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We have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 16.44% for the ternary polymer solar cell using a wide bandgap copolymer and two non-fullerene acceptors.

The paper presents the results of the study of the process of electrophilic intramolecular cyclization of 3-methyl(phenyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylthio)-7-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones by tellurium tetrahalides. 3-Methyl(phenyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylthio)-7-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared by the alkylation of the corresponding thions with propargyl bromide in an alkaline alcohol medium. It is found that the interaction of propargyl thioethers of 3-substituted 2-thioxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones with tellurium tetrahalides, which were obtained in situ from tellurium dioxide and six equivalents of corresponding concentrated hydrohalic acid, leads to the formation of halides of angular 4-methyl(phenyl)-5-oxo-1-((trihalotellanyl)methylidene)-8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]quinazolin-10-iums. The most optimal conditions for the tellurium-induced electrophilic heterocyclization of propargyl thioethers with tellurium terahalides are the use of glacial acetic acid as a solvent and stirring of the reaction mixture at room temperature for 24 hours. It is found that the electrophilic cyclization of 3-methyl(phenyl)-2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylthio)-7-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones by tellurium tetrahalides occurs stereoselectively with the formation of one configurational isomer. The influence of the nature of halogen in the electrophilic reagent and the substituent in position 3 of quinazoline is examined and it is found that these factors do not affect the regioselectivity of the electrophilic intramolecular cyclization process. As a result of the conducted study, potentially biologically active salts of tellurofunctionalized thiazolinoquinazolines of angular structure were received.

In 3-month bone marrow transplants of CBA mice from bone marrow donors receiving single injections of TLR-4 ligand (LPS) or NOD-2 ligand (muramyl dipeptide, MDP) 24 h before transplantation, an increase in the total number of MSCs (by 2.6 and 1.9 times, respectively), as well as a slight increase in the number of nuclear cells and the mass of bone capsules (by 1.3 and 1.2 times) were observed. After combined administration of MDР and LPS to donors, the total content of MSCs in the grafts was higher by 1.6 times in comparison with the total result of their isolated administration (and by 7.2 times in comparison with the control). At the same time, the concentration of osteogenic MSCs in the grafts of all groups was almost the same and corresponded to the control level. The number of nuclear cells and the mass of bone capsules of the grafts after combined administration of LPS and MDP were close (~80%) to the sum of the results of their isolated administration. These findings suggest that activation of the stromal tissue and the success of bone marrow transplantation depend on the intensity of innate immune responses. These data can be useful for the development of optimal methods of tissue transplantation.

Mutagenic agents such as aromatic amines undergo metabolic activation and produce DNA adducts at C8 position of guanine bases. N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) generates different mutational outcomes when placed at G1, G2, and G3 of a NarI sequence (-G1G2CG3CC/T-). These outcomes are dictated by the conformations adopted by these adducts. Detection of such lesions is of considerable interest owing to their hazardous effects. Here, we report the synthesis of three cyclometalated [Ir(L)2dppz]+ complexes (L = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy) 1; benzo[h]quinoline (bhq) 2; 2-phenylquinoline (pq) 3; dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) and their interaction with AAF adducted NarI DNA. Remarkably, complexes 1 and 2 displayed dominant 3LC transition characteristic of polar environment despite binding to the adducted sites. On the other hand, complex 3 binds to NarI sequences and behaves as a luminescent reporter for AAF-modified DNA. The results reported here emphasize that molecular light switching phenomenon can be stimulated by switching ancillary ligands and might act as potential probes for covalent-DNA defects.

In this study, g-C3N4-TiO2 nanocomposite structure has been loaded with Co3O4 via electroless plating and thermal annealing to form Co3O4@g-C3N4-TiO2 catalyst material for H2 generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis. The material characterizations of the fabricated catalyst have been performed before and after exposure to an aqueous NaBH4 solution to understand the changes in catalytic performance and material properties. The Arrhenius activation energies have been determined to be 58 kJ mol−1. The hydrogen generation rates have been observed as 180 and 1200 mL min−1 gcat−1 for the catalyst hydrolysis of NaBH4 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The catalytic activity performed in NaBH4 solution exhibited good reusability.

Introduction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of hybrid organotin compounds bis(3,5–di– tert–butyl–4–hydroxyphenylthiolate) dimethylol (Me3) and ((3,5–di–tert–butyl–4–hydroxyphenylthiolate) triphenylolol (Me5) on the level of markers of oxidative stress and apoptotic processes in the mitochondria during acute and subchronic intragastric administration to Wistar rats (females) in the maximum tolerated dose. Materials and methods. The objects of study were hybrid organotin compounds, the administration was carried out at the maximum tolerated dose of 2000 mg/kg (Me3) and 750 mg/kg (Me5) with a single and multiple intragastric administration. The study was conducted on 60 Wistar rats (females) weighing 190-210g. The concentration of cytochrome C (ng / g protein), caspase-9(ng / g protein), 8-hydroxy-2' — deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (ng/g protein), malondialdehyde (MDA) (nM / g protein)was determined in mitochondrial liver samples using test systems by enzyme immunoassay; by the biochemical method-the amount of protein (mg / ml) — by the biuretic method. Results. Me3 in both series of the experiment showed itself as a more pronounced antioxidant than Me5, which did not show its antioxidant properties. In group I animals, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of MDA and Cit C in relation to the control group, no mitDNA damage was detected, but K9 activity increased by 17%. With the introduction of Me5, the value of the MDA indicator increased by 55.5%, 8 — OHdG by 12.4% and Cit C by 66.2%. In group IV, the amount of MDA as the final product of lipid peroxidation (POL) increased by 13.6%, in group V by 22.5%. With the introduction of Me3, the level of Cit C was reduced by 23.5%, with the introduction of Me5, on the contrary, it was slightly increased. K9 activity was reduced in both experimental groups, by 9.6% and 17.3%, respectively. Discussion. Hybrid OOS containing a fragment of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol have a dual structure. The tin-containing component is prooxidant, and the radical of the spatially hindered phenol, on the contrary, is antioxidant. It is the different ratio of the described fragments in the molecules of the substances under study, in our opinion, that led to the appearance of different degrees of influence on the metabolism of mitochondria. Conclusion. Both substances that modulate changes in oxidative stress and the activity of apoptotic processes are recommended for further research as antitumor medicinal agents.

Grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based copolymers attract great attention due to their tunable ferroelectric and dielectric characteristics, which gives great perspectives for electronic applications. In this work, two strategies for polyacrylonitrile-grafted PVDF-based copolymers synthesis, namely single electron transfer radical polymerization (SET-LRP) and photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) were investigated, their advantages and shortcomings are discussed. Using these methods two series of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)-grafted-polyacrylonitrile p(VDF-co-CTFE)-g-PAN and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)-grafted-polyacrylonitrile p(VDF-co-TrFE-co-CTFE)-g-PAN with different PAN content were prepared. Important characteristics of the grafted PVDF-based copolymers such as phase behavior, thermal stability, and dielectric properties were investigated, and impacts of the macromolecular backbone type, as well as the content of grafted PAN on these properties, are discussed. It was shown that PAN incorporation leads to significant dielectric properties change since the dielectric permittivity of PAN-grafted copolymers is twice higher in comparison to the pristine copolymers. The crucial impact of PAN grafting onto PVDF-based copolymers backbone on their phase, thermal and dielectric behavior is demonstrated.

Twenty-one known specialised metabolites were isolated from the flowers of Vernonanthura nudiflora (Less.) H. Rob., the structures of the compounds were established based on 1 D and 2 D NMR spectro...

In this work we investigate the addition of n-methyl pyrrolidone solvent on the morphology of spin-coated graphene oxide film. In order to overcome the poor wettability of polyethylene terephthalat...

A possibility of determining antibacterial preparations of the tetracycline series (tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline and chlortetracycline) in waste water, natural waters, and milk by the sensitized fluorescence of europium on its hydroxide using digital colorimetry (smartphone) is studied. It is found that europium(III) forms complexes with tetracyclines in an alkaline medium, and the formation of the europium hydroxide precipitate does not change its fluorescence properties. The colorimetric parameters of the precipitate after centrifugation are measured using a smartphone. The limits of detection and determination are 0.001–0.004 and 0.005–0.01 µg/mL, respectively, for all analytes. The analytical ranges are 0.005 (0.08)–0.1 (1) µg/mL. The calibration curves are linear, R2 ≥ 0.98. A procedure for determining the total concentration of tetracyclines in waste water, natural waters, and milk is proposed. The duration of analysis is 20–30 min; the relative standard deviation of the results of analysis does not exceed 20%.

The processes of obtaining compositions based on organosilicon resin for a heat-resistant coating of accelerated drying, as well as its hydrophobization by creating an isotropic nano-microstructure on the surface, are studied. It is shown that the chemical nature, the content of the ingredients and the thickness of the coatings have the greatest influence on the physicochemical properties of heat-resistant coatings. The methods of obtaining a composition for heat-resistant coatings using a dissolver and a bead mill in various modes of operation were studied, which allowed us to develop a technological process for manufacturing heat-resistant paint and varnish material. The composition and technology of obtaining a final hydrophobic layer based on a suspension of aerosil HDK 12H and carbon nanoparticles in a fluorine-containing varnish LF 32LN was developed in order to obtain a complex heat-resistant, superhydrophobic and anticorrosive coating for the protection of metal products and its properties were investigated.

Problem Statement and purpose. The study area encompassing the territory of about 150 km2, in August 2000, was declared as a zone of environmental emergency due to increasing pollution rates in shallow groundwater, in surface water and to health deterioration of the inhabitants of some settlements. Groundwater is widely used by the local population in numerous boreholes for domestic and agricultural purposes. In the zone of environmental emergency there are about 35 anthropogenic objects, such as: industrial and domestic landfills, pesticide and fertilizer storage, various livestock farm complexes, settling tanks, wastewater and solid waste discharges, etc. The insecurity of shallow groundwater, also its location close to the surface and in the lowest parts of the terrain leads to intensive pollution of groundwater. Besides, groundwater in relation to the fractured waters of the Precambrian crystalline rocks, which lie below and are used for drinking water supply, perform the functions of both a protective screen and a source of pollution. In this case, a multifaceted study of shallow groundwater chemical composition and their formation conditions is a priority task of this study for the environmental emergency zone and for the district as a whole. The purpose of this paper to study the chemical composition and to establish the processes and factors controlling the shallow groundwater chemistry in modern and Pleistocene sediments of the Southern Bug and Syniukha interfluve. Data and Methods. A total of 102 water samples were collected from groundwater wells and boreholes and were hydrochemically analyzed for their macrocomponent composition. Groundwater quality geochemical assessment was carried out using statistical methods in combination with conventional graphical methods by examining groundwater in the Boleslavchik village, where they are most polluted. Results. The dominant hydrochemical types of shallow groundwater are SO4- Na, HCO3-Na and mixed SO4-Mg-Na, SO4-Ca-Na types, sometimes NO3-HCO3 and NO3-Cl-Na types. These groundwater types are formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, such as water-rock interaction, evaporation-crystallization, precipitation and anthropogenic impact. In this case, water-rock interaction processes, such as silicate weathering, carbonate and sulfate dissolution, ion exchange, evaporation-crystallization and anthropogenic impact play major roles. The weathering of feldspars, chlorites and dissolution of calcites, dolomites are the primary sources for Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ions, and dissolution of gypsum, sulfide mineralization for SO4 2– ions. High concentrations of Na+, Cl–, SO4 2–, NO3 – in shallow groundwater reflect agricultural activity as the main source of these ions.

