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Traditional manufacturing approaches to embed active materials, such as piezoelectrics, into metals can be problematic due to their high process temperatures or long curing times of the adhesives utilized to bond the active component to the metal. This paper presents the development and characterization of aluminum embedded with a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor using a low-temperature, solid-state metal joining process called ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). The embedded sensor is subjected to a pre-compression that is empirically optimized by varying the depth of the pocket and tape foils welded above the sensor, thus eliminating reliance on a bonding medium to mechanically couple the metal and the sensor. The technology presented in this study could enable rapid fabrication of functionalized metal structures that can be used in non-destructive testing, energy harvesting, and load monitoring applications.

The rich chemical, physical, electronic, and surface properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials have witnessed an explosion of research leading to enrichment in the 2D family of materials. Cobalt...

The fundamental motivation of this modeling study, which uses regional chemical transport models (Weather Research and Forecasting–Community Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System), is to distill ...

Background: Ofatumumab, the first fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, has been developed as a treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) which can be self-administered at home. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of ofatumumab in RMS patients from Japan and Russia. Methods: APOLITOS included a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled core-part followed by an open-label extension-part. Patients were randomized (2:1) to subcutaneous ofatumumab 20 mg or placebo. Primary outcome was the number of gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) T1 lesions per scan over 24 weeks. Results: Sixty-four patients were randomized (ofatumumab, n = 43; placebo, n = 21). Primary endpoint was met; ofatumumab reduced Gd + T1 lesions versus placebo by 93.6% ( p < 0.001) and the results were consistent across regions (Japan/Russia). Ofatumumab reduced annualized T2 lesion and relapse rate versus placebo by week 24. Both groups showed benefit from ofatumumab in the extension-part. Incidence of adverse events was lower with ofatumumab versus placebo (69.8% vs 81.0%); injection-related reactions were most common. No deaths, opportunistic infections, or malignancies were reported. Conclusion: Ofatumumab demonstrated superior efficacy versus placebo, with sustained effect through 48 weeks in RMS patients from Japan/Russia. Switching to ofatumumab after 24 weeks led to rapid radiological and clinical benefits. Safety findings were consistent with pivotal trials.

Fluorescein and phenolphthalein derivatives have been synthesized and screened for their bioactivity via molecular docking, cytotoxicity and antioxidant studies. In molecular docking studies, the compounds 3d have exhibited better glide score and hydrogen bonding ability when docked with t-RNA Dimethylallyltransferase. Antioxidant capabilities were evaluated via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. In this screening, compound 3d exhibited better inhibition efficiency in the DPPH and ABTS methods. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed by the cell sustainability assay against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). All the synthesized compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects against HeLa cells and compounds 3d displayed better activity (IC50) than the standard drug (doxorubicin).

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine response data for patients with hematologic malignancy, who carry high risk for severe COVID-19 illness, are incomplete. In a study of 551 hematologic malignancy patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, anti–SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers and neutralizing activity were measured at 1 and 3 months from initial vaccination. Compared with healthy controls, patients with hematologic malignancy had attenuated antibody titers at 1 and 3 months. Furthermore, patients with hematologic malignancy had markedly diminished neutralizing capacity of 26.3% at 1 month and 43.6% at 3 months, despite positive seroconversion rates of 51.5% and 68.9% at the respective time points. Healthy controls had 93.2% and 100% neutralizing capacity at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma on observation had uniformly blunted responses. Treatment with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, venetoclax, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, anti-CD19/CD20–directed therapies, and anti-CD38/B-cell maturation antigen–directed therapies substantially hindered responses, but single-agent immunomodulatory agents did not.Significance:Patients with hematologic malignancy have compromised COVID-19 vaccine responses at baseline that are further suppressed by active therapy, with many patients having insufficient neutralizing capacity despite positive antibody titers. Refining vaccine response parameters is critical to guiding clinical care, including the indication for booster vaccines, for this vulnerable population.See related article by Tamari et al., p. 577.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 549

The indolo[2,3-a]quinolizines, canthines, and arborescidines natural products exhibit a wide range of bioactivities including anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory, among others. Therefore, the development of modular and efficient strategies to access the core scaffolds of these classes of natural products is a remarkable achievement. The Complexity-to-Diversity (CtD) strategy has become a powerful tool that transforms natural products into skeletal and stereochemical diversity. However, many of the reactions that could be utilized in this process are limited by the type of functional groups present in the starting material, which restrict transformations into a variety of products to achieve the desired diversity. In the course of employing a (CtD) strategy en route to the synthesis of nature-inspired compounds, unexpected stereoelectronic-driven rearrangement reactions have been discovered. These reactions provided a rapid access to indolo[2,3-a]quinolizines-, canthines-, and arborescidines-inspired alkaloids in a modular and diastereoselective manner. The disclosed strategies will be widely applicable to other late-stage natural product transformation programs and drug discovery initiatives.

A series of 3-amino-5-(1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-ylamino)benzoic acid derivatives were synthesized by the Michael addition of 1,4-naphthoquinone and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid followed by the Suzuki coupling reaction. The derivatives of compound 2 were integrated, exposing it to benzolyation by an assortment of acid chlorides. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds 3b, 3c and 3d displayed better IC50 value of cytotoxicity (against HeLa) when compared with other derivatives. All the IC50 esteems were compared with the standard drug doxorubicin. DPPH and ABTS evaluation procedures are employed to assess the antioxidant activity. The compound 3d exhibited the highest inhibition of 75% and 77% in the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity evaluation, respectively.

