photodynamic therapy with these features.

In this study, new peripheral tetra-4-butylmorpholine substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine was synthesized through C–C bond formation using the palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–vis, fluorescence, and MALDI-TOF-mass spectroscopic techniques. Its thermal property were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the photophysical properties of the zinc(II) phthalocyanine were also investigated in DMSO.

The use of boric acid (H3BO3) and boron oxide (B2O3) for the synthesis of cobalt-based catalysts by the co-precipitation technique was investigated and catalytic activities in hydrogen generation were evaluated. Different cobalt salts [cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4 · 5H2O) and cobalt(II) nitrate (Co(NO3)2 · 7H2O)] were used with H3BO3 and B2O3 to prepare Co based catalysts. Crystalline, surface and chemical characteristics were clarified using X-ray diffraction (XRD); low temperature adsorption of nitrogen (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Three types of powder samples were obtained according to the different boron sources and cobalt salts, and it was found that an efficient Co based catalyst was obtained by co-precipitation of B2O3 and CoCl2 · 6H2O salt. Additionally, the effect of temperature, stabilizer ratio and NaBH4/catalyst ratio on parameters, characterizing the reaction of hydrogen generation was investigated. The zero order, first order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models were used to identify the effect of Co based catalysts on the behavior of the catalytic system in hydrogen generation. Kinetic parameters of hydrogen generation for zero-order kinetic model were calculated for the following conditions: the rate of hydrogen generation is 0.93 L H2 g−1 catalyst min−1, the activation energy is 43.55 kJ mol−1 and the constant of Arrhenius equation is 11 min−1.

The new peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-1,3-bis[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propan-2-ol substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes (2a and 3a) and their quaternized amphiphilic derivatives (2b and 3b) have been synthesized and characterized using UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS spectroscopic data and elemental analysis for the first time. The quaternized complexes (2b and 3b) show excellent solubility in water and DMSO which makes them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel phthalocyanines are investigated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for non-quaternized complexes and in DMSO, phosphate buffered solution (PBS) or PBS+triton X-100 (TX) solution for quaternized complexes. In this study, the effects of the aggregation of the molecules, quaternization, position of the substituents (peripherally or non-peripherally) and nature of the solvents (DMSO, PBS or PBS+triton X-100) on the photochemical parameters of the zinc (II) phthalocyanines are also reported. In addition, a spectroscopic investigation of the binding behavior of the quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes to bovine serum albumin (BSA) is also presented in this work.

In this study, the synthesis of phthalonitrile derivatives bearing fluoro-functionalized groups and their peripherally-tetra substituted zinc phthalocyanine complexes were reported. The phthalonitrile derivatives 2a-5a were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]ethanol, 2-{2-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]ethoxy}ethanol, 2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)ethanol, 2-[2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, respectively. Zinc phthalocyanines bearing fluoro-functionalized groups (2b-5b) were obtained from the corresponding phthalonitrile derivatives. The newly synthesized phthalocyanines displayed good solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). On the other hand, the singlet oxygen, photodegradation, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetime of these complexes were determined in DMSO. The effects of the substitution with fluoro-functionalized groups on these parameters were also compared. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The synthesis and characterization of novel peripherally tetrakis-(5-chloroquinolin-8-yloxy) substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), lead(II) (6), cobalt(II) (7), copper(II) (8) and nickel(II) (9) phthalocyanines are described for the first time in this study. The spectroscopic, photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical properties (singlet oxygen production and photodegradation under light irradiation) of metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5) and lead(II) (6) phthalocyanines are investigated in N,N-dimetilformamid (DMF). The newly synthesized cobalt(II) (7), copper(II) (8) and nickel(II) (9) phthalocyanine compounds were not evaluated for this purpose due to open shell nature of these central metals in the phthalocyanine cavity. The influence of various the nature of the central metal ion (zinc, lead or without metal) on these properties has also been investigated and compared.

