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In this study, cobalt-doped and biochar-cocatalyst bismuth oxychloride (Co(Ⅱ)-BiOCl@biochar) photocatalysts were hydrothermally synthesized for the photodegradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) and characterized via a series of analytical techniques. Results indicated that the addition of Co2+ and biochar to BiOCl resulted in 99.4% degradation of PNP in 90 min under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) illumination. It was found that 5% doping of Co2+ and 30% loading of biochar significantly enhanced the photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared catalysts. After five cycles, the obtained hybrid catalysts still exhibited a good stability. Although the structure of BiOCl was not changed by the modification, the growth face changed from (0 0 1) to (1 1 0), which led to the narrow band gap, wide wavelength of the light source, effective separation of e-/h+ pairs, and high photocatalytic activity. The vast improvement was related to the formation of ·OH, h+, e−, ·O2−, and eaq−, which was confirmed by the radical-trapping experiments. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism for the photocatalysis of PNP over CO(Ⅱ)-BiOCl@biochar hybrid catalysts under VUV irradiation was also proposed.

Circulating cooling water plays an important role in industrial water use. In this study, the corrosion inhibition effects of PBTCA, HEDP, and ATMP organic phosphorus inhibitors were investigated using the weight loss method by varying the dosage of inhibitors, ClO2 concentrations, and pH values on carbon steel in recirculating cooling water with a low concentration of ClO2 solution. The results showed that the three corrosion inhibitors had a satisfactory corrosion inhibition effect and that corrosion inhibition efficiency is positively correlated with the concentration of organic phosphorus inhibitors and pH. The average corrosion inhibition efficiency of the three inhibitors was about 80% at the concentration of inhibitors = 35 mg/L, pH = 9.0, and the concentration of ClO2 = 7.0 mg/L, of which the single-phosphorus molecular corrosion inhibitor proved to be the best inhibitor. When the ClO2 concentration was 7 mg/L, the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of the three corrosion inhibitors were relatively stable. Using the density functional theory (DFT) algorithm in the Gaussian 09 program, the optimization calculation was completed by the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) method at the microlevel. The molecular structures of the three organic phosphorus inhibitors and the number of phosphorus-containing atoms were compared to the sustained-release properties. Organic phosphorus inhibitors, as an electronic buffer, not only provided electrons but also received electrons. They formed a complex with iron and zinc ions in water in order to attach to the surface of the carbon steel and to alleviate corrosion. In addition, the adsorption with a metal surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Two new compounds, (−)-(6aR,11aR)-4-methoxy-8,9-(methylenedioxy)pterocarpan 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyisoflavone 4′-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(16)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), were isolated, together with 30 known compounds from the stems and leaves of Sophora flavescens Aition. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HR-ESI-MS data. A preliminary comparison of phenolic metabolite profiles, based on the qualitative HPLC analysis, indicated that the composition of the roots and the aerial parts were significantly different.

We report on photoluminescence (PL) properties of europium (Eu) and ytterbium (Yb) co-doped silicon-rich oxide films with different Si excess and after various annealings. The dominating PL signal of Eu changed gradually from that of Eu3+ ions to Eu2+ by raising the annealing temperature from 700 to 1200 °C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that amorphous Eu, Yb, Si, O containing precipitates have been formed in the Si-rich oxide during 1000–1200 °C annealing and these precipitates are considered to be responsible for the Eu2+-related luminescence. The variation of PL intensity from Yb3+ ions with annealing in N2,was correlated with the PL intensity from Eu. The PL of films can be altered considerably by oxidizing at different temperatures, which is discussed in terms of defects in the host oxide and excitation energy transfer.

