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Five undescribed (2-6) rotenoid derivatives along with three known rotenoids (1, 7 and 8) were isolated from the rhizomes of white colored variety of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. The structures of these undescribed compounds were elucidated based on UV, IR, HR-MS (ESI), 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. Selected compounds were evaluated for their cell viability and proliferation in two cancer cell lines namely, cervical (HeLa), breast (SKBR-3) and normal lung fibroblast (WI-38). Among them, the compounds Boeravinone C (1), Mirabijalone S (2), Mirabijalone T (3) and 4, 6, 11-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-10-methylchromeno [3, 4-b] chromen-12(6H)-one (8) showed moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with IC50 values in the 8.40 − 12.9 μM range, and compound 8 exhibited cytotoxicity against SKBR-3 cells with IC50 value of 17.6 μM. Molecular docking studies of isolated compounds were performed with three apoptosis proteins, 3H11, 2AR9 and 1X0X. These results revealed that the isolated compounds were found to interact with Caspase 8 and 9 along with the anti-apoptotic protein Survivin. Since these compounds exhibit cytotoxic effects against SKBR3 and HeLa cells, they are expected to show apoptosis and may be further utilized for wet lab apoptotic studies.

Triterpenoids are ubiquitously distributed secondary metabolites, primarily scrutinized as a source of medication and preventive measures for various chronic diseases. The ease of isolation and excellent pharmacological properties of triterpenoids are notable reasons behind the exponential rise of extensive research on the bioactive triterpenoids over the past few decades. Herein, we attempted to explore the anticancer potential of the fruit extract of the ethnomedicinal plant Dillenia indica against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and have exclusively attributed the efficacy of the extracts to the presence of two triterpenoids, namely, betulinic acid (BA) and koetjapic acid (KA). Preliminary in vitro screening of both BA and KA unveiled that the entities could impart cytotoxicity and induce apoptosis in OSCC cell lines, which were further well-supported by virtual screening based on ligand binding affinity and molecular dynamic simulations. Additionally, the aforementioned metabolites could significantly modulate the critical players such as Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways involved in the regulation of important hallmarks of cancer like cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The present findings provide insight and immense scientific support and integrity to a piece of indigenous knowledge. However, in vivo validation is a requisite for moving to clinical trials and developing it as a commercial drug.

We herein disclose an effective strategy for the synthesis of [5.3.0] and [6.3.0] fused polycyclic terpenoids, which are important structural elements of natural products and biologically active compounds. The method comprises of Lewis acid catalyzed interrupted Nazarov cyclization of zerumbone derivatives such as zerumbone epoxide, triazole-appended zerumbone, zerumbal, and zerumbenone with a wide substrate scope with different indoles. Zerumbone epoxide furnished [5.3.0] and [6.3.0] fused structurally diverse sesquiterpenoids and all other zerumbone derivatives furnished the [6.3.0] fused motifs.

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Hopea parviflora resulted in the isolation of 9 compounds; which includes friedelin (1), friedelin-3β-ol (2), (-)-ampelopsin A (3), (-)-ɛ-viniferin (4), (-)-hopeaphenol (5), vaticaphenol A (6), 2,4,8-trihydroxyphenanthrene-2-O-glucoside (7), ellagic acid-3,3',4-trimethoxy-4'-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8) and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (9). Among them, compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are isolated for the first time from this species. Further, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. In this study, compound 8 inhibited the activity of proinflammatory mediators like NO, TNF-α, IL-6, 5-LOX and COX-2, also promoted the action of anti-inflammatory mediator like IL-10 via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. Is used in traditional herbal formulations for diabetes complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of extracts and compounds from H. ponga. Materials and methods Silica gel column chromatography was performed to identify various chemical components of the plant extract. Different extracts of H. ponga and isolated compounds were screened for their antidiabetic effect by modulation of digestive enzymes and protein glycation. The effect of glucose uptake by the compounds and the pathways through which the compounds mediate the glucose uptake potential were confirmed by fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Results Acetone and ethanol extracts of the stem bark of Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. Afforded six resveratrol oligomers namely, E-resveratrol (1), (−)-e-viniferin (2), (−)-α-viniferin (3), trihydroxyphenanthrene glucoside (THPG) (4), vaticaphenol A (5), (−)-hopeaphenol (6), along with four phytosterols. The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data. Compounds 1–5 and 7–10 were tested for their α-glucosidase, α-amylase and glycation inhibitiory activities. All the resveratrol oligomers (1–5) showed prominent α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values, 12.56 ± 1.00, 23.98 ± 1.11, 7.17 ± 1.10, 31.74 ± 0.42 and 16.95 ± 0.39 μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies also supported the observed α-glucosidase inhibition. Compound 3 displayed IC50 values of 4.85 ± 0.06 and 27.10 ± 0.04 μM in α-amylase and glycation inhibitory assays activity. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that the compounds 3 and 4 were found to be less toxic at a concentration of 100 μM ( Conclusion This is the first report on the isolation of compounds from H. ponga. Altogether, the results of this study reveal the antidiabetic effects of H. ponga extracts and isolated compounds promoting traditional use of this plant in the treatment of diabetes.