In the present study, synthesis, structural characterization, and hydrolysis of the promising hydrogen storage carrier ammonia borane (NH3BH3), were investigated. NH3BH3 was prepared by one-pot chemical reaction between sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and different ammonia salts [NH4X, X: SO4, CO3, Cl] in the presence of solvent, tetrahydrofurane (THF). Synthesizes with different temperatures (20–40 °C), reaction times (30–130 min), amount of added THF volume (50–200 ml) and NaBH4/(NH4)2SO4 input molar ratios (0.47–0.75) were performed in order to find the optimum reaction conditions for obtaining maximum product yield. The characterization of NH3BH3 products was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), elemental analysis (C, H, N, O) and NMR spectroscopy. Characterization results indicated that NH3BH3 as a crystalline powder at 98% purity was achieved with 92.18% production yield. Additionally, hydrolysis of product NH3BH3 in the presence of amorphous Co–B catalyst at 22–80 °C under magnetic stirring (700 rpm) was performed. The maximum hydrogen generation rate was 5447.80 ml min−1 g cat−1 and the hydrolysis reaction kinetics were clarified based on zero-order, first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models.

The synthesis and characterization of novel tetrakis N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (1) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (2) substituted phthalonitrile derivatives and their new organosoluble peripherally tetra-substituted zinc(II) (6 and 7) and magnesium(II) (8 and 9) phthalocyanines were studied in this study. Photophysical and photochemical data of these compounds were measured in dimethysulfoxide (DMSO). The magnesium(II) phthalocyanine derivatives showed excellent fluorescent properties and the corresponding zinc(II) phthalocyanines generated efficient singlet oxygen. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied tetra-peripherally substituted zinc(II) and magnesium(II) phthalocyanine compounds by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone were also studied in DMSO. These molecules can distinctly be employed in the field of photodynamic therapy in combination with fluorescence imaging.

The synthesis and characterization of peripherally tetra 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenoxy substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6), lead(II) (7), nickel(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and cobalt(II) (10) were described for the first time in this study. The photophysical and photochemical properties of metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and lead(II) (7) phthalocyanines were investigated in toluene. The synthesized nickel(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and cobalt(II) (10) phthalocyanines were not evaluated for this purpose because of paramagnetic behavior of the central transition metals in the cavity for these complexes. General trends were described for photodegradation, singlet oxygen and fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes of these compounds in toluene. The influence of the variety of central metal ions in phthalocyanine cavity on the spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied peripherally tetra 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenoxy substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and lead(II) (7) by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone were also studied.

The new phthalodinitrile containing azine-bridged (3) was prepared by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile (2) and 4,4′-(1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)diphenol (1). The new binuclear asymmetric type zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6), tin(II) (7), cobalt(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and nickel(II) (10) phthalocyanine complexes containing azine moiety were synthesized by the cyclotetramerization of azine containing phthalonitrile (3) and unsubstituted phthalonitrile (4). The aggregation behaviors of these compounds were investigated at different concentrations in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, the photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical properties (singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields) were studied for zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and tin(II) (7) phthalocyanine complexes in DMSO. The synthesized cobalt (8), copper (9) and nickel (10) phthalocyanine complexes were not evaluated for this purpose due to transition metal and paramagnetic behavior of central metals in the phthalocyanine cavity.

In this study, the solid-state reaction mechanism and kinetics were investigated for production of anhydrous sodium metaborate (NaBO2), an industrially and technologically important boron compound. To assess the kinetics of solid-state production of NaBO2, the chemical reaction between borax (Na2B4O7) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated by use of the thermal analysis techniques thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). DTA curves obtained under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C/min), revealed five endothermic peaks corresponding to five solid-state reactions occurring at 70, 130, 295, 463, and 595 °C. The stages of the solid-state reaction used for production NaBO2 were also analyzed by XRD, which showed that at 70 and 130 °C, Na2B4O7 and NaOH particles contacted between the grains, and diffusion was initiated at the interface. However, there was not yet any observable formation of NaBO2. Formation of NaBO2 was initiated and sustained from 295 to 463 °C, and then completed at 595 °C; the product was anhydrous NaBO2. Activation energies (E a) of the solid-state reactions were calculated from the weight loss based on the Arrhenius model; it was found that in the initial stages of the solid-state reaction E a values were lower than in the last three steps.

