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Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

Introduction. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is widely applied for liver disease treatment by traditional medicine of different countries; as well, it is the object for pharmacological research of hepatoprotective activity. In this regard, the method for obtaining dry extract of wild chicory herb (WCHE) is developed in the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.Aim. Aim of the research is determination of the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds, identification of the substances prevailing in WCHE and conducting pharmacological screening of the extract.Materials and methods. WCHE chemical composition has been explored with HPLC-MS/MS method; the main components were determined quantitatively with HPLC-UF method using single compounds that were isolated by us earlier and identified by NMR spectroscopy. WCHE pharmacological screening of hepatoprotective activity research was involving 50 male rats. Acute toxic hepatitis in animals was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of 50 % oily solution of tetrachloromethane (TCM) at a dosage of 0.4 ml per 100 g body weight. One hour before administration TCM, animals received WCHE at the doses of 100 or 500 mg/kg. 48 hours after TCM administration, the activity of serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as the content of total bilirubin were determined for preliminary establishment of pharmacological activity. Pathomorphological studies of rat liver were carried out using histological methods. The liver histological structure was inspected using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results and discussion. The component composition of WCHE is represented by oxycoumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. The dominant phenolic compounds are esculetin, chicoriin, chicoric, chlorogenic and caftaric acids. It was found under acute experimental toxic hepatitis, that preliminary WCHE administration reduces the toxic TCM effect on liver cells. In animals treated with WCHE at doses both 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight, it was observed decreases in ALT activity by 35 % and 45 %, AST by 15 % and 28 %, alkaline phosphatase by 15 % and 21 %; the content of total bilirubin by 20 % and 29 %, respectively, in comparison with similar indicators in the group of animals that were not treated with the extract. The histological study showed that WCHE administration to animals at the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg reduces dystrophic changes in hepatocytes, this effect is more pronounced at the extract dosage of 500 mg/kg.Conclusion. Main WCHE components are oxycoumarins (esculetin, chicoriin), hydroxycinnamic acids (chicoric, chlorogenic and caftaric). According to the results of screening studies, it was established that WCHE in doses of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg is a promising object for further pharmacological research.

The research objective was to determine the best treatment from the results of the antioxidant test, phenol content, tannins and the yield of crude extract of hypocotyl B. gymnorhyza in the mature phase in solvents with different levels of polarity. The sample extraction was carried out using a single maceration method with organic solvents according to the experimental treatment. Soaking the simplicia powder in a suitable solvent (1: 5) for 3 x 24 hours in a dark and closed container. During maceration, the samples were placed in a dark room and solvent replacement is is carried out every 24 hours. The filtrate is then evaporated vacuum at a temperature according to the boiling point of each solvent. Each treatment extract was then tested for its antioxidant strength (IC 50 ), total phenol, tannin content and yield. The results showed that the best treatment was purple hypocotyl aceton extract of B. gymnorhiza, with an antioxidant power (IC 50 ) of 3.98 ppm, total phenol 21.61 mg.GAE/100 mg extract, tannin 59.20 ppm and yield 4.10%bk simplicia.

Introduction: Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is an ornamental flowering plant with numerous traditional medicinal uses. It has been claimed to have anti-spasmodic activities, but only limited studies have been done to support this. The objective of this research was to investigate anti-spasmodic effect of L. japonica flower extract on uterus contractions. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared using the maceration technique. In addition, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared using a solvent in solvent fractionation technique. Essential oils were collected using the hydro-distillation technique. Rat isolated uterus was suspended in an organ bath and contracted with oxytocin, acetylcholine (ACh), KCl, or application of electrical field stimulation (EFS). The relaxant effects of the extract, its fractions, and nifedipine were examined on uterine contrition induced by the above-mentioned stimuli. Results: Nifedipine in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited uterine contraction induced by oxytocin, KCl, ACh, and EFS. L. japonica flower extract also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the isolated rat uterus. Comparison of the hydroalcoholic extract with its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed that the chloroform fraction was the most potent and the ethyl acetate the weakest part of the plant with antispasmodic activity. The relaxant effect of essential oil had close similarities to that of chloroform extract. Conclusion: Lipophilic compounds isolated by the chloroform partition of crude hydroalcoholic extract of L. japonica flower exhibited the most antispasmodic activity. Ethyl acetate partition of the same extract exhibited the least activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the spasmolytic constituents of L. japonica flower reside in chloroform partitioning. The nonpolar essential oils may also have a contribution.