In the present communication, we have explored the feasibility of the dissolution of U–Zr alloy in an acid-saturated amide-based organic ligand, N,N-dihexyloctanamide (DHOA) in the context of the preparation of the spent metallic fuel dissolver solution. The diverse experimental parameters such as temperature, the concentration of nitric acid, dissolution time, volume of DHOA, etc. were optimized for accomplishing the dissolution process. The present methodology requires less amount of nitric acid for the dissolution of the metalloy as compared to that of direct dissolution in nitric acid medium, and in particular, DHOA strongly influences the dissolution time and the temperature demand for the dissolution process. These added advantages certainly have the edge over the conventional dissolution process. Stripping of the loaded metal ion in DHOA phase and the recycling of DHOA were also ascertained and reported in the paper. Dissolution of U–Zr pellet in the acid-saturated DHOA phase leads to quantitative dissolution of uranium leaving zirconium as the pasty black residue with poor dissolution performance.

Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) exhibited protection against cardiac hypoxia reoxygenation injury (H/R). However, its poor water solubility and short half-life restrict its clinical usage. The present study aims to investigate whether encapsulation of CORM-2 in mesoporous silica (MSN-A-CORM-2) can enhance its anti-H/R effect in cardiac cell lines H9C2 (cardiomyoblast) and 3T3 (fibroblast). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were synthesized by co-operative self-assembly technique through solvothermal strategy and terminated with amine functional groups (MSN-A). The ligand, CORM-2, was linked to the terminal amine group in mesoporous silica. The physicochemical characterization of the compound was made by using SEM, TEM, FTIR, and EDS analysis. Further, we evaluated the biological effect of MSN-A-CORM-2 against H/R in H9C2 and 3T3 cells. The results demonstrated that MSN-A-CORM-2 was less toxic as compared to that of standard CORM-2. The comparable potential of CORM-2 in combating H/R got enhanced upon encapsulation with mesoporous silica.

The last two decades or so have witnessed an upsurge in defining the art of designing complex natural products and nature-inspired molecules. Throughout these decades, fundamental insights into stereocontrolled, step-economic and atom-economical synthesis principles were achieved by the numerous synthetic accomplishments particularly in diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). This has empowered the visualization of the third dimension in synthetic design and thus has resulted in a dramatic increase with today's diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) at the forefront enabling access to diverse scaffolds with a high degree of stereochemical and skeletal complexity. To this end, a starting material-based approach is one of the powerful tools utilized in DOS that allows rapid access to molecular architectures with a high sp3 content. Skeletal and stereochemical diversity is often paramount for the selective modulation of the biological function of a complementary protein in the biological space. In this context, stereocontrolled transformation of cyclohexadienone scaffolds has positioned itself as a powerful platform for the rapid generation of stereochemically enriched and natural product-inspired compound collections. In this review, we cover multidirectional synthetic strategies that utilized cyclohexadienone derivatives as pluripotent building blocks en route for the construction of novel chemical space. This journal is

Background Flow diverters (FDs) are an effective treatment for intracranial aneurysms, though not free from hemorrhagic complications. A previous study demonstrated increased vascular contractility after FD-implantation as a potential mechanism of distal complications. Our study aimed to investigate whether L-arginine medication affects vascular contractility following FD deployment in a rabbit model. Methods FDs were implanted in the aorta of normal rabbits (+FD, n = 10), with sham-operated aorta as controls (n = 5). L-Arginine was given in the drinking water (2.25% L-arginine hydrochloride) of half of the +FD animals (+FD/+Arg). Force contraction vascular contractility studies were performed on the aortic rings proximal and distal to the FD using an organ bath. Total eNOS, eNOS(pS1177), eNOS(pT495), COX-2, and S100A4 were quantified by western analysis on total protein lysates from aortic segments, normalizing to GAPDH. Results Mean vascular contractility was 53% higher in distal relative to proximal aortic segments (P = 0.0038) in +FD animals, but were not significantly different in +FD/+Arg animals, or in sham-operated controls. The +FD animals expressed significantly reduced levels of eNOS(pS1177) than sham-operated controls (P = 0.0335), while both the +FD and +FD/+Arg groups had reduced levels of eNOS(pT495) relative to sham-operated controls (P = 0.0331 and P = 0.0311, respectively). Conclusion These results suggest that L-arginine medication reduces distal vascular contractility after FD treatment via nitric oxide production and thus might mitigate risk for downstream complications.

Background Central venous access devices (CVAD) are an essential part of safe practices in critical care, which enable effective venous access and help in avoiding repeated venipuncture. Discard method is widely practiced for blood sampling. A single occasion of blood sampling may cause minimal blood loss; however, the cumulative volume sequential sampling may become clinically significant. The study aims to reduce diagnostic blood loss, ensuring that the subsequent blood sample is not diluted or contaminated by residual intraluminal fluid. Patients and Methods Within-subjects comparative design was adopted for 64 adult patients in the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital. Two blood samples, using 3 mL and 5 mL discarded volume methods, were collected from each patient. Six serum parameters were measured on each of the paired samples and compared. Statistical Analysis Used Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for comparing the two methods. Bland–Altman plot analysis and intraclass correlation were used for clinically meaningful analysis. Results When tested for fixed bias, there is no statistically significant difference between the methods. Potassium and creatinine levels showed significant proportional bias. The agreement limits of sodium, potassium, creatinine, and direct bilirubin were outside the clinically accepted interval, but the proportion of samples outside these intervals was less than 10%. All serum parameters showed excellent reliability, except for sodium which demonstrated good reliability. Conclusions The practice of discarding 3 mL of blood for discard method is suggested, instead of the standard 5 mL to reduce iatrogenic blood loss. Thus, nurses in critical care are uniquely positioned to limit the diagnostic blood loss while obtaining blood samples.