The synthesis of 7-oxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)coumarin-substituted peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis- and peripherally octakis-tetrachloro zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes are described for the first time in this study. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy and mass spectra. The photophysical and photochemical properties are important for photodynamic therapy applications and these properties of studied phthalocyanine complexes are investigated in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). The effects of the number of the substitution and the position (peripheral or non-peripheral) on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes are reported. The fluorescence quenching behaviour of the studied zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone are also described.

The synthesis of tetra- and octa-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin)-substituted indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes obtained from 3-nitrophthalonitrile, 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile substituted with 7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin are described for the first time in this study. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the compounds are also studied in dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of the number of the substitution and the position on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the substituted indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes are also reported. Photophysical and photochemical properties of phthalocyanine complexes are very useful for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer applications. In particular, high singlet-oxygen quantum yields are very important for Type II mechanisms. These complexes have good singlet-oxygen quantum yields and show potential as Type II photosensitizers.

Currently, the energy requirements of the entire world are mostly provided by hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels, such as coal, fuel oil, or natural gas. Because of environmental pollution, decrease in energy sources, and difficulties in storing electricity, more attention is dedicated to new sources of energy, such as hydrogen. Presently, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) appears to be an excellent hydrogen-storage medium due to its high theoretical hydrogen yield by weight, 10.6%. The main aim of the present study is to investigate NaBH4 production from ulexite mineral (NaCaB5O9·8H2O). The experimental investigation consists of four steps, such as (1) Characterization of NaCaB5O9·8H2O by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and attenuated total reflectance of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; (2) Preparation of ulexite–borosilicate glass (NaCaB5O9·SiO2); (3) Synthesis of NaBH4 from ulexite–borosilicate glass; and (4) Separation of NaBH4 from the reaction mixture. NaBH4 can thus be produced by heating ulexite mineral form of borosilicate glass with metallic sodium under 3-atm. hydrogen pressure at 450–500 °C for 4 h.

In Turkey, pyrite ash is created as waste from the roasting of pyrite ores in the production of sulfuric acid. These processes generate great amounts of pyrite ash waste that creates serious environmental pollution due to the release of acids and toxic substances. Pyrite ash waste can be used in the iron production industry as a raw material because of its high Fe2O3 concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the reduction behaviour of pyrite ash pellets. The pyrite ashes were reduced to obtain the iron contained in pellets. Pyrite ashes samples were pelletized dried at 105 °C for 24 h and sintered at 1200 °C for 30 min. then reduced in a pressure of 4 atm. under argon gas. The mineralogical transformations that occurred during reduction were analysed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence measurements of these samples showed that Fe3O 4 was successfully reduced to a metallic iron phase in a laboratory-scale electric arc furnace.