BACKGROUND: TMC207-C211 (NCT02354014) is a Phase 2, open-label, multicentre, single-arm study to evaluate pharmacokinetics, safety/tolerability, antimycobacterial activity and dose selection of bedaquiline (BDQ) in children (birth to METHODS: Patients received 24 weeks’ BDQ with an anti-MDR-TB background regimen (BR), followed by 96 weeks of safety follow-up. Results of the primary analysis are presented based on data up to 24 weeks for Cohort 1 (≥12–RESULTS: Both cohorts had 15 patients, of whom respectively 53% and 40% of Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 children had confirmed/probable pulmonary MDR-TB. Most patients completed 24 weeks´ BDQ/BR treatment (Cohort 1: 93%; Cohort 2: 67%). Geometric mean BDQ area under the curve 168h values of 119,000 ng.h/mL (Cohort 1) and 118,000 ng.h/mL (Cohort 2) at Week 12 were within 60–140% (86,200–201,000 ng.h/mL) of adult target values. Few adverse event (AE) related discontinuations or serious AEs, and no QTcF >460 ms during BDQ/BR treatment or deaths occurred. Of MGIT-evaluable patients, 6/8 (75%) Cohort 1 and 3/3 (100%) Cohort 2 culture converted.CONCLUSION: In children and adolescents aged ≥5–

The lidar equation for Raman scattering of light by hydrogen fluoride molecules is solved in order to select the laser wavelength and lidar parameters and to obtain a minimum time for measuring the Raman scattering signal corresponding to the minimum concentration of the molecules at the TLV (threshold limit value) level. It is shown that the time for measuring a concentration of 1014 cm–3 HF molecules by this lidar at a laser wavelength of 405 nm and altitude in the 100–1500 m range lies within an interval of 0.04–14.4 s.

The article presents the results of research on electrically conductive hard-to-burn composite materials based on polyethylene, graphite, and some flame retardants. It is shown that optimal electrical conducting properties and the flammability rating (V0) in accordance with UL 94 test are achieved by modifying the graphite-containing composite material based on low-pressure polyethylene with ammonium polyphosphate and (or) aluminum hydroxide. It is shown that the percolation threshold of a composite material based on high-pressure polyethylene and graphite is observed at significantly higher values of the mass fraction of graphite. It is concluded that the reduction of the percolation threshold of polyethylene when filled with graphite is facilitated by an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the binder, and the formation of structured continuous conducting clusters in the composite material is observed at lower values of the mass fraction of the filler. As a result, the thermal conductivity and heat resistance of the composite material are increased owing to more efficient delocalization of the supplied heat. A number of electrically conductive hard-to-burn materials were obtained and characterized. These data allow us to directly adjust the values of the specific volume electrical resistance, physical and mechanical properties, heat resistance, and, to a certain extent, flame resistance.

The results of an initial assessment of the possibility of obtaining titanium nitride whiskers from the gas phase are reported. A theoretical assessment was made of the possibility of homogeneous formation of different types of micro-substrates with different compositions in the gas phase and the conditions for condensation of the titanium nitride phase and the growth of whiskers. Based on a thermodynamic analysis of the system under investigation, calculations of the existing critical supersaturations were performed and the homogeneous rate of condensation of titanium and titanium nitride in the gas phase was evaluated.

INTRODUCTION Praxelis genus comprises 24 species, however, only two species of this genus have been chemically investigated. Here we investigated Praxelis sanctopaulensis, a native plant from Brazil, that occurs mainly in Cerrado regions. OBJECTIVE The goal was to identify the specialised metabolites from P. sanctopaulensis, and compare with those described from Praxelis and Chromolaena species. METHODS The phytochemical study of P. sanctopaulensis was performed through different chromatography techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The structures of the compounds were established based on spectroscopic analysis, total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY), hydrogen decoupling and computational calculations was used to an unequivocal structural elucidation of a new sesquiterpene. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and antimicrobial assay was performed by the microdilution method. Comparison of the flavonoids described P. sanctopaulensis was carried out using principal component analysis. RESULTS The phytochemical investigation of P. sanctopaulensis led to the isolation of a pair of diastereomers, praxilone A and praxilone B. Seven known compounds were isolated from this species, another 14 fatty acids were detected in hexane fraction, and 26 compounds were identified from ethyl acetate fraction. All these compounds are being described for the first time in this species, with the exception of viridifloric acid. The ethyl acetate fraction showed potent antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS Forty-seven compounds are described from P. sanctopaulensis. The combination of different techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and computational calculations allowed the unequivocal structure elucidation of a new cadinene. The clustering analysis showed similarities between the flavonoids identified in P. sanctopaulensis and in Chromolaena species.

The composition and location of charged and hydrophobic amino-acid residues of the collagenase molecule from Clostridium histolyticum were investigated. The percentage ratio of the various amino-acid types on the enzyme surface was determined. It was established that the charged and hydrophobic amino-acid residues are unevenly distributed over the surface of the molecule, forming local clusters. It was suggested that the most promising supports for immobilization of bacterial collagenase are hydrophobic or non-polar polymers that are likely to interact with a region on the surface of the enzyme molecules that is remote from the active center. It was established that gels of chitosan and chitosan succinate are more promising supports for immobilization of collagenase than the cation-exchange fiber VION KN-1 and the anion-exchange fiber VION AN-1.

The manufacturing technology was tested and the quality study of super-thick sheets made of highstrength structural cold-resistant steel AB2R made from large ingots was carried out. Ingots are poured with siphon using modern pouring and heat-insulating mixtures while protecting the metal with argon. The use of the developed technology for casting large ingots together with the use of out-of-furnace refining and metal modification with aluminum and calcium provides a high level of quality of super-thick rolled products.