The grape extract is a potential natural reducing agent because of its high phenolic content. The extracts of seeds, skin, and pulp of grape were prepared by digestion, grinding, and soxhlet methods and used for reducing graphene oxide (GO). The reduced GO made using the soxhlet extract of grape seed (GRGO) was hydrothermally treated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) for the synthesis of GRGO–TiO2 nanocomposite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV–vis, photoluminescence, and Raman spectra studies further confirmed the formation of GRGO and the GRGO–TiO2 hybrid. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope studies showed the decoration of spherical TiO2 particles ( 400 nm), GRGO–TiO2 showed ∼30% higher photo-oxidation of the bromophenol blue (BPB) dye than TiO2. Also, GRGO–TiO2 decreased the total organic carbon content of BPB from 92 to 18 ppm. Overall, the soxhlet extract of grape seed was found to be a cost-effective reducing agent for the preparation of GRGO, which is a suitable material to be used in supercapacitors and photocatalysis.

This study investigates the effects of dietary Aeromonas veronii V03 supplementation on growth performances, innate immunity, and expression of immune-related genes in lymphoid organs of Cyprinus carpio and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish were fed for 4 weeks with basal diet (BD; without probiotic), and experiment diet containing different doses of A. veronii V03 at 3.2 × 107 (DI) and 3.5 × 109 (DII) CFU g−1 of diet. At the end of the probiotic feeding trial, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila, and the percentage of survival rates was recorded over 7 days. Results revealed that fish fed with A. veronii V03 demonstrated a significant improvement in growth and enhancement of innate immunity, including respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme activities, and total immunoglobulin level compared with BD fed to fish. Relatively, expression of cytokines (MyD88, IL-1β1, IL-8, and IL-10) and c- and g-type lysozymes were significantly up- and downregulated in lymphoid organs of fish. Moreover, dietary supplementation of A. veronii V03 exhibited significantly (p

Present study was undertaken to optimize the extraction conditions for the recovery of anthocyanins from an agricultural byproduct (banana bract) and also to study its utilization in green synthesize of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with anti-proliferative efficacy. Experiments were conducted to identify the suitable solvent, co-solvent and extraction conditions (soaking, shaking, heating, microwave and ultrasonic treatments) and response surface methodology design was used to optimize the selected extraction variables (citric acid concentration, extraction time and solid–liquid ratio) for the maximum recovery of anthocyanins. Results revealed that ethanol with 1% citric acid was the suitable solvent system to recover anthocyanins from banana bract (23.22 mg/100 g). Optimal conditions for the maximum extraction of anthocyanins (34.47 mg/100 g) were found to be citric acid concentration of 5%, extraction time of 180 min and liquid to solid ratio of 15. AgNPs synthesized using anthocyanins extract showed an average particle diameter of 128.70 nm and zeta-potential value of − 14.60 mV. Transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed the nano-metric range (14.27–15.09 nm), crystalline nature of AgNPs and formation of surface coating by anthocyanins extract. Promising anti-proliferative activity of the AgNPs was observed against DLA cancer cell line (IC-50 = 5.94 µg/ml). Therefore, the banana bract could be tapped as a natural source of anthocyanins to synthesize AgNPs with anticancer potential.

In this article, the photocatalytic performance of the heterostructure g-C3N4/NiO for the mineralization of the malachite green (MG) dye under the exposure of the UV light in an aqueous medium was characterized. The first part of the study was devoted to the synthesis of the heterostructured nanocomposite by single-step hydrothermal process accompanied by calcination. Physical and chemical behaviour of the synthesized photocatalyst was examined by a high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) measurements. TEM and XRD measurements confirms the formation of the heterostructured hexagonal shaped g-C3N4/NiO. The structural stability of the nanocomposite photocatalyst was analysed by XRD measurment after the recyclability test. XPS analysis disclosed the oxidation state of the nickel (Ni+2) into the photocatalyst. The superiority of our synthesized catalyst is that the better optical band gap matching and the fact that it regulates internal charge transfer of excitons within the heterojunction. Second part of the study focused on the degradation of the MG with nanocomposite g-C3N4/NiO. Scavenger analysis revealed the existence of the superoxide radicals (O2•-) as the main active species, which is the caretaker of mineralization of the MG with the nanocomposite that have one of the highest turn over frequency (TOF) till date.

Ten indole and oxindole alkaloids (1-10) were isolated from the freshly collected leaves of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom). The chemical structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS data analysis. The spectroscopic data of mitragynine oxindole B (4) are reported herein for the first time. The spatial configuration of mitragynine oxindole B (4) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Simultaneous quantification of the isolated alkaloids in the M. speciosa leaf specimens collected from different locations in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia was also performed using UPLC-MS/MS. The oxindole alkaloids (1-4) and the indole alkaloid (10) were assessed for binding affinity at opioid receptors. Corynoxine (1) showed high binding affinity to μ-opioid receptors with a Ki value of 16.4 nM. Further, corynoxine (1) was 1.8-fold more potent than morphine in rats subjected to a nociceptive hot plate assay. These findings have important implications for evaluating the combined effects of the minor oxindole alkaloids in the overall therapeutic activity of M. speciosa.

We report in this the development of nanocomposite rutin-reduced graphene oxide/titanium oxide (R-rGO/TiO2) through a chemical precipitation method to enhance the electrochemical detection and photocatalytic efficiency of the 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The structural and morphological characterization of the as-fabricated nanocomposites were carried out by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The R-rGO/TiO2 electrochemical sensor was developed for 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and rutin oxidation based on composite altered glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Moreover, R-rGO/TiO2/GCE composite exhibited accomplished electrocatalytic activity towards DCP in the linear range 5–150 μM and a low detection limit of 0.02 μM (S/N = 3). The TiO2 nanomaterial was well embellished on the surface of the graphene sheets, which helps in electron transfer from TiO2 to graphene and hence interruption by recombination method, to the foremost R-rGO/TiO2/GCE enhance the photocatalytic activity. The electrochemically sensed pesticide intermediate 2,4-DCP was the photo-catalytically degraded by the same R-rGO/TiO2 nanocomposite for water remediation. The nanocomposite exhibits higher degradation efficiency on 2,4-DCP when compared with the individual materials. After the degradation, the degraded water was studied for the animal survival study using Artemia salina as the model eco-toxicology model.