Euodiae Fructus from three species of the genus Euodia, i.e., Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. (ER), E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth var. officinalis (Dode) Huang (ERO), and E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. bodinieri (Dode) Huang (ERB), has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in China for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to compare the differences of essential oils (EOs) from three species of Euodiae Fructus cultured in China. The chemical compositions, yield variations, and antimicrobial activities were compared. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation, and their yields varied from 0.18 to 2.60% in ER, from 0.64 to 3.36% in ERB, and from 0.52 to 2.96% in ERO without significant differences among them, but the oil yields showed a positive correlation with the use of 1000-grain weight plant material. Altogether, seventy-nine compounds, accounting for 75.86–99.11% of the total oils, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis from 24 samples. The main components were β-cis-ocimene (10.60–76.41%), β-myrcene (3.65–26.43%), limonene & β-phellandrene (0–31.5%), and β-trans-ocimene (1.68–16.02%). Furthermore, the 24 samples were separated into three chemotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis, of which ER samples were involved in all three groups, indicating great chemical variation within them. These intraspecies variabilities were greater than the interspecies differences in the chemical compositions and oil yields. Furthermore, the representative EOs exhibited moderate antibacterial and antifungal activities and showed the most potent activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, with the largest inhibition zone diameters of 17.9 and 12.2 mm, respectively, and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 3.2–6.4 mg/mL. β-cis-ocimene might be the active antibacterial ingredient.

The qualitative and quantitative analyses by HPLC and LC-DAD-MS/MS were conducted for the quality consistency evaluation of Compound Kushen Injection (CKI). For fingerprint analysis, 8 peaks were selected as the characteristic peaks in the HPLC chromatograms of 27 different batches of CKI samples and their similarities were more than 0.90, except the four samples. For the typical HPLC profile, peak identification was carried out by HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses and as a result, 21 chromatographic peaks were identified or characterized based on the comparison of retention time and UV spectra with authentic compounds as well as by summarized MS fragmentation rules. Six of these identified compounds, including oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine, N-methylcytisine, matrine, sophocarpine, and trifolirhizin, were simultaneously determined and the results showed that the total amounts of six marker compounds were variable, to some extent, which was deduced to be related to the quality of the crude materials and the manufac...

Everted intestinal sac models were used to investigate the intestinal absorption of the 4 alkaloids(berberine, palmatine, coptisine, and epiberberine) in Fuzheng Xiaozheng Fang(FZ) at different intestine segments. The absorption parameters of each component were calculated; SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the data and evaluate the absorption characteristics at different intestinal segments. The results showed that all the four active ingredients conformed to zero-order absorption rate. There was significant difference in absorption rate constant (Ka) between the four ingredients at low dose and medium and high dose groups(P

Studied the craft of synthesize 2-ChloroNicotinicacid, which was 3-Dimethylamino -acrolein and Eethylcyanoacetate as raw materials, synthesized 2,4-pentadienoicacid-2-cyano-5- dimethylaminoethylester, then used HCl gas to cyclize it, the product Ethyl 2-chloronicotinate was hydrolyzed to get 2-chloronicotinicacid. The effects of solvent and catalyst were discussed. The results showed that 2,4- pentadienoi cacid – 2-cyano-5-(dimethylamino) ethyl ester can be dissolved in dimethylethane at low temperature, so that it avoided the own polymerization when cyclization synthesis Ethyl 2-chloronicotinate. The yield was 91.84%. The craft was simple and had less steps and higher yield; there is the potential for industrialization