Objective: Tea (Camellia sinensis), has been used for health field in thousands of years. Caffeine is one of the key component in tea and investigation of caffeine is a popular working subject among the researches. The novelty of this study is not only the determination of the caffeine contents of the teas, but also how addition of lemon and carbonate effects the caffeine contents. Another aim of the study is the investigation of the daily caffeine intakes from teas.Methods: Tea infusions were prepared and caffeine contents were extracted by using chloroform and determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. For lemon and carbonate addition experiments, lemon was added before the caffeine analysis and carbonate was added at the beginning.Results: Maximum caffeine contents from highest to lowest were seen in black, earl grey and green in classic teas; fennel, mint and sage in herbal teas; lemon, apple and rosehip in fruit teas. With lemon addition caffeine contents were increased except green tea and with carbonate addition caffeine contents were decreased except black and fennel tea. Daily caffeine intakes are found between 32.10% (green tea with carbonate) - 77.20% (black tea with lemon), 1.85% (sage tea with carbonate) - 4.05% (fennel tea with lemon) and 2.10% (rosehip with carbonate) - 4.00% (lemon tea with lemon) in classic, herbal and fruit teas, respectively.Conclusion: The significance of this study indicates that herbal and fruit teas contain caffeine, which is assumed zero in literature. The caffeine amount of herbal teas (20.79±0.36-30.68±0.63 ppm) were found barely higher than the fruit teas (22.87±0.54-28.54±0.75 ppm) but daily maximum caffeine intakes were found less than 5%. The daily maximum caffeine intakes were found in the teas as 525.36±2.84-20.79±0.36 ppm, where lemon addition increased to 617.90±3.54-22.97±0.58 ppm and carbonate addition decreased to 488.54±2.05-16.84±0.28 ppm.

Borates are attention getting chemical compounds because of their properties which leads them a wide usage area. Being sub-group of borates, potassium borates show non-linear optical properties and owing to this they can find applications in optical modulation, optical switching, optical logic and memory, signal processing. Potassium borates can be used in welding, insulation, metal refining and lubricating oil production applications, also. In this study, potassium borates were produced from potassium chloride (KCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) when different molar ratios of B 2 O 3 were used to find out the optimum ratio for the synthesis at 80°C and 1 hour of reaction time. The molar ratios of reactants were examined as 1:1:3 (as KCl:NaOH: B 2 O 3 ), 1:1:4, 1:1:5, 1:1:6 and 1:1:7. The identification of products and the effects of different molar ratios on the final product were determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods. According to experimental results, the Santite (KB 5 O 8 ·4H 2 O) mineral with powder diffraction file number (pdf) code of 01-072-1688 was produced for all molar ratios whereas the optimum ratios in which highest XRD score was obtained was 1:1:7.

Aerogel has a meaning of an air gel that made of a gel solution [1]. Aerogels are transparent and highly porous materials which known with low density. Since the 1930’s, researchers have been focused on the synthesis methods and applications of aerogels [2]. In recent years, silica aerogels have been widely used in optics, microelectronic, electrical engineering, acoustics, heat insulation, capture of micro particles, pharmaceutical, chemistry, and biology [1-3]. In this study, the effect of the acid concentration on the synthesis of hydrophobic silica based aerogel was investigated. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS) were used in the synthesis as a silica source and silylation reagent, respectively. Different concentrations (0.5 M, 1 M, and 1.5 M) of acid solutions were prepared in order to see the effect of acid concentration in the synthesis of silica based hydrophobic aerogel. The synthesized samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle analysis. The obtained results show that the optimum acid concentration was found as 0.5 M.

The Investigation of the Element Contents in the Turkish Coffees Coffee is one of the most popular drinks across the world and its enormous commercial and social importance is obvious. Coffee has become the essential consumption matter and one of the rituals of many societies for several years. Turkish people's first confrontation with it dates back to 16th century, in Ottoman era. Since then, because of the differences in terms of preparation and presentation styles, the coffee has been named as “Turkish Coffee”. According to this presentation style, roasted and then finely ground coffee beans are boiled in a pot, usually with sugar, and served in a cup where the grounds are allowed to settle. Turkish coffee contains many components such as caffeine, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and minerals. There are many elements in the structure of the Turkish coffee and have various effect on human health. In this study, determination of magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) contents in Turkish coffee aimed for conscious consumption. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for these analysis. From the results of experiments Mg, Fe and Ca contents were found in Turkish coffee as 21.46, 0.008 and 78.48 ppm respectively. Element contents which are found in 1, 2 and 5 cups of coffee are calculated. Analysis data were calculated with two different results such as daily intake for adults (mg) and percentage intake for adults (%). Furthermore, the daily intake of element from coffees that affects human health is also investigated.