Renal complications are long-term effect of diabetes mellitus where glucose is excreted in urine. Therefore, reliable glucose detection in urine is critical. While commercial urine strips offer a simple way to detect urine sugar, poor sensitivity and low reliability limit their use. A hybrid glucose oxidase (GOx)/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) assay remains the gold standard for pathological detection of glucose. A key restriction is poor stability of HRP and its suicidal inactivation by hydrogen peroxide, a key intermediate of the GOx-driven reaction. An alternative is to replace HRP with a robust inorganic enzyme-mimic or NanoZyme. While colloidal NanoZymes show promise in glucose sensing, they detect low concentrations of glucose, while urine has high (mM) glucose concentration. In this study, a free-standing copper NanoZyme is used for the colorimetric detection of glucose in human urine. The sensor could operate in a biologically relevant dynamic linear range of 0.5-15 mM, while showing minimal sample matrix effect such that glucose could be detected in urine without significant sample processing or dilution. This ability could be attributed to the Cu NanoZyme that for the first time showed an ability to promote the oxidation of a TMB substrate to its double oxidation diimine product rather than the charge-transfer complex product commonly observed. Additionally, the sensor could operate at a single pH without the need to use different pH conditions as used during the gold standard assay. These outcomes outline the high robustness of the NanoZyme sensing system for direct detection of glucose in human urine. Graphical abstract.

Background: ARF nucleotide-binding site opener (ARNO) is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor proteins. ARF nucleotide-binding site opener also binds MyD88, and small-molecule inhibition of ARNO reduces inflammation in animal models of inflammatory arthritis and acute inflammation. However, whether genetic deletion of Arno in mice reduces pathologic inflammation has not yet been reported. Furthermore, its role in the nasal cavity has yet to be investigated. Objective: To generate Arno knockout mice and to determine whether genetic loss of ARNO reduces eosinophilic inflammation in the ovalbumin (OVA) murine model of rhinitis. Methods: Arno knockout mice were generated and wild type and knockout littermates were subjected to the OVA-induced mouse model of rhinosinutitis. Eosinophilic inflammation was assessed through immunofluorescent quantification of EMBP+ eosinophils in the septal mucosa and cytokine expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Arno knockout mice are viable and fertile without any noted deficits. Arno wild type and knockout mice subjected to the OVA-induced model of rhinitis demonstrated an average of 314.5 and 153.8 EMBP+ cells per mm2 septal tissue, respectively ( P < .05). Goblet cells per mm of basal lamina were assessed via Alcian blue and there was no statistically significant difference between Arno wild type and knockout mice. Ovalbumin-induced expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) was significantly reduced in Arno knockout mice ( P < .05). There was no statistically significant reduction in IL-4, IL-13, or eotaxin-1 expression. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that deletion of Arno reduces eosinophilic inflammation and IL-5 expression in an OVA-induced model of rhinitis.

A series of 4(5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl)-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (5a-h) were synthesized from 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-styrylfuran (3a-h) with guanidine nitrate in absolute ethanol under conventional method and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial activities and in silico studies. The chemical structure of the furan moiety containing substituted amino pyrimidine derivatives (5a-h) were elucidated from spectroscopic analysis like infrared, 1H & 13C NMR spectral data and CHN analysis. in silico docking studies were predicted for the synthesized compounds (5a-h) using bacterial protein 1UAG and in silico ADME predictions were also carried for the synthesized compounds (5a-h). The in vitro anticancer study was carried the compound 5b by MMT assay. Compound 5b shows the LC50 value of 120.15 ± 0.003 μg/mL. in vitro Antimicrobial activities were screened for the compounds (5a-h) using different strains. Compound 5h has electron withdrawing group in benzene ring substituted in the para position showed good antimicrobial activity against all the bacterial strains and fungal strains. in silico studies, compound 5h shows excellent docking score (-9.7 kcal/mol) compared with ciprofloxacin (-7.8 kcal/mol).

Objectives Mesua ferrae, from the family of Calophyllaceae, is traditionally used for the treatment of piles, fever and renal disorders. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial compounds from the leaves of M. ferrae and their β-lactam antibiotic potentiate activities against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods Stigmasterol (1) and β-caryophyllene oxide (2) were isolated from the n-hexane fraction of the leaves of M. ferrae using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach. Results The isolated compounds displayed anti-Staphylococcus and anti-MRSA activities. It is worth to note that both compounds demonstrated synergism with β-lactam antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis indicated the n-hexane fraction was dominated by triterpenes and sesquiterpenes, suggesting the total antibacterial activity exhibited by the fraction. Conclusion Based on the findings, it could conclude that M. ferrae is a promising natural source for the discovery of new anti-MRSA lead compounds.

In this study, numerical analysis for downdraft gasifier was performed. The influence of operational parameters such as temperature and equivalence ratio on the composition of producer gas was investigated. The range of temperature was from 750 K to 1150 K with an equivalence ratio of 0.2 to 0.67 were considered for this study. Moisture content of 12% and 7% was identified for Neem leaves and Asoka leaves, respectively. The main gas constituent of producer gas formed during biomass gasification in downdraft gasifier was hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), steam (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2).

B3LYP/cc-pV(D/T/Q)Z and CCSD/cc-pVDZ levels of theory predict three minima for both dimers and trimers of methanethiol. Predictions at B3LYP/cc-pVDZ corroborates exceedingly well with the earlier reported experimental value but significantly differ from the previous computational predictions. Interaction energy between the molecules decreases with an increase in the size of the basis set for both the dimer and trimer. The dipole moment of methanethiol dimer gets reduced at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory relative to all minima configurations, and the same is seen for trimer also. These new predictions are well supported by atoms in molecules (AIM), frontier molecular orbital (FMO), Mulliken charge (MC), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis.