By using a cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced tolerance system, we previously raised the possibility that the degree of chimerism might determine the induction of heart and skin allograft tolerance. When C3H (H-2k; Thy1.2, Mls-1b) mice were intravenously primed with 1 x 10(8) spleen cells (SCs) from H-2 matched AKR (H-2k; Thy1.1, Mls-1a) mice and then treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg CP, the survival of AKR skin grafts was permanently prolonged in a tolerogen-specific fashion. After this treatment, a minimal degree of mixed chimerism and the clonal destruction of Mls-1a-reactive CD4+Vbeta6+ T cells in the periphery were observed. When AKR SCs and 100 mg/kg CP were used for conditioning, the survival of the AKR skin grafts was mildly prolonged. The clonal destruction of CD4+Vbeta6+ T cells in the periphery was induced and a minimal degree of mixed chimerism was detectable. The degree of mixed chimerism induced with AKR SCs and 200 mg/kg CP was significantly higher than that with AKR SCs and 100 mg/kg CP during the observation. On the other hand, neither skin allograft prolongation nor permanent mixed chimerism could be induced when C3H mice were treated with AKR SCs and 50 mg/kg CP. In order to increase the degree of mixed chimerism, we injected 1 x 10(8) tolerant AKR SCs on day 3 into the recipient C3H mice that had been treated with AKR SCs on day 0 and with 100 mg/kg CP on day 2. The reason that we used tolerant SCs was that untreated AKR SCs caused graft-versus-host disease in most of the recipients. Tolerant AKR SCs were harvested from AKR mice that had been treated with C3H SCs and 200 mg/kg CP 2 weeks earlier, and did not contain regulatory cells. By adoptive transfer, the degree of chimerism was stably and significantly increased in all recipients, and AKR skin graft tolerance was induced in half of the recipients. T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells (BMCs) from untreated AKR mice induced skin allograft tolerance in 83% of recipients. Thus, the present study strongly confirmed the hypothesis that a higher degree of chimerism is required for the induction of skin allograft tolerance in CP-induced tolerance.

Armillaria mellea is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible mushroom. Many cultured products of A. mellea have been used to develop commercial medicines in recent years. The chemical composition and activities of the major bioactive chemical components—polysaccharides—may be different because of differences in the raw materials used. Four polysaccharides (SP, CMP, CFBP and CFMP) were obtained from wild sporophores and cultured products (including mycelia, fermentation broth and fermentation mixture) of A. mellea. Their yields, carbohydrate contents, monosaccharide compositions, FT-IR spectra, NMR spectroscopy and antioxidant activities were investigated. All of the polysaccharides were composed of xylose, glucose and galactose without protein. Glucose was the dominant monosaccharide in SP, CMP and CFMP, whereas galactose was the dominant monosaccharide in CFBP. SP and CMP showed higher scavenging DPPH• and ABTS•+ activities and reducing power among four polysaccharides. The carbohydrate content and corresponding glucose percentage were positive influences on the antioxidant activities, whereas the corresponding xylose and galactose percentage were negative influences. A. mellea polysaccharides are potential natural antioxidants. Polysaccharides from cultured products, especially mycelia, are good substitutes for SP and are also potential sources for both dietary supplements and food industries.

Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in Guangxi, southwest of Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, east of Xizang, and Yunnan in China.

Background. Recently, we have described a drug (cyclophosphamide [CP] plus busulfan [BU])-induced skin allograft tolerance in mice that can regularly overcome fully H-2-mismatched barriers. Using this method, we have investigated whether or not this regimen can prolong the survival of heart allograf

Lonicera japonica flos is widely used as a pharmaceutical resource and a commonly-employed ingredient in healthy food, soft beverages and cosmetics in China. Sometimes, sulfur fumigation is used during post-harvest handling. In this study, a comprehensive comparison of the chemical profile between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated samples was conducted by HPLC fingerprints and simultaneous quantification of nine constituents, including secologanic acid, along with another eight usually-analyzed markers. Secologanic acid was destroyed, and its sulfonates were generated, whereas caffeoylquinic acids were protected from being oxidized. The residual sulfur dioxide in sulfur-fumigated samples was significantly higher than that in sun-dried samples, which might increase the potential incidence of toxicity to humans. Meanwhile, compared with sun-dried samples, sulfur-fumigated samples have significantly stronger antioxidant activity, which could be attributed to the joint effect of protected phenolic acids and flavonoids, as well as newly-generated iridoid sulfonates.

The deprotonated 3-dimethylamino-N-salicylidenepropylamine Schiff base chelates to a Cd atom in the polymeric title compound with a dinuclear building block, [Cd2(NCS)2(C12H17N2O)2] n . The O atom of the Schiff base also engages in bridging. The bridging NCS group links adjacent dinuclear entities into a helical chain that runs along the b axis of the monoclinic unit cell.