Surface modification with a nanomaterial has been confirmed to be an effective strategy to enhance the visible-light photodegradation efficiency of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). In this regard, we used silver as an additive into TiO2-NPs to improve their photodegradation activity under visible light irradiation. Here, a novel and eco-friendly process was developed to prepare the Ag-doped TiO2 nanohybrid and named as photon-induced method (PIM). The XRD technique showed that the prepared Ag-doped TiO2 has mixed phases of anatase and rutile. However, the rutile-only phase was detected for the pure TiO2-NPs at 700 °C of calcination. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectra revealed a reduction in the energy bandgap of TiO2 after Ag doping. Besides, the addition of Ag resulted in a significant improvement of TiO2 morphology. Methylene blue (MB) dye was chosen to be an organic target to investigate the photocatalyst activity of the TiO2-NPs. In this regard, the degradation rate of MB was found to be 100% for the Ag-doped TiO2, which is higher than that of pure rutile TiO2. The incorporation of Ag additive plays a significant role in the improvement of TiO2 stability and photodegradation performance due to the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon.

A facile Lewis-acid-catalyzed method for the synthesis of structurally diverse sesquiterpenoid derivatives from readily available and abundant 11-membered natural product zerumbone has been developed. Starting from zerumbone, we have developed an efficient cyclization process for the creation of [5.7], [5.8], and [5.8.3] fused-ring systems. This process was exemplified by the selective functionalization of zerumbone; by controlling the conformation of the 11-membered ring, the ring-closing process could be tuned to afford the fused-ring system of choice.

First point of view of this report is briefly comments about the potential of azeotrope development in the blends of 1-alkanols (1-pentanol/1-hexanol/1-heptanol) with benzene. The relative volatility (r) calculation of all binary blends was used to prove this possibility of the azeotrope formation. Second point of view of this report is also concerned with the same idea but achieved by ultrasonic study using different parameters such as ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ), and viscosity (η), and few thermo–acoustical variables like adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), and internal pressure (πi), and their excess (AE) magnitudes. In this regard, the important standard magnitudes of the individual components and their mixtures are experimental measured. The origin of the existence of the suggested intermolecular interaction is found to be useful in predicting the possible azeotrope formation and in determining the exact mole fraction of such formations. The excess parameters are fitted to polynomial type Redlich-Kister equation and coefficients of the fitting are found to support the present investigations.

The carbonyl moiety is one of the indispensable sub-units in organic synthesis with significant applications in medicinal as well as materials chemistry. Hence the insertion of a carbonyl group via simple and highly efficient routes has been one of the most challenging tasks for organic chemists. Though the direct utilisation of CO gas in carbonylation is the fundamental procedure for the construction of carbonyl compounds, it has certain drawbacks due to its toxic and explosive nature. As a result, the need for cheap and efficient CO surrogates has gained much attention nowadays by which CO gas can be easily generated in situ or ex situ. In this review we discuss the advantages of chloroform as CO surrogate and have surveyed recent carbonylation reactions where chloroform has been used as CO source.

In this work, methyl esters of Pungamia (MEOP), ethyl esters of Pungamia (EEOP), and ethyl esters of Neem (EEON) were primarily produced by means of transesterification process using sodium methoxide (mixture of sodium hydroxide and methanol) and potassium methoxide (mixture of potassium hydroxide and methanol). Further, the fuel properties such as calorific value, flash point, density and viscosity of methyl and ethyl esters were determined using ASTM specified equipment. Also, the association between different blend ratios and fuel type with fuel properties was gauged with an assistance of two-way analysis of variance. The experimental outcomes revealed that the maximum ester content of bio-diesel was witnessed for potassium hydroxide catalyst and the quantity of catalyst used was less than that with sodium hydroxide for the same mass of the feedstock oil. Overall, the statistical analysis disclosed that there is a significant difference in the fuel properties of the different combination of fuel type a...