This paper reports novel eco-friendly reduction of GO to RGO (BRGO) by Musa paradisiaca extract for choice in many areas of application. However, the layer by layer tight stackin in their thin film form inevitably diminishes the interlayer space between homogeneous ultrathin nanosheets, which could significantly hinder the electrolyte diffusion. Herein, Fe3O4 nano particles are uniformly dispersed on MWCNT with the less agglomeration and then fabricated composite with BRGO for energy storage (supercapacitor) and water remediation (photocatalytic) application. After preparation, the BRGO Fe3O4-MWCNT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV), transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The electrochemical behaviour of the material was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanometric charge–discharge (GCD) study and impedance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation was carried out in a photocatalytic chamber. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance value of 165 F/g at 2 A/g and also showed good photo degradation efficiency on the methylene green dye (MG), which is higher than the degradation efficiency of other individual materials like Fe3O4-MWCNT and BRGO. The prepared nanocomposite was found to have good cyclic stability in the capacitance study and it mineralizes the organic dye to an extent of 94%. BRGO-Fe3O4-MWCNT as effective nanocomposite for application as advanced supercapacitor electrode and developing novel photocatalyst for remedy of environmental problems.

The role of nitrogen, the first member of the pnicogen group, as an electron donor in hypervalent non-covalent interactions has been established long ago, while observation of its electron accepting capability is still elusive experimentally, and remains quite intriguing, conceptually. In the light of minimal computational exploration of this novel class of pnicogen bonding so far, the present work provides experimental proof with unprecedented clarity, for the existence of N(acceptor)⋯N(donor) interaction using the model nitromethane (NM) molecule with ammonia (AM) as a Lewis base in NM–AM aggregates. The NM–AM dimer, in which the nitrogen atom of NM (as a unique pnicogen) accepts electrons from AM (the traditional electron donor), was synthesized at low temperatures under isolated conditions within inert gas matrixes and was characterized using infrared spectroscopy. The experimental generation of the NM–AM dimer stabilized via N⋯N interaction has strong corroboration from ab initio calculations. Furthermore, confirmation regarding the directional prevalence of this N⋯N interaction over C–H⋯N and N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding is elucidated quantitatively by quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electrostatic potential mapping (ESP), natural bond orbital (NBO), non-covalent interaction (NCI) and energy decomposition (ED) analyses. The present study also allows the extension of σ-hole/π-hole driven interactions to the atoms of the second period, in spite of their low polarizability.

Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIR-DRS) was utilized to develop an algorithm using approximately 18 wavelengths spanning 480 to 650 nm to determine oxymyoglobin (OxyMb), deoxymyoglobin (DeoxyMb), and metmyoglobin (MetMb) contents on beef longissimus lumborum muscles. Daily changes in subsurface myoglobin redox forms were evaluated for 7 d using NIR-DRS and compared with the surface color as assessed by a HunterLab MiniScan spectrophotometer as a reference modality. Both measurements revealed that MetMb increased steadily over the duration of display, showing high correlation (R2 = 0.91) between the 2 methods. Comparatively, whereas NIR-DRS revealed OxyMb to have decreased steadily over the period of display, the HunterLab MiniScan spectrophotometer indicated a much later onset of the apparent decrease of OxyMb, resulting in a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.64) between the 2 methods. No correlation was found between the 2 methods regarding the changes of DeoxyMb over the duration of display. The newly developed NIR-DRS algorithm has potential as an alternative method of color assessment in postrigor skeletal muscle.

Endogenous biomarkers are emerging to advance clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk assessment in drug development. Twelve healthy subjects received a multidrug and toxin exclusion protein (MATE) inhibitor (pyrimethamine, 10, 25, and 75 mg) in a crossover fashion to identify an appropriate endogenous biomarker to assess MATE1/2-K-mediated DDI in the kidneys. Metformin (500 mg) was also given as reference probe drug for MATE1/2-K. In addition to the previously reported endogenous biomarker candidates (creatinine and N1 -methylnicotinamide (1-NMN)), N1 -methyladenosine (m1 A) was included as novel biomarkers. 1-NMN and m1 A presented as superior MATE1/2-K biomarkers since changes in their renal clearance (CLr ) along with pyrimethamine dose were well-correlated with metformin CLr changes. The CLr of creatinine was reduced by pyrimethamine, however, its changes poorly correlated with metformin CLr changes. Nonlinear regression analysis (CLr vs. mean total concentration of pyrimethamine in plasma) yielded an estimate of the inhibition constant (Ki ) of pyrimethamine and the fraction of the clearance pathway sensitive to pyrimethamine. The in vivo Ki value thus obtained was further converted to unbound Ki using plasma unbound fraction of pyrimethamine, which was comparable to the in vitro Ki for MATE1 (1-NMN) and MATE2-K (1-NMN and m1 A). It is concluded that 1-NMN and m1 A CLr can be leveraged as quantitative MATE1/2-K biomarkers for DDI risk assessment in healthy volunteers.