The centrosymmetric title compound, [Cu(C7H8O3S)2(H2O)4], forms a pillared hydrogen-bonded layered network. The coordination geometry of the CuII ion is distorted octa­hedral, involving four aqua ligands and two N-atom donors of two 2-(4-pyrid­yl)ethanesulfonate (PES) ligands. The sulfonate group of PES is not involved in coordination to the metal, but participates in hydrogen bonds with the aqua ligands.

Simple gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for quantifying eight volatile compounds and 10 sesquiterpenoids, respectively. GC–MS analysis was performed on an HP-5MS capillary column (30 m30.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 mm film 5% phenyl – 95% methylpolysiloxane and selected ion monitoring was used for quantification. Four volatile and previously unquantified monoterpenoids were determined. HPLC analysis was performed on a C18 column with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The proposed method, determined 10 non-polar and polar sesquiterpenoids simultaneously, which covered a wider polar range of analytes and had a more perfect resolution. Among them, five sesquiterpenoids were not determined before and some specific components, (4S,5S)germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone and dehydrocurdione were completely separated for the first time. Both methods were validated for linearity, limit of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery and system suitability. The methods were simple, effective, reliable and successfully applied to global detection and analysis of volatile and non-volatile components of steamed and non-steamed rhizomes of Curcuma wenyujin (Wen-E-Zhu (WEZ) and Pian-JiangHuang (PJH)). Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to distinguish PJH and WEZ and seven chemical components, including (4S,5S)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone, b-elemene, curzerene, borneol, isoborneol and camphor, were screened as chemical markers. The present study provided a promising method for accurate discrimination of the herbal medicines with the same origin.

The traditional after-harvesting drying method of C. morifolium cv. Hang-ju (HJ) is sun drying, but recently sulfur fumigation is increasingly used as a cheap and convenient method. However, the effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents and potential activities of HJ were unknown. A comprehensively comparison of the chemical profiles between non-fumigated HJ (NHJ) and sulfur-fumigated HJ (SHJ) was conducted by HPLC fingerprints analysis and the discrepant peaks were identified or tentatively assigned by HPLC-ESI/MS(n). Dramatic chemical changes were found that the contents of 4 flavonoid aglycones remarkably increased while those of 7 glycosides significantly reduced which suggested that sulfur-fumigation induced flavonoid glycosides transformed into aglycons by hydrolysis reaction. A significant loss of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids showed the sulfur fumigation was a destructive effect on HJ. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to rapidly discriminate NHJ and SHJ samples. By ICP-OES analysis, it was found that the residue of sulfur of SHJ were three times higher than NHJ (p

Some Curcuma species are widely used as herbal medicines. Sesquiterpenes are their important bioactive compounds and their quantitative analysis is generally accomplished by gas chromatography (GC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but the instability and high cost of some sesquiterpene reference standards have limited their application. It is necessary to find a practicable means to control the quality of herbal medicines. Using one stable component contained in Curcuma species to determine multiple analogues should be a practical option. In this study, a simple HPLC method for determination of sesquiterpenes using relative response factors (RRFs) has been developed. The easily available and stable active component curdione was selected as the reference compound for calculating the RRFs of the other eight sesquiterpenes, including zedoarondiol (Zedo), isozedoarondiol (Isoz), aerugidiol (Aeru), (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide (Epox), curcumenone (Curc), neocurdione (Neoc), germacrone (Germ) and furanodiene (Fura). Their RRFs against curdione were between 0.131-1.301, with a good reproducibility. By using the RRFs, the quantification of sesquiterpenes in Curcuma wenyujin herbal medicines and related products was carried out. The method is especially useful for the determination of (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone, germacrone and furanodiene, which often are regarded as the principle components in Curcuma species, but unstable when were purified. It is an ideal means to analyze the components for which reference standards are not readily available.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different chromatographic conditions on QAMS relative correlation factors (RCF) and relative retention values (RT(R)). METHOD: C18 columns were used with methyl alcohol-0.4% phosphoric acid water (85: 15) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 254 nm, the column temperature was 30 degrees C, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The five anthraquinones in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were selected to be the objects of study. The RCF and RT(R) among aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, physcion and emodin were determined under different chromatographic conditions. RESULT: Their RCFs showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: The RCFs among anthraquinones established by QAMS can be used as a constant in content determination of traditional Chinese medicines/patent traditional Chinese medicines.