The results of research on the features of cyclic lability of homeostasis in gilts are highlighted. In the experiments it has been used gilts of the Red White belted breed of meat pigs at different phases of the reproductive cycle: luteal phase, estrus, on the 15th, 20th, 30th, 60th, 90th, 104th, 113th day of pregnancy and in 12 hours after farrowing. The dynamics of the content of thyroid and steroid hormones, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis were determined in blood serum. It was found out that the amount of steroid hormones in blood of gilts is labile and is determined by the physiological state, namely the onset of estrus, relative to the luteal phase, it is increased the level of thyroxine (30.0 %), triiodothyronine (26.3 %), estradiol-17 β (by 22.8 %, P < 0.01) testosterone (15.2 %), as well as a decrease in progesterone (by 37.2 %). Such changes are accompanied by the acceleration of peroxidation processes, xanthine oxidase activity increases, it is increased the content of diene conjugates (P < 0.05) and TBA-active compounds. This is accompanied by a probable increase in the level of antioxidant protection – the activity of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), vitamin A (P < 0.05) and vitamin E (P < 0.05). During two months of pregnancy, the concentration of thyroxine (P < 0.05), triiodothyronine, progesterone (P < 0.01), testosterone (P < 0.05) and estradiol-17β increases. Such metabolic shifts cause changes in the state of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in the direction of reducing the intensity of peroxidation processes. In gilts before farrow there is a decrease in thyrocoxin, triiodothyronine and progesterone. The intensification of peroxidation was found: the increase in SOD activity (P < 0.05), the dehydroascorbic acid content (P < 0.05), diene conjugates and TBA-active complexes, as well as the decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione and vitamin A (P < 0.05) and vitamin E (P < 0.05). In blood of sows after farrowing, the concentration of thyroxine increases on 1.3 times, triiodothyronine – on 2.7 times, and progesterone and estradiol-17β decreases on 1.8 and 8.7 times, respectively. It was revealed that the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes decreased: DC content by 16.3 % and TBA-active complexes by 13.3%. It was determined that the concentration of ascorbic acid decreased by 32.8 % and vitamin E – 18.9 %.

Polymer–polymer blends of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and of low-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene (LMWPE) that contained 30, 50, and 80 wt % UHMWPE, were synthesized in a two-stage polymerization of ethylene over a rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2/methylalumoxane catalyst. The conditions of the stage were chosen based on the results of study of one-stage polymerization of ethylene in the temperature range 30–80°C. The order of introduction of the components to the UHMWPE/LMWPE or LMWPE/UHMWPE polymer blend was inverted by changing the sequence of the stages. The melting points and degrees of crystallinity of the polymer products were determined. The morphologies of the surfaces of the nascent particles of UHMWPE/LMWPE and LMWPE/UHMWPE blends were compared with scanning electron microscopy. The deformation and strength properties, abrasive wear resistance, and melt flow indices of the materials were studied as functions of the order of introduction of the components and the contents of the fractions in the polymer–polymer blends.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two concentrations of each chemicals viz., 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) (0.0025 and 0.005%), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.05 and 0.10%), ascorbic acid (0.5 and 1%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (0.5–1 g) and distilled water (assigned as control) on postharvest response of broccoli heads stored under ambient (20 ± 2 °C and 55 ± 2% RH) and refrigerated (4 ± 10c and 85 ± 2% RH) conditions. The experiment results suggested that the most pronounced effect was under 6-BAP treatments (i.e. 0.0025 and 0.005%) which reduced the respiration rate, liberation of ethylene, and vital heat in treated broccoli heads under ambient and refrigerated storage when compared to other chemical treatments. Further, heads treated with 6-BAP resulted in delay in yellowing of broccoli florets and aided to increase in shelf life up to 5.5 days and 23.5 days under ambient and refrigerated conditions, respectively.

We evaluated the dynamics of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and ammonia estimation in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients due to a paucity of evidence. ACLF patients recruited from the APASL-ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) were followed up till 30 days, death or transplantation, whichever earlier. Clinical details, including dynamic grades of HE and laboratory data, including ammonia levels, were serially noted. Of the 3009 ACLF patients, 1315 (43.7%) had HE at presentation; grades I–II in 981 (74.6%) and grades III–IV in 334 (25.4%) patients. The independent predictors of HE at baseline were higher age, systemic inflammatory response, elevated ammonia levels, serum protein, sepsis and MELD score (p

This article presents the first experimental data on the ability of microbial communities from sediments of the Gorevoy Utes natural oil seep to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions. Like in marine ecosystems associated with oil discharge, available electron acceptors, in particular sulfate ions, affect the composition of the microbial community and the degree of hydrocarbon conversion. The cultivation of the surface sediments under sulfate-reducing conditions led to the formation of a more diverse bacterial community and greater loss of n-alkanes (28%) in comparison to methanogenic conditions (6%). Microbial communities of both surface and deep sediments are more oriented to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to which the degree of the PAH conversion testifies (up to 46%) irrespective of the present electron acceptors. Microorganisms with the uncultured closest homologues from thermal habitats, sediments of mud volcanoes, and environments contaminated with hydrocarbons mainly represented microbial communities of enrichment cultures. The members of the phyla Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Caldiserica (OP5), as well as the class Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia, were mostly found in enrichment cultures. The influence of gas-saturated fluids may be responsible for the presence in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries of the sequences of "rare taxa": Planctomycetes, Ca. Atribacteria (OP9), Ca. Armatimonadetes (OP10), Ca. Latescibacteria (WS3), Ca. division (AC1), Ca. division (OP11), and Ca. Parcubacteria (OD1), which can be involved in hydrocarbon oxidation.