Highlights • Targeted anti-cytokine agents, tocilizumab and anakinra, used to treat COVID-19 related cytokine storm yield mixed results. • Early identification of cytokine storm using laboratory abnormalities can detect patients prior to mechanical ventilation. • Early identification and treatment of cytokine storm with anakinra and corticosteroids led to improved outcomes compared to initiating tocilizumab shortly after mechanical ventilation. • Early identification and treatment of cytokine storm may be more important than which anti-inflammatory treatment is chosen. • Our results provide additional support for the use of corticosteroid treatment of COVID19 cytokine storm., Objective To examine outcomes among patients who were treated with the targeted anti-cytokine agents, anakinra or tocilizumab, for COVID-19 -related cytokine storm (COVID19-CS). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all SARS-coV2-RNA-positive patients treated with tocilizumab or anakinra in Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Local experts developed and implemented criteria to define COVID19-CS. All variables were extracted from the electronic health record. Results At tocilizumab initiation (n = 52), 50 (96.2%) were intubated, and only 7 (13.5%) received concomitant corticosteroids. At anakinra initiation (n = 41), 23 (56.1%) were intubated, and all received concomitant corticosteroids. Fewer anakinra-treated patients died (n = 9, 22%) and more were extubated/never intubated (n = 26, 63.4%) compared to tocilizumab-treated patients (n = 24, 46.2% dead, n = 22, 42.3% extubated/never intubated). Patients who died had more severe sepsis and respiratory failure and met COVID-CS laboratory criteria longer (median = 3 days) compared to those extubated/never intubated (median = 1 day). After accounting for differences in disease severity at treatment initiation, this apparent superiority of anakinra over tocilizumab was no longer statistically significant (propensity score-adjusted hazards ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.18–1.20). Conclusions Prompt identification and treatment of COVID19-CS prior to intubation may be more important than the specific type of anti-inflammatory treatment. Randomized controlled trials of targeted anti-cytokine treatments and corticosteroids should report duration of cytokine storm in addition to clinical severity at randomization.

13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigations in the nematic phase of mesogens comprising a rod-like core with three phenyl rings connected to a fourth phenyl ring via a flexible spacer are reported. The molecules are abbreviated as monomer, dimer, and trimer as they comprised one, two, and three pairs of core and spacer combinations linked to ring IV, respectively. Hot-stage optical polarizing microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies confirmed that all of them exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase with additional monotropic or enantiotropic smectic mesophases. Large values of 13C-1H dipolar couplings of the order of 11 kHz are observed for all the cases for the terminal carbon C1 of the core unit. These high values indicated that the corresponding CH vector is collinear with the long axis of the molecule, which itself is aligned parallel to the magnetic field. In contrast, the terminal carbon of the ring IV (C19/C17) exhibits a relatively smaller value in the range of 2.0-2.5 kHz, reflecting the divergent local dynamics at different sections of the mesogens. The orientational order parameters of the phenyl rings computed from the 13C-1H dipolar couplings have been used to obtain the conformation of the mesogens in the nematic phase. It is concluded that the dimer and trimer exhibit C2 and C3 symmetry with the ring IV connected by spacers tilted away from the symmetry axis by 35.9 and 90° for the two cases, respectively. This leads to the interesting tripod-like molecular shape for the trimer in the nematic phase rather than the planar representation of the λ shape.

Six flavonoids (naringenin, genistein, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and myricetin) differing in number and arrangement of –OH groups in B and C-rings were γ-irradiated (100 kGy) and studied for structural changes, antioxidant (AO) and radioprotective (RP) activities. Quercetin and myricetin were highly radiosensitive and presence of C-ring 3-OH besides other structural features have resulted in C-ring cleavage and A–C, B–C conjugation destruction causing diminution in AO (≈ − 2.0 folds) and RP activities (≈ − 1.0 fold). But in others, lack of C-ring 3-OH had probably resulted in constructive radiolytic changes causing enhancement in AO (≈ 1.5–1.9 folds) and RP activities (≈ 1.0–2.85 folds).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CYP2 C9 polymorphism among healthy controls and patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to analyze the risk of disease development. We also investigated the interaction between CYP2 C9 wild type and the polymorphic variants with benzo[a]pyrene by using molecular docking analysis.The study included 46 patients with OSCC and 46 controls. Amplification of the genomic DNA was done by using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Molecular docking was then carried out to determine the interaction of CYP2 C9*1, CYP2 C9*2, and CYP2 C9*3 with benzo[a]pyrene.In the OSCC group, CYP2 C9*2 and CYP2 C9*3 polymorphisms were 17.4% and 15.2%, respectively, and in the control group, they were 8.7% and 6.5%, respectively. The OSCC group showed a statistically significant (P = .043) increase in the prevalence of CYP2 C9 polymorphic variants compared with the control group. The docking analysis showed benzo[a]pyrene to bind specifically to the altered single nucleotide catalytic site in the polymorphic CYP2 C9*3 enzyme.This study demonstrates that functionally important CYP2 C9 polymorphism exists among patients with OSCC, with a modest increase in the risk of disease development in those individuals who acquire these poor metabolizing variants. The modified docking of CYP2 C9*3 with benzo[a]pyrene signifies altered metabolism in vivo.

In the present work, hot-rolled nickel-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNSS) were solution annealed and aged at 700, 800 and 900 °C for 14 h. Precipitation behavior of Cr2N at the grain boundaries (GB) of HNSS was studied using TC-PRISMA simulation and TEM analysis. Pitting corrosion behavior of HNSS at solution annealed and aged conditions were studied using cyclic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. TC-PRISMA simulation results showed that equal volume fraction of chromium nitride (Cr2N) precipitates was observed in GBs of austenite in all three aging conditions. However, large size precipitates were observed in samples aged at 900 °C compared to samples aged at 700 and 800 °C. TEM investigations showed the presence of discrete needle like Cr2N precipitates at the GBs and coarse lamellar austenite in regions adjoining the GBs in samples aged at 700 °C aging temperature. Disk-type Cr2N precipitates were observed in GBs of austenite in 900 °C aging temperature. Besides, sample aged at 900 °C exhibited relatively higher repassivation behavior compared to solution annealed and samples aged at 700 and 800 °C.