Objective To kinds of establish a HPLC method for determining contents of indole alkaloids and bufadienolides contained in toad medicines, and analyze two kinds of components contained in toad venom, toad skin and toad periostracum. Method As for alkaloids, Nucleosil C18 column was adopted with acetonitrile and water containing 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (6: 94, adjust pH to 3.2 with phosphate acid) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 275 nm, and the column temperature was 30 degrees C. As for bufadienolides, Alltima C18 column was adopted with acetonitrile and water containing 0.3% acetic acid (B) as the mobile phase. The gradient process was as follows: a linear gradient from 28% to 54% acetonitrile in the first 15 min, then kept at 54% for additional 20 min. The flow rate was 0.6 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 296 nm, and the column temperature was 30 degrees C. Result The linear ranges were 0.079 6-0.796 microg for serotonin, 0.097 2-1.945 microg for N-methylserotonin, 0.074 4-0.744 microg for N,N-dimethylserotonin, 0.103-2.05 microg for N,N,N-trimethylserotonin, and 0.067 2-0.672 microg for bufothionine, respectively. The average recoveries of serotonin and N-methylserotonin were 98.6% and 91.3%, respectively. The linear ranges of gamabufotalin, bufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 0.004 83-0.614, 0.007 9-1.006, 0.007 95-1.016, 0.009 7-1.24 and 0.009 6-1.22 microg, respectively, and their average recoveries were 101.6%, 102.5%, 101.0%, 99.1% and 98.9%, respectively. Conclusion Toad venom has the highest contents of indole alkaloids and bufadienolides, followed by toad skin, and toad periostracum showed the lowest contents and even no detection result.

OBJECTIVE To establish a quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single-marker (QAMS) to determine the contents of four rhubarb anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets. METHOD Emodin was used as the internal reference substance, the relative correlation factors (RCF) of rhein, chrysophanol and physcion to emodin were calculated and evaluated. The contents of these four anthraquinones were determined by the external standard method and QAMS, respectively. Rationality, feasibility and repeatability of the QAMS method was verified by comparing the results obtained from the two different methods. RESULT RCFs of rhein, chrysophanol and physcion to emodin against Sanhuang tablets were 1.13, 1.46 and 1.01, respectively, indicating good reproducibilities. The two methods did not show significant difference in results. CONCLUSION The QAMS method can be used a new quality assessment model for quantity of anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets.

Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of total bufadienolides from toad venom against H22 tumor in mice and preliminarily analyze the structures of the metabolites in tissues. Method HPLC and LC-MS were used for analysis of the chemical composition of TBFs. High, middle and low dosages of TBFs were orally administered or intra-peritoneally injected to H22 tumor-bearing mice for thirteen days. The animals were killed and the tumors were stripped and weighed. The metabolites in the tissues such as heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS. Result The chemical composition of TBFs were identified by comparison of the retention times with those of reference substances, on-line UV spectra and MS data. Its main components are concerned with gamabufotalin, arenobufagin, bufotalin, resibufagin, cinobufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin. TBFs had no obvious influence on body weight of H-22 tumor-bearing mice orally administered and the inhibition rate against tumor were 14.76%, 16.38% and 10.32% for low (5 mg x kg(-1)), middle (10 mg x kg(-1)) and high dosage (20 mg x kg(-1)), respectively. The mice intra-peritoneally injected with middle and high-dose of TBFs gained body weight slower than the control mice on the 5th day and recovered on the 13th day. The inhibition rate against tumor were 17.30%, 19.80% and 40.95% for low (1.5 mg x kg(-1)), middle (3 mg x kg(-1)) and high dose (6 mg x kg(-1)), respectively. The inhibitory effect took on dose-dependent manner. Based on the HPLC analyses on heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, bufadienolides were found in the liver tissue and 11 compounds of them were tentatively identified by LC-DAD-MS. Conclusion TBFs by oral administration had no inhibitory effect against H22 tumor in mice, however, TBFs by intra-peritoneal injection displayed the significantly inhibitory effect, accompanying some toxicity for early duration of the study. The identification of bufadienolides in the liver provides a good basis for the further investigation of the metabolic pathways of TBFs in vivo.