Diversity of methano- and methylotrophic bacteria in enrichments from the oxidized sediment layer maintained at 10°C in mineral media with nitrogen compounds ( $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ and $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ ) and methanol was studied using high-throughput sequencing of the V2–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Methanotrophs of the bottom sediment belonged to the order Methylococcales, with predominance of the genus Methylobacter (6.4 and 4.6% of the total number of sequences, respectively). Members of the methylotrophic community belonged to the genus Methylotenera (family Methylophilaceae). Enrichments in the medium with ammonium and methane were characterized by the highest diversity of methanotrophs, containing 22 OTUs of the family Methylococcaceae, nine of which were not detected under other cultivation conditions. Altogether, only six out of 28 OTUs of methanotrophic bacteria exhibited similarity to cultured members of Methylobacter, Metyloglobulus, and Methylomicrobium, while others showed different levels of similarity (94–99%) to uncultured members of the family Methylococcaceae. The presence of 0.01% methanol promoted preferential development of methylotrophic bacteria, while 0.5% methanol suppressed the growth of methanotrophic bacteria irrespective of the nitrogen source added.

The effect of the quality of Russian commercial zeolites HZSM-5 of various grades on the properties of a bifunctional cobalt catalyst in the form of a composite mixture used in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was studied. The activities and selectivities of the catalyst samples were compared. The fractional and hydrocarbon composition of the synthesis products was investigated. The viscosity and temperature characteristics of the diesel fraction of fuel were determined. A promising sample of zeolite HZSM-5 was chosen for practical implementation of the catalytic technology.

The aim of the study is to identify 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy) ethyl]-6-methyluracil using various methods of analysis, as well as to study its action mechanism against wild-type and mutant forms of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT).Materials and methods. To characterize the structure of the test substance, a few kinds of analysis (X-ray diffraction, elemental, thermal) as well as a few kinds of spectroscopy (UV, IR, and NMR) have been used. The study of the action mechanism of the compound as a potential drug was carried out by evaluating the inhibitory activity against HIV-1 RT wild-type and its mutant forms corresponding to drug-resistant viral strains.Results. The studies have been carried out to confirm the structure of 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil. The UV spectrum has a pronounced absorption maximum when measuring a solution of the substance in tetrahydrofuran at the concentration of 0.10 mg / ml. In the IR spectrum, there are specific bands in the range of 4000-370 cm–1. These factors make it possible to use UV and IR spectra to identify the test compound in the substance. It has also been established that the number and mutual arrangement of functional groups, the integrated intensity of signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum, as well as the structure of the carbon skeleton, correspond to the structure of 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy) ethyl]-6-methyluracil. The results of studying the action mechanism showed that the test compound is an effective inhibitor of wild-type HIV-1 RT with an inhibition constant of 0.2 µM, as well as an enzyme inhibitor (mutation G190A) with an inhibition constant of 8 µM; enzyme (mutation Y181C) with an inhibition constant of 10 µM, as well as a reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (mutation L100I, K103N, V106A) and a double mutant K103N / Y181C with an inhibition constant of more than 20 µM.Conclusion. As a result of the performed X-ray structural, elemental, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analyzes, the structure of 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil has been confirmed. The possibility of using UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy, as well as thermal analyzes to confirm the authenticity during the verification of 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil, has been shown. The developed methods can be used in the quality control and included in the draft of practice guidelines for the investigated substance. The studies of the action mechanism of the compound of HIV-1 RT reverse transcriptase have shown that this compound belongs to the group of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1.

A simple, affordable, and safe (green chemistry) method is proposed for determining 17 quinolone antibiotics in waste and natural waters by the sorption-fluorimetric method using a smartphone as an analyte signal recorder. The method is based on static sorption of quinolones by silica gel from aqueous solutions. When the sorbate is irradiated with ultraviolet light (365 nm), blue or turquoise fluorescence is observed, the intensity of which is measured with a smartphone. The values of the basic components of the RGB colorimetric system are used as an analytical signal, followed by the calculation of the final color. The limits of detection and quantification are 0.0007–0.004 and 0.002–0.01 μg/mL, respectively, for all analyzed analytes. The range of the determined contents is 0.002 (0.01)–0.2 μg/mL. A procedure for the determination of quinolones in waste and natural waters is proposed. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.2.

Lignin is the second most common terrestrial biopolymer. It provides mechanical strength to plants, confers waterproof properties to the vascular system, and plays an important role in protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. The chemical resistance of lignin impedes the conversion of plant biomass into cellulose and biofuels; this circumstance led to intense research on lignin biosynthesis. For a long time, it was believed that lignin consists almost exclusively of three monolignols. However, about thirty more minor monomers of diverse chemical nature have been discovered to date. Using genetic engineering methods, a number of transgenic trees with altered expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and the transcription factor genes that regulate this process have been obtained. Changes in the content and/or composition of lignin allowed researchers to significantly raise the efficiency of delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of woody biomass, but these changes often led to retarded growth and distorted plant development. In search of a balance between the industrial needs and plant viability, new strategies have been proposed that are based on the inclusion of new monolignols in lignin as well as on the use of lignin-deficient natural tree forms. New physicochemical properties of lignin are expected to increase its extractability. At the same time, growth, development, and stress resistance of such transgenic plants should be studied under field conditions. The review presents the current state of research on properties and modification of lignin in woody plants. In addition, the relations between these modifications and plant viability, as well as the prospects for their commercial use, are discussed.

The features of structure formation of diffusion layers obtained by the technology, including preliminary surface treatment of steel products and subsequent thermal diffusion boriding in powder media, have been investigated. Pretreatment consisted in surface activation by superdeep penetration with a powder composition based on SiC of steel samples made of У8 steel. The features of the activation zones and their distribution over the surface are noted. The features of the activation zones and their quantitative characteristics are noted. A structural analysis of the obtained diffusion layers for the variants of low-temperature (650 °C) and high-temperature (920 °C) boration has been carried out. The chemical composition of the layer and the distribution of the main elements in it are analyzed. In both cases, a change in morphology was noted, consisting in the formation of a more compact diffusion layer and rounding of boride needles in the zone adjacent to the base metal. An increase in the layer thickness by 20–50 % and an increase in the proportion of the high-boron FeB phase relative to the variant of borating without preliminary activation were established.