Spurred by better understanding of disease biology, improvements in molecular diagnostics, and the development of targeted therapies, the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has undergone significant evolution in recent years. Arguably, the most exciting shift has come from the success of treatment with the B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor venetoclax. When given in combination with a hypomethylating agent or low dose cytarabine, venetoclax demonstrates high response rates, some of which are durable. In spite of this, relapses after venetoclax treatment are common, and much interest exists in elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to the drug. Alterations in leukemic stem cell metabolism have been identified as a possible escape route, and clinical trials focusing on targeting metabolism in AML are ongoing. This review article highlights current research regarding venetoclax treatment and resistance in AML with a focus on cellular metabolism.

SummaryIron sulfide (FeS) scales create well deliverability and integrity problems such as decreased production rates and damage to well tubulars. The application of chelating agents for production enhancement has been successful because of its high-temperature stability and its clean characteristic nature without the need for expensive additives. However, chelating agents have not been studied adequately for FeS dissolution. This paper investigates ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacteic acid (DTPA), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-N,N′,N′-triacetic acid (HEDTA) for their FeS dissolution capacities and kinetics at 150°F and 300°F.Chelating agents are expensive chemicals and must be investigated carefully to determine the optimum concentration, pH, treatment time, and dissolver/scale ratio. FeS (0.1 g) composed of mainly troilite was used as the scale. EDTA, DTPA, and HEDTA solutions (10 cm3) were prepared at different concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 mol/L using deionized water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ-cm. The pH of the dissolvers was dependent on the concentration and the degree of neutralization. The ligands were deprotonated at higher pH using sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. A comparative study of the chelating agents with a low pH (3 to 5), moderate pH (5 to 9), and high pH (10 to 14) determined the optimum pH for the scale treatment. The sampling time of the dissolution process set at 1, 2, 4, 8, 20, 30, and 72 hours determined the kinetics of the scale-dissolution process and helped optimize the treatment time. A dissolver/scale ratio of 100:1, 50:1, and 20:1 cm3/g were tested. The iron concentration in the dissolver was quantified using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).Two calculated parameters, dissolution capacity and dissolver consumption, determined the effectiveness of the chelating agent in dissolving FeS sulfide. From the bottle tests at 150°F, lower pH solutions were more effective. One hundred percent of the iron from FeS was complexed by 0.3 mol/L dipotassium DTPA (K2-DTPA) after 20 hours of soaking; 0.2 mol/L disodium EDTA (Na2-EDTA) and 0.3 mol/L potassium HEDTA (K-HEDTA) were able to remove, respectively, 69 and 96% of the initial iron present in 0.1 g FeS. The mechanism of dissolution at pH 10), the dissolution of the scale was negligible and was a result of solution complexation after FeS dissociation. The order of the chelating agents in terms of dissolution capacity was DTPA > HEDTA > EDTA at all pH conditions. The kinetics study showed that the optimum treatment depended on the pH of the chelating agent. For pH 5, there was an improvement in the effectiveness of the ligands because of the increase in the system energy and increased activity of the chelating agent. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study showed the changes in the morphology of the FeS particles after dissolution with low- and high-pH solutions of the chelating agent.The role of chelating agents in FeS dissolution has not been thoroughly investigated. No study reports the optimum treatment time and dissolver/scale ratio. The role of the pH of the dissolver also needs more attention. This paper fills these gaps in the literature and provides the optimum dissolver composition and treatment time for field operations.

This research presents a simple, fast and simultaneous electrochemical quantitative determination of nucleobases, for example guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T) in a beef and chicken livers samples to measure the quality of food products based on hybrids of graphitic carbon nitride/Graphene nanoflakes (g-C3N4/GNF) modified electrode. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) made of graphite-like covalent link connects nitrogen, nitride, and carbon atoms in the structural design with improved the electrical properties and low band gap semiconductor. The g-C3N4/GNF nanocomposite was synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment to form a porous g-C3N4 interconnected three dimensional (3D) network of g-C3N4 and GNF. The 3D g-C3N4/GNF/GCE was utilized for the detection of nucleic acid bases with a well resolved oxidation peak for the individual analyte. The electrocatalytic current was established to be a linear range from 0.3 × 10–7 to 6.6 × 10–6, 0.3 × 10–7 to 7.3 × 10–6, and 5.3 × 10−6 to 63.3 × 10−4 M for G, A, and T with a detection limit of 4.7, 3.5 and 55 nM, respectively. The diffusion co-efficient and the kinetic parameters were derived from the chronoamperometry technique. The proposed sensing strategy has been effectively used for the application in real sample analysis and observed that the electrode free from the surface fouling.

Rhizophora mucronata Poir is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases including cancer. Different solvent extracts (e.g., methanol, ethanol, chloroform) of R. mucronata leaves showed the presence of some bioactive components, which have been linked to antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. This study was aimed to assess the phytochemical antioxidant active compound extracted from R. mucronata leaves and identified thought chromatographs methods. Experiments were performed with three solvent extract including methanol, chloroform and ethanol. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis of R. mucronata leave extracts and identified total phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids, final antioxidant assay was done. Among the extracts tested, methanol extract showed very promising results in various qualitative and quantitative studies (phytochemical tests, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total terpenoid content). In addition, methanol extract exhibited high free radical scavenging activity. Hence, further studies were made for the identification of anti-oxidant active fraction from methanol extract of R. mucronata by column chromatography. Data confirmed the presence of two bands in the fraction by thin layer chromatography. The product chromatography fractions were repeatedly verified for antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Fraction 4 eluted with ethyl acetate and n-hexane combination exhibited a higher antioxidant activity in DPPH assay. From these findings, it was concluded that the methanol extract of R. mucronata leaves had maximum total phenolic, total flavonoid, total terpenoid content and maximum antioxidant activity, while its subfraction EH4 of ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvent system exhibited the highest antioxidant activity