OBJECTIVE To establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-components in Salvia miltiorrhiza by using one chemical reference substance and validate its feasibilities. METHODS The new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with S. miltiorrhiza . Five main ingredients were selected as analytes to evaluate the quatity and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 280 nm of sodium danshensu to protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were 7.559, 2.901, 1.825 and 1.746, respectively. The contents of danshensu in the samples of S. miltiorrhiza were determined by using the external standard method, and the contents of the four other ingredients were calculated by their RCFS. The contents of these four ingredients in all samples were also determined by the external standard method. RESULT Within a certain range, the RCFs showed good reproducibility (RSD 1.0%-2.5%). No significant differences were observed between the quantitative results of the two methods. CONCLUSION It is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of S. miltiorrhiza and its processed products by QAMS.

Objective To establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-coumarins in Fraxini Cortex by using one chemical reference substance, and validate its feasibilities. Method The new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with Fraxini Cortex. Four main coumarins were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 340 nm of aesculin to asculetin, fraxin and fraxetin were 1.771, 0.799, 1.409, respectively. And the contents of aesculin in samples of Fraxini Cortex were authentically determined by the external standard method, and the contents of the three other coumarins were calculated by their RCF. The contents of these four coumarins in all samples were also determined by the external standard method. Result Within a certain range, the RCF had a good reproducibility (RSD 2.5%-3.9%). Significant differences were not observed between the quantitative results of two methods. Conclusion It is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of Fraxini Cortex and its Yinpian by QAMS.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibilities of the method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) for determination of four alkaloids in Xianglian preparations. METHOD: A HPLC method was developed to determine the contents of four alkaloids, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine and berberine in Xianglian preparations. Berberine was selected as the internal reference substance, and 3 relative correction factors to berberine were calculated. The contents of the four alkaloids in 16 batches of samples were determined by both external standard method and QAMS. The new method was evaluated by comparing the quantitative results with of the external standard method. RESULT: No significant differences were found between the quantitative results of four alkaloids in 16 batches of samples determined by the two methods. CONCLUSION: QAMS is feasible for determination of four alkaloids simultaneously, and the developed method can be used for quality control of Xiang Lian preparations.

OBJECTIVE To remove plumbum ion from the extract of Lonicera japonica by gamma-mercaptopropyl-modified silica gel (MPS). METHOD The reference plumbum ion solution was added into the extract of L. japonica as the tested samples. The static and dynamic adsorptions were investigated to evaluate the influent factors on the removal of plumbum ion in the extract. The solid content and HPLC profiles of the extract were determined to evaluate the process changes. RESULT MPS showed excellent adsorption charateristics to remove plumbum ion from the extract of L. japonica, with fast adsorption rate and more than 80% removal efficiency. The optimum parameters were as follows: 6 times sample volume, 10 times of height to diameter, and 6 BV x h(-1) of flow velocity, at the temperature of 25 degrees C. During the removal process, obvious changes of solid content and HPLC profiles were not observed. CONCLUSION MPS could be used to remove plumbum ion from extract of L. japonica.

OBJECTIVE To study HPLC characteristic fingerprint of Moghania philippinensis and provide a reliable method for scientific evaluation and quality control. METHOD The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil C15 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.3% acetic acid in gradient elution. The column temperature was set at 40 degrees C and the detection wavelength was at 254 nm. RESULT The developed HPLC fingerprint method above was applied to analyze 23 batches of crude herbs of Moghania philippinensis. The total 22 peaks were selected as the characteristic peaks. And five of them were identified as genistein, genistin, 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone and flemiphilippinin E by matching their retention time, UV spectra data with those of the authentic chemical reference substances. CONCLUSION The method is simple, accurate and reproducible. It is suitable for the quality control of M. philippinensis.