Background. Improving the taste and nutritional value of sweetcorn using genetic selection techniques is an important trend. The tetraploid sugary maize cultivar ‘Baksanskaya sakharnaya’ (k-23426) has a number of advantages in terms of taste and marketability over traditional diploid varieties.The purpose of the research was to identify the distinctive biochemical characteristics that affect the taste of this cultivar in comparison with the diploid reference (cv. ‘Rannyaya Lakomka’, с-1775).Materials and methods. The differences in phenotypic traits between diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) maize plants were assessed. Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the difference in the biochemical composition of kernels in terms of protein, starch and oil content. Accumulation of metabolites in a dry kernel was studied using gas–liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry.Results. Comparison of the phenotypic traits in 2n and 4n sweetcorn plants showed that 4n had a better ear structure, protein and oil content. Analysis of metabolites showed that quantitative indicators of chemical components changed in kernels of the 4n sweetcorn without changing the qualitative composition. The chemical composition of the metabolites in 4n sweetcorn grain was characterized by an increase in the synthesis of most organic acids and protein amino acids, phosphoric acid, fatty acids, some monosaccharides, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols. A decrease in the content of most polyhydric alcohols, disaccharides, trisaccharides, some monosaccharides, and phenolic compounds was observed. An inhibitory effect of a su2 gene dose on the size of starch granules was found. Conclusion. The studies showed the advantage of the 4n sweetcorn over the 2n one due to its improved ear structure and biochemical composition, which positively affected the taste qualities.

The influence of the processing rate of nonwoven needle-punched fabrics made of polyethylene terephthalate and bicomponent fibres of different surface density on air filtration has been investigated. The dependences of the air filtration rate on the pressure drop for fabrics with a surface density of 0.2 and 0.37 kg/m2 and processed materials based on them are nonlinear. The change in the parameters of air filtration in materials obtained by varying the processing rate depends on the surface density of the fabrics. When processing a fabric with a surface density of 0.2 kg/m2, materials in which the filtration resistance and air flow modes correspond to the characteristics of the flow in the fabric were obtained. At a processing rate of 5 and 10 m/min of a fabric with a surface density of 0.37 kg/m2, materials in which, compared to the fabric, the filtration resistance increases with the transition to a laminar air flow were obtained. A decrease in the processing rate from 5 to 1.2 m/min leads to the production of a material the filtration resistance of which approaches the filtration resistance of the original fabric.

CdSe layers having high photosensitivity (photocurrent to dark current ratio of 6.2 × 104) and an extremely low carrier concentration (9 × 1011 cm–3) have been grown on muscovite mica by thermal evaporation in a quasi-closed system. These results are of interest for producing materials for position-sensitive semiconductor photodetectors based on CdSe layers. We have demonstrated that the 78-K cathodoluminescence spectra of the cadmium selenide layers grown at 853 K have a single line, corresponding to radiative annihilation of free A-excitons. The spectra of the layers grown at 833 K show a line of free A-excitons and its first phonon replica.

The chemical investigation of Chromolaena palmaris (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob. expands the phytochemical composition knowledge of Chromolaena genus, since this is the first chemical investigation of this species. Twenty-five compounds were identified, including a phytoprostane, 17 flavonoids, 6 phenolic acids, and a caffeoyl-glucoside derivative obtained by classical chromatography and UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis. Moreover, anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antiproliferative activities of C. palmaris were evaluated. Dichloromethane fraction showed cytotoxicity towards human cancer cell lines, presenting TGI values on glioma (U251) of 27.8 μg mL-1. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC of 62.5 and 15.6 μg mL-1, respectively.

This article contains the first obtained results of measuring the latitudinal variations of the very weak ammonia (NH3) absorption band at 552 nm along the central Jupiter meridian based on spectral observations in 2019. This study is preliminary in nature as the first attempt to clarify the possibility and advisability of further detailed study of this weak ammonia band behavior on the Jupiter disk. We obtained the latitude variations of the equivalent widths and equivalent absorption paths for the 552 nm NH3 band and, for comparison, the same characteristics for the more intense, but also weak NH3 645 nm band. The absorption maximum in both bands is observed in the equatorial zone, where in the center of the disk their equivalent widths are: W (552 nm) = 2.58 ± 0.29 A and W (645 nm) = 6.77 ± 0.25 A. A feature that distinguishes the behavior of the 552 nm NH3 band from the 645 nm NH3 band is a steeper decrease in absorption towards high latitudes, as well as small differences in the positions of absorption extrema in latitudes. The effect of latitudinal differences in the position of the extrema of the methane absorption bands was discovered by us as early as 1999 observations and was later noted also in the ammonia absorption bands. These features reflect structural differences in the Jupiter cloud layer and its troposphere and can serve as one of the means for its (troposphere) optical sounding.