This paper involves the study of nose radius effect and graphite addition during turning of AA 7075-ZrB 2 in-situ metal matrix composite. This in-situ method involves formation of reinforcements within the matrix by the chemical reaction of two or more chemical compounds that produces some changes in the matrix material within the vicinity. To form Zirconium Boride (ZrB 2 ) reinforcement in the matrix, two chemical salts of Potassium Tetrafluoroborate (KBF 4 ) and Potassium Hexafluorozirconate (K 2 ZrF 6 ) were added. After the fabrication of the test specimen, the specimen is subjected to turning in CNC high speed turning center. Four important parameters of tool nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were taken for the present investigation. The in-situ composites were fabricated via-stir casting method followed by manually forge it. The fabricated specimen was turned using a 0.4 mm nose radius and 0.8 mm nose radius of PCD CNC inserts. After turning, the metal removal rate and surface roughness were measured and investigated. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that 0.8 mm nose radius inserted tool produced excellent machinability when compared to 0.4 mm nose radius. It was noted here that the higher rate of cutting speed, lower rate of feed rate and lower depth of cut combination process parameter produced excellent machinability. Further, the graphite reinforced in-situ AA 7075-3% ZrB 2 -1% Gr hybrid composite exhibited improved machinability than others samples of AA 7075 alloy, AA 7075-3%ZrB 2 in-situ composite. This was due to self-lubricant property of graphite particles.

International audience; A Lewis acid catalyzed C-3 alkylidenecylopentenylation of indoles through the ring opening of pentafulvenederived diazabicyclic olefins has been developed. The present protocol offers an efficient route toward thesynthesis of indole and bisindole derivatives. The role of the hydrazine group, as a reaction carrier in thestrategy has also been demonstrated by the stepwise synthesis of functionalized bisindole.

Hybrid Metal matrix composites provide huge opportunities to optimize the engineering enforcement in metal matrix composites for applicable in the automotive and aerospace industries, where unique filler content and selective protected areas of reinforcements are needed. There are various efforts have been carried out to study the mechanical action of particle reinforced aluminium based composites. In this present study, Friction stir processing (FSP) is used to carry out reinforcement study on the commercially available Al7075 Al sheet metals reinforced with aluminium oxide of different sizes (75μm,150μm & 200μm) and percentage (2%, 4%, 6% & 8% -Al2O3) and 1% graphite (Gr). It has been described that these composites showed significant development in hardness, strength and related properties, as well as improved wear performance compared to fundamental alloys. It is well known that MMC's containing small-size reinforcements which are ideal materials for application in high performance and wear resistant components due to their appealing physical and mechanical properties. To meet the above requirements, the samples were subjected to microstructure examination and hardness study. It was noted that there is significant improvement in the hardness value and the grain size was considerably reduced.

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an emerging surface engineering technology that can eliminate casting defects locally by refining microstructures, thereby, improving the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, the influence of the FSP on the microstructure and mechanical properties in terms of hardness for commercially available AA6061 Al sheet metals reinforced with aluminium oxide was studied and investigated. Samples were subjected to FSP by varying the rotational and traverse speed. From the microstructural evaluation, it was observed that the grain size of the processed area was around 70% decreased as compared to unprocessed parent metal. The hardness results showed that the strength of stirred surface area was around 1.75 times higher than the unstirred surface area. Further wear test showed that the wear resistance were increased with respect to increase in rotational and traverse speed.

The main purpose of the present study was to synthesize cellulose nanoparticles with gelation of alginate core to provide excellent solubility in aqueous solution and to and characterize the resulting nanomedicine after loading with Doxorubicin, an anticancer agent. Cellulose exhibits the property of biodegradation and compatibility with body tissues and in combination with doxorubicin provides toxicity to cancer tissues. These nanoparticles were characterized under scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to find topology, crystal structure and chemical purity of nanoparticles. The release of doxorubicin from cellulose-alginate nanoparticles was studied by in vitro method using a dialysis membrane in the presence of phosphate buffer. Under suitable conditions, the cellulose-alginate nanoparticles obtained were in size ranging between 10 and 100 nm. The in vitro drug release revealed the controlled release of drug from the polymer in a sustained manner. The percentage release of drug released from the dialysis bag was found to be 78% at the end of 72 hours.

Monomeric organotin dications {[nBu2Sn(H2O)4]2+·2C6H5SO3–} and {[nBu2Sn(H2O)4]2+·1,5-C10H6(SO3–)2} have been synthesized by the reaction of [nBu2SnO]n and the corresponding arylsulfonic acid. Dodecanuclear organooxotin macrocations {[(nBuSn)12(μ3-O)14(μ2-OH)6]2+·2RSO3–} (R = C6H5; 2,5-Me2C6H3) have been synthesized by the reaction of nBuSn(O)(OH) and the corresponding arylsulfonic acid. The X-ray crystal structure of one of the dodecanuclear cages is reported. These organotin cations have been shown to be effective catalysts in acetylation and transacetylation reactions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)