Diabetes mellitus is a global medical and social issue. In the developed countries of the world, from 5 to 12% of the population are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and, according to WHO prognosis, the level of this disease may increase to 30-35%. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that progresses over time, but the rational and systematic use of hypoglycemic synthetic drugs and phytopreparations can significantly delay the onset of insulin therapy. A promising source of BAS with a hypoglycemic effect is the raw material of plants of the Heather family, namely, bearberry leaves. However, on the Ukrainian market there are no domestic galenic and novo-galenic preparations based on biologically active substances of this raw material, which indicates the prospects for the development of new drugs, including those with hypoglycemic action. The aim.The aim of the study was to study the phytochemical composition and to carry out a screening of the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with various amino acids to identify promising substances with hypoglycemic action. Materials and methods.The objects of the study were 11 dry extracts from bearberry leaves, 10 of which were modified with various amino acids. The study of the phenolic compounds of the extracts was carried out by TLC, HPLC, and spectrophotometry. To assess the hypoglycemic activity of the extracts, two experiments were carried out - primary screening and oral glucose tolerance test. Results.Using TLC and HPLC, in the extracts obtained arbutin, gallic acid, 5 flavonoids were identified, among which hyperoside was dominant, 4 hydroxycinnamic acids, among which chlorogenic and caffeic acids were dominant, and their content was established. In the extracts obtained, main groups of phenolic compounds were quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Dry extracts from bearberry leaves, modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid, showed the strongest hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions.The chemical composition of phenolic compounds and the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with 10 different amino acids were determined. The most promising substances turned out to be extracts modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid; therefore, they are promising agents for the development of new drugs.

Background We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aloe Vera gel extract and antibiotic resistance against in Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from animal's skin infection. Objective The purpose of this study was has been designed to check the antibacterial effect of Aloe Vera against some common skin pathogens, and its comparison to commonly used antibiotics, with the aim to provide the cheap source of medication. Material and methods We performed a prospective study to determine 150 Skin infections were isolates obtained from septic wounds with sterile cotton swab at different Animal and applied to freshly prepared slants of nutrient agar, Mannitol Salt agar (Oxoid), and further conformation Catalase and a coagulase test were performed for biochemical characterization. We used Skin wound isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance and Aloe Vera gel screening by disk diffusion method. Result Four bacterial spp. strains were isolated from 150 skin infection of animals, the prevalence of organisms were found positive for Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella Spp and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of above isolates was also studies against 10 different clinically significant antibiotics. Aloe Vera leave gels were extracted with four different solvent were used during research. This result showed that ethanol extracts of Aloe Vera both leaf and root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that are so prevalent in the skin infection. Conclusion This investigation further assures that the plant extracts could be used for the treatment of microbial infections, our present findings we recommended that Aloe Vera gel at optimum concentration could be used as an antiseptic for prevention of some microbial skin wound infections. It is believed that this study could be used to identify new and more potent antimicrobial drugs of natural origin.

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, flavor and bioactive compounds between Korean and imported velvet antlers (VAs)-derived extracts. The Korean (KVA), Russian (RVA) and New Zealand (NZVA) VAs (n=24 each, dry form) purchased from a local supplier were used in the investigation. After extracting with water (750 g VA with 6,000 mL water) for 20 h at 95°C, the VA extracts (VAE) were then used for analysis of antioxidant activity, amino acids (AAs), flavor and bioactive compounds. Compared to the RVA and NZVA, the KVA extract showed significantly higher 2,2-diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging activities (p