N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) is an extensively used organic solvent but is also a potent pollutant. Certain bacterial species from genera such as Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes have evolved to use DMF as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth via degradation by a dimethylformamidase (DMFase). We show that DMFase from Paracoccus sp. strain DMF is a halophilic and thermostable enzyme comprising a multimeric complex of the α2β2 or (α2β2)2 type. One of the three domains of the large subunit and the small subunit are hitherto undescribed protein folds of unknown evolutionary origin. The active site consists of a mononuclear iron coordinated by two Tyr side‐chain phenolates and one carboxylate from Glu. The Fe3+ ion in the active site catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bond in DMF. Kinetic characterization reveals that the enzyme shows cooperativity between subunits, and mutagenesis and structural data provide clues to the catalytic mechanism., Break it down again: Certain bacteria can break down N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) through the action of a dimethylformamidase (DMFase). The structure and mechanism of a DMFase from a bacterium of the genus Paracoccus are presented. The enzyme comprises a multimeric α2β2 or (α2β2)2 complex, and the active site consists of FeIII coordinated by two Tyr side‐chain phenolates and one carboxylate from Glu in an unusual square pyramidal geometry.

Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that accounts for recalcitrant device-related infections worldwide. Owing to the growing interest in plants and their seconda...

In the present study, chitosan functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been synthesized. Chitosan derived from an edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus was used during synthesis of chitosa...

3D carbide systems with their robust physical and mechanical properties have always attracted multiple application interests. In this report, we have synthesized a three-dimensional in-situ carbon coated cubic carbide, Vanadium Carbide (VC@C), by a very simple, scalable and cost-effective room temperature mechano-chemical ball-milling procedure and researched its promise as effective anode material for Li and Na ion batteries. We have demonstrated that VC@C shows an impressive initial discharge/lithiation capacity of 1165 mAh g−1 with a high reversible capacity of 640 mAh g−1 after 100 charge-discharge cycles at an applied current density of 0.1 A g−1. We have also found that this material renders a very promising rate performance with significantly low capacity drop after exposing it to variable current densities ranging from 0.05 A g−1 to 2 A g−1 with an excellent stability up to 1000 cycles owing to its structural robustness, as verified by post-cycling characterizations. A Li-ion full cell study using LiCoO2 as cathode also showed excellent promise in terms of practical application demonstrating a reversible capacity of 95 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Even for Na insertion/de-insertion VC@C shows a clear promise in terms of capacity, cyclic stability and rate performance.

Utilization of natural fibers in a form of filler materials in composite structures has been successfully implemented in a broad range of industrial applications. In general, natural fibers have many advantages over synthetic counterparts, (e.g. glass and carbon) including lower density, ability to muffling vibration as well as its positive environmental impact. Hence, natural fibers can be used to enhance the characteristics of composite polymers. Expected improvements may include good thermal and acoustic insulating properties and better electrical resistance. However, in order to qualify any new developed material for commercialization, machining such as drilling, milling, cutting, bending, etc., becomes essential. In this experimental work, a newly developed Chopped Date Palm Fronds Polypropylene (CDPF/PP) bio-composite, which was mechanically characterized in a previous study, is investigated against conventional drilling operation. The data obtained through machining are processed and statistically analyzed based on Design of Experiment (DoE) to achieve the optimal input parameters using ANOVA and regression model. Moreover, the statistical evaluation of the results is useful to develop mathematical models that can be used with confidence to predict the drilling delamination for future works. In specific, optical microscopy was utilized to measure the dimension of the machined bio-composite surface to calculate the delamination factor.

Tissue engineering is currently one the fastest growing engineering fields, requiring fabrication of advanced and multifunctional materials to be used as scaffolds or dressing for tissue regeneration. In this work, a bilayer matrix was fabricated by electrospinning of a hybrid cellulose acetate nanofibers (CA) containing bioactive latex or Ciprofloxacin over highly interconnected collagen (CSPG) 3D matrix previously obtained by a freeze-drying process. The bilayer matrix was fabricated with a nanofibrous part as the primary (top) layer and a spongy porous part as the secondary (bottom) layer by combining electrospinning and freeze-drying techniques to enhance the synergistic effect of both materials corresponding to physical and biological properties. The final material was physicochemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bilayer matrix exhibited nanofibrous and 3D porous structure with properties such as high porosity, swelling, and stability required for soft-tissue-engineering applications. Furthermore, the in vitro biological and fluorescence properties of the matrix were tested against NIH 3T3 fibroblast and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines and showed good cell adhesion and proliferation over the bilayer matrix. Thus, the synergistic combination of nanofibrous material deposition onto to the collagenous porous material has proved efficient in the fabrication of a bilayer matrix for skin-tissue-engineering applications. ispartof: BIOMACROMOLECULES vol:21 issue:6 pages:2512-2524 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Disposal of hazardous waste engine oil (WEO) has become the forefront of climate change. Hence, the potential conversion of WEO is essential and also recycled through different pyrolysis techniques for better assessment. In this work, diesel-like fuel extracted from electrical pyrolysis and microwave pyrolysis was used as an alternative fuel for the CI engine. The pyrolysis oil generated by both pyrolysis processes was found to be reliable. Nevertheless, the physicochemical characteristics of both pyrolysis oil deviated from each other. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of different pyrolysis fuel have been investigated to identify the suitable alternative fuel for CI engine. The performance characteristics at rated load revealed that the brake thermal efficiency of electrical pyrolysis oil (EPO) and microwave pyrolysis oil (MPO) was 26% and 25%, respectively, which was 0.8% and 1.5% lower than diesel due to its higher viscosity. Emission characteristic shows that unburnt hydrocarbon emission of EPO and MPO was higher than diesel by 7% and 15%, respectively. Similarly, the filter smoke number was 3% and 10% higher than diesel. NO emission of EPO and MPO was lower than diesel by 27% and 13%, respectively. Also, exergy analysis represents MPO has higher potential when compared to EPO due to higher exergy efficiency.