OBJECTIVE To study the key processes of Fufang Kushen injection for technical upgrading. METHOD Total alkaloids (sum of matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine and oxysophoridine) and macrozamin were selected as quality evaluation markers. The key processes of percolation with acetic acid and discoloration with activated carbon were optimized by orthogonal experiment design, and process of purification with alcohol was investigated by single factor method. RESULT The optimal condition of percolation process is as follows: the medicinal materials are soaked for 9 h with 4 times water containing 0.8% acetic acid, then percolation starts at flow-rate of 5 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) and adding 2 times 0.8% acetic acid solution is added at the same velocity. Purification process is that the concentrated solution is precipitated by 60%, 80% and 90% alcohol in turn. Discoloration process is that 6 activated carbon is added into the solution which is heated at 60 degrees C for 20 minutes. CONCLUSION The optimal extraction process is not only simple, saving the industrial cycle, reducing the potential risk, but also decreasing the acetic acid amount to guarantee the acid-insoluble ash as well as the functional ingredients.

A HPLC method for limit detection of aristolochic acid A in the Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acid or suspected-containing aristolochic acid and their preparations was established. The samples were analyzed on an Alltima C18 column eluted with methanol-water-acetic acid (68:32:1.5) as the mobile phase. Flow rate was at 1.0 mL x min(-1) and the detection wavelength was at 390 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range from 0.016 to 0.51 g (r = 0.9993) and LOD was 4 ng. The average recovery was 101.2% with RSD of 2.01%. The procedures of sample preparation were systematically investigated. The contents of aristolochic acid A in Radix et Rhizoma Asari bought from market or drugstore were fluctuated from 3.1 to 26.6 microg x g(-1) and 3 of 11 samples accorded with the quality requirement of current Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Among 15 batches samples of Chinese medicaments, only one sample was found to contain aristolochic acid A. The present investigation shows that the method is sensitive and repeatable and it could be used for the limit detection of aristolochic acid A in the Chinese herbal medicines containing trace amount of aristolochic acid A or suspected-containing aristolochic acid A and their preparations.

Objective To establish a method for quick finding the absorption ingredients of Wuzhuyu decoction in order to select the index to control its quality. Method The absorption of three concentration of Wuzhuyu decotion was investigated with the in vitro-everted intestinal sac model. The intestinal bag fluid of jejunum and ileum were collected in different time and the eight ingredients, which were evodiamine (Ev), rutaecarpine (Ru), limonin (Li), ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rg1, -Re (Rb1, Rg1, Re), isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl(6''-->1'")-alpha-L-rhamnoside (Irs)and 6-gingerol (6-Gi), were detected by HPLC as the represent constituents in samples. Result Eight ingredients except Ru in samples could be detected, but Ev could not be detected in high concentration samples. The ratios between absorption ingredients were different from in Wuzhuyu decotion. Conclusion The in vitro-everted intestinal sac canc absorb the ingredients of Wuzhuyu decotion selectivity. Compare with the ileum, the jejunum can provide the more absorption information and faster, the best test time is 60-90 min.

The Zn atom in the title compound, [Zn(NCS)2(C13H20N2O2)]·CHCl3, is coordinated by two N atoms of two isothiocyanate ligands, and an O and an imine N atom from the neutral Schiff base ligand 2-[3-(dimethylammonio)propyliminomethyl]-6-methoxyphenolate, in a distorted tetrahedral geometry.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C14H10N2O2, there are strong π–π inter­actions between mol­ecules, resulting in a one-dimensional chain structure.

In the title compound, (C(7)H(7)N(2)S)(2)[Ni(C(8)H(8)O(5))(2)]·6H(2)O, the Ni(II) cation is located on an inversion center and is O,O',O''-chelated by two symmetry-related 7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxyl-ate anions in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The 2-amino-benzothia-zol-3-ium cation links with the Ni complex anion via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Extensive O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the lattice water mol-ecules also occur in the crystal structure.