The premise of the pharmacology of natural product is to explore benefits of natural resources for the mankind. Medicines extracted from natural resources are considered as primary source for drug discovery. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the safety profile and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Cucurbita maxima (C. maxima) and Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) seeds. These seeds are edible, good in taste and have been used for several therapeutic purposes. Acute toxicity of the seeds was evaluated by Lorke's method while Eddy's hot plate and tail immersion methods were used to assess analgesic activity in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat hind paw edema method. The seed extracts of C. maxima and C. sativus were found to be safe and showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the control group. The therapeutic effects of these extracts were almost comparable to aspirin and brufen. Therefore, the seeds can be used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Biofilms have higher levels of antibiotic resistance compared to bacteria, so the alternatives are needed as therapy for diseases caused by biofilm infections. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has the advantage of being a safe alternative that involves molecular-level photochemical reactions. The use of different types of exogenous photosensitizers (PS) was done to compare their effectiveness. Turmeric extract containing curcumin has good effectiveness in PDT, whereas nanodoxycycline as an antibiotic has a fairly broad absorption spectrum and is effective as PS. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on infections by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causing periodontitis using exogenous organic and non-organic photosensitisers (PS). The A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm had been grown on 96-well microplate for 72 hours incubation time. The samples were divided into three groups, treated with Laser diode, Laser + Turmeric Extract 0.5%, and Laser + Nanodoxycycline 0.1%. Treatment was done with a variety of exposure times: 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds. The data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The results of data analysis showed that diode laser irradiation treatment with endogenous porphyrin, diode laser with Curcumin and diode laser with nanodoxycycline produced significantly different biofilm reductions. Treatment with diode laser irradiation at various energy densities (4.15, 8.28, 12.44, 16.59, and 20.73 J/cm2) showed no significant difference in reducing bacterial biofilm. The treatment with diode and curcumin, and the treatment with diode laser irradiation and nanodoxycyclin showed a significant difference. Diode laser irradiation of 20.73 J/cm2 with irradiation time of 150 seconds resulted in the greatest reduction of biofilm 14.94%, diode laser irradiation + Curcumin 47.82%, and diode laser irradiation + nanodoxycyclin 53.76%. Therefore, PDT using a diode laser combined with exogenous PS extract of curcumin and nanodoxycycline is more effective to reduce bacterial biofilms.

Diseases of the urinary tract and kidneys occupy a leading place in the structure of diseases all over the world. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves are one of the most widely used types of medicinal plant materials (MPM) with diuretic and uroantiseptic action. However, a decoction from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi has certain disadvantages: the duration of the manufacturing process of the dosage form, the lack of standardization before use, the inaccuracy of dosage and the short storage time of the dosage form, which leads to a low complementarity of this remedy, therefore, the development of standardized extracts from this raw material is relevant. The aim.The aim of the research was a phytochemical study of a phenylalanine-modified dry extract from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi to establish the possibility of creating a new diuretic drug. Materials and methods.The object of the study was dry extract from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, modified with phenylalanine. Phytochemical studies of phenolic compounds and saponins were carried out by HPLC and spectrophotometry. Determination of diuretic activity was carried out according to the method of E.B. Berkhina on outbred rats. Determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained extracts was carried out by the method of carrageenan edema in white rats. The study of the antibacterial activity of the extracts was carried out by the method of diffusion into agar. Results.In the extracts obtained by HPLC, phenol glycoside (arbutin), 2 phenol carboxylic acids (gallic and ellagic), 6 flavonoids, 8 saponins were identified and their quantitative content was determined. Among flavonoids, hyperoside and catechin were dominant; among saponins, ursolic acid, uvaol, and lupeol were dominant. In the obtained extracts, the content of the main groups of phenolic compounds was determined by spectrophotometry. Dry extract of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, modified with phenylalanine, showed pronounced diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial (in relation to St. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans) activity. Conclusions.The chemical composition, diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of dry extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves modified with phenylalanine were determined. The obtained dry extract is noted for better solubility, bioavailability and pharmacodynamics, therefore it is a promising substance for creating new drugs in various dosage forms