Virologic failure may occur because of poor treatment adherence and/or viral drug resistance mutations (DRM). In Brazil, the northern region exhibits the worst epidemiological scenarios for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the genetic diversity of HIV-1 and DRM in Manaus. The cross-sectional study included people living with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy and who had experienced virological failure during 2018-2019. Sequencing of the protease/reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) and C2V3 of the viral envelope gp120 (Env) regions was analyzed to determine subtypes/variants of HIV-1, DRMs, and tropism. Ninety-two individuals were analyzed in the study. Approximately 72% of them were male and 74% self-declared as heterosexual. Phylogenetic inference (PR/RT-Env) showed that most sequences were B subtype, followed by BF1 or B C mosaic genomes and few F1 and C sequences. Among the variants of subtype B at PR/RT, 84.3% were pandemic ( B PAN ), and 15.7% were Caribbean ( B CAR ). The DRMs most frequent were M184I/V (82.9%) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), K103N/S (63.4%) for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and V82A/L/M (7.3%) for protease inhibitors (PI). DRM analysis depicted high levels of resistance for lamivudine and efavirenz in over 82.9% of individuals; although, low (7.7%) cross-resistance to etravirine was observed. A low level of resistance to protease inhibitors was found and included patients that take atazanavir/ritonavir (16.6%) and lopinavir (11.1%), which confirms that these antiretrovirals can be used—for most individuals. The thymidine analog mutations-2 (TAM-2) resistance pathway was higher in B CAR than in B PAN . Similar results from other Brazilian studies regarding HIV drug resistance were observed; however, we underscore a need for additional studies regarding subtype B CAR variants. Molecular epidemiology studies are an important tool for monitoring the prevalence of HIV drug resistance and can influence the public health policies.

The scientific review article allows to evaluate the relevance of scientific research of gluten-free bakery and confectionery products produced on the basis of secondary types of flour and flour mixtures, modern sources of non-traditional types of fruit and berry raw materials, innovative technologies, functional ingredients, designed to maintain the health of the population suffering from gluten intolerance. Much attention is paid to the use of amaranth seed flour in bread production, which has a higher biological value compared to traditional types of flour. Adding, along with amaranth flour, chufa tuber flour, carrot, rowan, pumpkin, apple and other powders to the dough can expand the diet of patients with symptoms of gluten intolerance. In particular, the apple powder contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, excess weight, removal of heavy metals from the body, prevent the development of atrophy of the skeletal muscles, and carrot powder - speed recovery from a nervous breakdown, prolonged stress, strengthen the heart muscle, improve blood vessels, enhance immunity, prevent the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc. The technology of production of gluten-free products based on amaranth seed flour mixed with corn or rice flour continues to be improved, which significantly increases the nutritional value of these products and expands the range of affordable gluten-free food products of domestic production. Another example is croissants baked on the basis of rice, buckwheat, flaxseed, almond and Teff flour. The analysis of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters showed that they meet the requirements of quality and high taste and aroma characteristics. Gluten-free bread based on chia flour, buckwheat flour, flax, soybean, amaranth, millet, tapioca, sorghum, peas, quinoa, rice and lupine flours contain a high amount of dietary fiber, positively influencing the quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microflora and helping to preserve the freshness of baked products. Despite the commonality of existing approaches in the production of gluten-free products, scientists suggest supplementing the existing recipes with secondary types of flour, fruit and berry and other functional components. Thus, the problem of using gluten-free flours in the production of functional products remains the object of increased scientific attention on the part of scientists, manufacturers and consumers.

The purpose of the research was to study the content of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in feed and their eff ect on the digestibility of feed nutrients in broilers. The paper provides unique information on the contamination of the feed in the Russian Federation with T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The studies have beene performed using the most objective laboratory method of high-performance chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry on modern equipment. New knowledge has been obtained about changes in the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestine and blood plasma in meat chickens when they consume feed with different levels of T-2 and HT-2 contamination with toxins. The presence of T-2 toxin at a dose of 1073±53,7 mcg/kg (exceeding the MAC by 10 times) and HT-2 toxin in the feed affects the digestive processes and the digestibility of feed nutrients in meat chickens. The infl uence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins on the digestibility of dry matter of feed, protein, and fat by meat chickens has been determined. The presence of mycotoxins in the feed did not affect the average live weight of broilers. Broiler chickens that consumed feed with mycotoxins lagged behind in growth by 3,8 %, and those who received a feed additive with contaminated feed by 2,7 % from the control group. The use of the feed additive Mycofix Plus 5,0 for the inactivation of mycotoxins in an amount of 1 kg/t when the feed was contaminated with 173 mcg/mg of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was rational and contributed to the improvement of the digestibility and use of feed nutrients by broilers and consequently their productivity.

The cytotoxic activity of perfluoroalkyl imidazoindazoles and imidazobenzisoxazoles with respect to MCF-7 (human breast carcinoma) and HepG2 cell lines (human hepatocellular carcinoma) was studied. The imidazoindazoles exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines. 2,6-bis(4-Fluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-8-trifluoromethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-e]indazole displayed the most pronounced cytotoxic action. Regioisomeric imidazobenzisoxazoles inhibited extensively growth of HepG2 cells. The mechanism of cytotoxic action can be related to the induction of apoptosis as a result of disruption of the cell cycle, in particular, arrest of HepG2 cells in the G2 phase and MCF-7 cells in the G1 phase.

It has been shown that the introduction of a polyaniline dispersion into an alkyd-urethane emulsion leads to a decrease in the average particle size of the modified dispersion. The introduction of undoped polyaniline results in an increase in the stability of the modified dispersion over the entire studied range of contents. It was found that the introduction of doped (up to 2.6 wt %) and undoped polyaniline (up to 3.9 wt %) into coatings brings about an increase in both the initial curing rate and the content of the cross-linked polymer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies have shown that the introduction of polyaniline in both doped and undoped forms leads to a decrease in the corrosion current density of steel under the coatings and an increase in their impedance.

The possibility of determining the active substances of antibacterial drugs of the tetracycline series (tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, metacycline, and chlortetracycline) using solid-phase fluorescence digital colorimetry is considered. The intrinsic fluorescence of tetracyclines and tetracycline-sensitized fluorescence of europium on cellulose paper and a thin layer of silica gel was studied. Yellow-green (tetracyclines) and pink (europium) fluorescence were observed upon irradiation with UV light (365 nm) of spots of tetracycline solutions applied to the matrix. The fluorescence intensity on the matrix surface was measured using a smartphone. Values of colorimetric parameters in the RGB system were used as the analytical signals (Ar). The limits of detection and quantitation were 1 – 5 and 3 – 17 μg/mL, respectively, for all analytes. The ranges of the determined concentrations were 3 – 500 μg/mL. The technique was tested for medicinal products. The relative standard deviation of the analytical results was ≤0.06.