Pyrite ash is created as waste from the roasting of pyrite ores during the production of sulphuric acid. These processes generate great amounts of pyrite ash waste that is generally land filled. This creates serious environmental pollution due to the release of acids and toxic substances. Pyrite ash waste can be utilized in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed to process this waste and prevent environmental pollution. The essential parameters affecting the pelletization process of pyrite ash were studied using bentonite as a binder. Experiments were then carried out using bentonite and a mixture of bentonite with calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in order to make the bentonite more effective. The metallurgical properties of pyrite ash, bentonite, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, a mixture of these and sintered pellets were studied using X-ray analysis. The crushing strength tests were carried out to investigate the strength of pyrite ash waste pellets. The results of these analyses showed that pyrite ash can be agglomerated to pellets and used in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed. The crushing strength of the pellets containing calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in addition to bentonite was better than the strength of pellets prepared using only bentonite binder.

This work presents the synthesis and characterization of metal-free, zinc(II), and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines substituted with 2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy groups at the peripheral and non-peripheral positions. The photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel phthalocyanines and unsubstituted zinc(II) and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines were investigated in dimethylformamide solution. The effects of the types of substituents and their positions and the variety of central metal ions on the phthalocyanine core on their spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined. The studied 2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy substituted metal-free, zinc(II) and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines especially indium(III)acetate derivatives exhibited appropriate photophysical and photochemical properties such as high singlet oxygen generation and these phthalocyanines can be potential Type II photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer applications.

In this study, zinc borate (ZB) was synthesized by reacting zinc oxide and boric acid in the presence of standard ZB (w/w, in terms of boric acid) in order to promote crystallization. The effects of seed, H3BO3/ZnO (boric acid/zinc oxide) ratio, reaction time, water volume, reaction temperature and cooling temperature on yield were investigated for pilot-scale equipment. The results indicated that the addition of seed (w/w) to a saturated solution of reactants increased the yield of the reaction. The results of reaction yields obtained from either magnetically or mechanically stirred systems were compared. At various reaction times, the optimal yield was 86.78 % in a saturated aqueous solution. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA). The results displayed that ZB was successfully produced under the optimized reaction conditions and the product synthesized had high thermal stability.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.2.4432

The synthesis of peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin) and peripherally octakis-[tetrachlorotetra-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenyl coumarin)] substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines are performed and characterized for the first time in this study. The new compounds show excellent solubility in organic solvents, which makes them candidates for use in different applications. Photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel coumarino phthalocyanines are investigated in dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of the positions (peripheral or nonperipheral) of the substituents on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the coumarino zinc(II) phthalocyanines are reported. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied zinc(II) phthalocyanines by addition of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) are also described.

The level-to-level and island growth of nano-layers: copper, nickel and boron realizes spontaneously between the layers Te1-Te1 in the process of the directed crystallization of bismuth telluride (doped by easily diffusing impurities). This was proved by the electron-microscopic photos of the chipped surface (0001) Bi2Te3, Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3 . The wide set of island sizes 50-200 nm was revealed. The appearance nature of nano-layers, islands and their enlargement in the interlaminar space of the layered crystal of bismuth telluride is the same as on the open surfaces of the systems semiconductor-metal. The two-dimensional islands, which combining form the wetting layer of nano-thickness appear on the initial steps of the growth. It is established, that the copper layers, nano-sized by the height, are charged with extremal behavior of Hall thermoelectromotive force and other kinetic parameters Bi2Te3 . The temperature dependencies of coefficients of Hall, electroconductivity, mobility and other kinetic parameters revealed the oscillation character. These extremums can be connected with the consecution of the phase transfers, known as order-disorder transfers, connected with positional order. The anomal increase of the mobility of the charge carriers (more, than in 5 times) in the direction along axes of the (0001) Bi2Te3 layers at the temperature 105K is observed so it will be a great improvement that can be used in nano satellites.