A number of novel coumarin derivatives synthesized by the reaction of 3-carbonyl chloride coumarin with some substituted aryl acid hydrazides to investigate their anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities. Carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1%, w/v) was injected subplantarly in the right paw of rats to induce an acute model of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated for 5 hours at 3 different dosages 5, 10, 25 mg/kg. After that, the changes in the level of paw edema volumes and percentage inhibition of all groups were observed and the most effective coumarin derivative was found as N'-(2-hyroxybenzoyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide. In addition, N'-(2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonyl)nicotinohydrazide, (E)-N'-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acryloyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide, and N'-(5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromone-3carbohydrazide showed their anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 80 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizure model was used to investigate the anticonvulsant activities of six newly synthesized coumarin derivatives in mice. Hybrid compound of salicylic acid hydrazide and 3-carbonyl chloride coumarin (8d) was found the most promising anticonvulsant agent among all treatment groups according to the onset of seizure and survival rate. Moreover, (E)-N'-cinnamoyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohyrazide (8b) and (E)-N'-(3-(4-hyroxy phenyl)acryloyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide (8c) has potential anticonvulsant efficiency in low doses (30 mg/kg). The anticonvulsant effect of these coumarin derivatives may be through enhanced GABA-mediated inhibition in the brain. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Background The aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis(A. inermis) stem bark was screened for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, acute oral toxicity, and preliminary prophylactic normoglycaemic test and effect on Oral Glucose Tolerance in albino rats. Methods Andira inermis was double macerated and extracted with 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity were performed using standard methods. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging spectrophotometric assays. Prophylactic control of glucose was evaluated in normoglycaemic and glucose-challenged albino rats. Graded test doses (100–400 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were used in the investigation. The effects observed were compared with that of glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg) and distilled water control groups. Results The stem bark extract of A. inermis was found to contain saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, flavanoids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and alkaloids. The extract was found to have a significant in vitro antioxidant activity in both methods. The oral acute toxicity study showed the extract had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic animal model (the control group seen to have − 5.6(− 8.7%) poor glucose handling; and the glibenclamide& extract treatment group (100 mg/kg) to positively reduce blood glucose 14.8(26.8%) & 16.4(25.9%) respectively). The glucose challenged test, from the 1st hour, showed − 57.4(− 89.4%),-26.8(− 33.8%),-23.8(− 26.3%),-12.8(− 13.9%) and − 9.8(− 10.4%) for the vehicle control, glibenclamide (positive control), and the 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg extract treatment groups respectively. The extract showed mild hypoglycemic effect in the results recorded, up to the 4th hour. Conclusion The results of this study elucidated that the aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis stem bark possessed potent antioxidant phyto-constituents with potential hypoglycaemic effects that could be explored for therapeutic use worldwide following isolation and characterization of the bioactive principles. And the results also authenticate the folklore use of the plant.

Objective: Butein is a potential agent first isolated from Rhus verniciflua that has medicinal value in East Asia and has been used in the treatment of gastritis, gastric cancer, and atherosclerosis since ancient times. The aim of our study is to show, for the first time, the anti-ulcerative effect of butein in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 mice were fasted 24 hours for the ulcer experiment, and 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses of butein were evaluated for their antiulcer activity. Famotidine 40 mg/kg was used as a positive control group. For ulcer induction, 25 mg/kg dose of indomethacin was administered to the mice and after 6 hours all stomachs were dissected out. After macroscopic analyses, tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), COX-1, and COX-2 mRNA levels of stomachs were evaluated by Real Time PCR, and Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by ELISA. Results: Butein administration exerted 50.8%, 65.9%, and 87.1% antiulcer effects at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Butein administration decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in stomach tissues dose dependently. Furthermore, butein administration increased stomach PGE2 levels and decreased COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels. Conclusion: Butein has been shown to have a healing effect on ulcers in macroscopic examinations in our study. We observed that butein has antioxidant and anti-cytokine properties in gastric tissue. Butein could be an important alternative in the treatment of indomethacin-induced ulcers. Whether butein is a partial agonist of the COX enzyme should be investigated in future studies.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of added to mixture essential oil consist of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil added in drinking water at on intestinal health in quail breeders. A total of 160 Japanese quail breeders (control group each subgroup 6 females 6 males, experimental groups each subgroup 5 females 5 males) 17 weeks of age were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups and each group was divided into 5 replicates. The experimental period lasted 56 days. Maize and soybean meal-based diets were offered ad libitium to the birds from during the experimental period. Treatments were as follows: C, (Control; without supplementation to the drinking water); E1 (0,1ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water) and E2 (0,3ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water. Acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid and SCFA values were linearly affected by the increasing level of essential oil mixture (mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil). There were no significant differences in propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid and BCFA concentrations. In conclusion, essential oil mixture consists of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil can be used to improve intestinal health in quail breeders drinking water.