The review discusses the present-day data on the biochemistry, bioenergetics, and genetics of acetogens, as well as their biotechnological potential. Acetogens are anaerobic gram-positive bacteria capable of growth on gaseous substrates: CO2, CO, H2. These bacteria have a characteristic biochemical pathway of CO2 reduction to acetyl-CoA, termed the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway or the Wood‒Ljungdahl pathway. This is the only pathway of CO2 fixation coupled to energy storage. Due to their efficient non-photosynthetic CO2 fixation, acetogens may be used for production of chemicals and biofuel in the expected economy based on renewable energy and resources. The shortcomings of acetogens growing on gaseous substrates are low energy provision and a narrow spectrum of terminal metabolites, primarily acetic acid and ethanol with low amounts of butanol and butyric acid. Acetogens are capable of heterotrophic growth on such substrates as sugars, lactate, or alcohols. Mixotrophy, i.e., simultaneous utilization of different substrates by acetogens, is a promising approach to increasing the energy provision. Application of the methods of metabolic engineering is required both for successful coupling of different metabolic pathways and for broadening the range of synthesized products. Genetic tools for the transformation of genomes of acetogens have been considerably improved in recent years.

Numerous silicate, Fe-oxide, and Cu–Au–Ag microspherules are found in Fe ores and pyroclastic rocks of the Kostenga deposit, Lesser Khingan (Far East of Russia). The silicate spherules contain immiscible Fe and Si glasses, vapor voids, and mineral inclusions. The Fe-oxide spherules host magnetite with a small amount of ilmenite and Fe-rich silicate glass. The Cu–Au–Ag spherules contain inclusions with dominant CuO in their composition. These microspherules are considered to form due to rapid uplift and degassing of liquation-differentiated ore-silicate melts. The possible volcanic formation of ores and precious metal mineralization is discussed for these types of the deposits.

Thermal inactivation of ficin, bromelain, and papain was studied in solution and upon their immobilization on matrices of medium- (200 kDa) and high-molecular-weight (350 kDa) chitosans. Native ficin was inactivated at 70°C after a 10-min exposure; bromelain in solution retained up to 40% of its activity after a 60-min incubation at 60 and 70°C; and the enzymatic activity of free papain remained constant at 70°C over the total exposure period (60 min). Ficin, bromelain, and papain in solution were fully inactivated at 80 or 90°C after 10-min incubation. Immobilization on chitosan matrices of ether type increased the thermal stability of ficin, which retained at least 20% of its enzymatic activity at 70°C. After immobilization, ficin was completely inactivated at 80 and 90°C after a 10-min incubation, while papain and bromelain retained more than 10% of their initial catalytic activity in these conditions.

Store-dependent Ca2+ entry is a ubiquitous mechanism of regulated Ca2+ entry into eukaryotic cells. It is activated upon depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores and is involved in the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes. To elucidate the pharmacological characteristics of store-dependent Ca2+ entry into cells, we studied the effect of YM-58483, pyrazole derivative immunosuppressant, on the store-dependent Ca2+ entry in rat peritoneal macrophages induced by the endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, as well as the disulfide-containing immunomodulators glutoxim and molixan. Using Fura-2AM, fluorescent calcium indicator, it has been shown for the first time that, in rat peritoneal macrophages, as well as in other cell types, pyrazole derivative YM-58483 effectively inhibits store-dependent Ca2+ entry and is a useful pharmacological tool to study the store-dependent Ca2+ entry in macrophages. The data obtained additionally confirm that Ca2+ entry induced by glutoxim or molixan is realized via the store-dependent mechanism.

A localization of charged and hydrophobic amino acid residues in the trypsin molecule was studied, and a percentage of the amino acids of different types on a surface of the enzyme globule was determined. The charged and hydrophobic amino acid residues were shown to be irregularly distributed on the protein surface and to form local clusters. The VION KN-1 and VION AN-1 fibers and chitosan were found to be promising carriers for the trypsin immobilization, because an adsorption on these fibers provided the preservation of 54, 58 and 65% of the catalytic activity of the native enzyme in solution, respectively (measured according to the hydrolysis rate of the bovine serum albumin). The IR spectra of the native (free) enzyme and the enzyme immobilized on the polymeric supports were analyzed. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were shown to be dominant during the trypsin adsorption on the VION fibers. Carboxyl groups of the VION KN-1 interacted with positively charged regions of the molecule which contained His, Lys, and Arg. A large number of amino groups of the VION AN-1 and chitosan created an excessive positive charge which, possibly, provided a binding to the negatively charged Asp and Glu. However, hydrophobic interactions in which Gly, Ala, Tyr, Val, Phe, Pro, and Leu were involved became the most important for the trypsin adsorption on chitosan.

Platform carbonate formations in various climate zones differ with respect to not only composition and structure of the composing rocks and but also the internal structure of rock sequences. Rock formations in humid zones are composed mainly of the biomorphic and bioclastic limestones. Vertical sections of formations are relatively heterogeneous. The composition and structure of formations are relatively constant over the area. Formations in the arid zone are distinctly dominated by dolomites; gypsums and anhydrites are subordinate; and limestones are optional. The vertical section of these formations is differentiated: dolomite and dolomite–sulfate bands intercalate with limestone bands. The spatial distribution of rocks and formations underwent fundamental changes. In proximal zones of the sources of seawater with the mid-oceanic salinity, the sections are relatively heterogeneous and composed of limestones; dolomites prevail in the distal zones; and the section is strikingly heterogeneous. Differences in the formation composition also define the composition of oil-and-gas reservoirs at both regional and local scales.