It is possible to use plant-derived antioxidant molecules in the form of dietary supplements. However, dietary supplement-drug interaction pattern has not been well defined for most of these products. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of berberine, resveratrol, and glibenclamide on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin was administered to create experimental diabetes. Resveratrol (5 mg/kg) (R), glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) (G), and berberine (10 mg/kg) (B) were administered individually or in combinations in DMSO by intraperitoneal administration route to the diabetic rats. DMSO was also given to non-diabetic control (C) and diabetic control (D) groups. Livers of rats were taken under anesthesia at the end of the treatment period (12 days). Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD), aniline 4-hydroxylase (A4H), erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were measured in microsomes and cytosols. In addition, histomorphological studies were also performed in the liver tissues. EROD activity of D+R was significantly higher than C and D+R+B. PROD activity of D+R was significantly higher than C, D, D+R+G, D+R+B, and D+R+B+ G. PROD activity of D+B was significantly higher than C and D+R+B. ERND activity of D+R was significantly higher than D+R+G and D+R+B. GST activity of D+R was significantly higher than D+R+G. CAT activity of D+B was significantly lower than C. It is clear that co-administration of resveratrol, berberine, and glibenclamide modifies some of the important xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities. Resveratrol and berberine have the potential to cause dietary supplement-drug interaction. Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University [BAP-2015.03.03.898] This research was supported by Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University [Project No.: BAP-2015.03.03.898]. WOS:000556467400001 2-s2.0-85089190247 PubMed: 32762264

The aim of this work was to compare 'Nero' and 'Viking' aronia cultivars and to determine the optimum harvest dates of each cultivar for various utilizations. For this purpose, we characterized the changes in both aronia cultivars' physicochemical components over their harvest period and identified the correlations between them. Mean berry weight, dry matter, soluble solid content, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin content of berries of both cultivars increased until the second and third weeks of September. They then began decreasing gradually, whereas total phenol content and condensed tannins kept increasing until 27 October. It was observed that berries of 'Nero' ripened 15 days earlier than those of 'Viking'. As a result, anthocyanin content of 'Nero' peaked earlier (25 August) than that of 'Viking'. The highest correlation (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) was found between anthocyanin and firmness; antioxidant activity was slightly correlated with total phenol content (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) and total anthocyanin (r = 0.49, P < 0.05). In terms of yield, the optimum harvest time for both cultivars was found to be the second week of September. Taking also into account the anthocyanin content, antioxidant capacity, and total phenol, the optimum harvest time was determined to be during the second and third weeks of September. On the other hand, the optimum harvest time for dry consumption was found to be during the first and second weeks of October. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarım Ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (BBAD/I7/A08/P10/01)

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect and identify the phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds extract on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clinical isolates using agar well diffusion method. The samples were collected from the premises of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The Seeds and Leaves were collected fresh. They were extracted using methanol and ethyl acetate. Various concentrations from 100mg/ml to 500mg/ml were prepared. The test bacteria used is Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Microbiology laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University. The bacteria were re-identified using biochemical tests. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zone of inhibition were read after 24 hours of incubation at 370C.The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the methanolic leaves extracts at 500 mg/ml had effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 20mm. The methanolic seed extract have effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 19.5mm. The MIC for the leave and seed extracts for Staphylococcus aureus was 250mg/ml. The MBC was 500mg/ml. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, and glycosides but anthraquinone and steroids were absent in the extracts. The zones of inhibition showed that both the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts at 500mg/ml were active to all the tested bacteria. ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Mean Range test was used to analyze the data. Based on Duncan’s grouping, there is significant difference between the solvents and the concentrations used.

A study for determination of the volatile composition of distillates with the addition of 50% and 70% ethanol extracts of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatym L) was conducted. The extracts were added in amounts of 20, 80, 100, 200, 400 and 600 ml. The remaining amount to liter was pure distillate obtained from the grapes of the variety “Melnik-55”. Gas chromatographic (GC-FID) analysis for identification and quantification of the volatile components in the distillates obtained was performed. Various compounds from the groups of esters, higher alcohols, aldehydes and terpene alcohols have been identified. The methanol levels were found to be highest in the control sample (364.74 ± 0.32 mg/dm3) and proportionally decreased with increasing of the fraction of added extract in the experimental variants. This contributed to obtained of the alcoholic distillate with decreased methanol content. A similar decrease in the amounts of acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate was observed. This reduced the harmful aromatic nuances that these compounds impart when they were in higher amounts. Four major higher alcohols have been identified - 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-butanol and 1-propanol. The ester composition was diverse, quantitatively dominated by the presence of ethyl acetate. A higher total terpene content was detected in the samples with the addition of Hypericum perforatym L extract compared to the control. This indicated increased final concentrations in the distillates (a consequence of the terpene composition of the herb), which may intensify its biological effect. The produced distillates with added extracts of Hypericum perforatym L can be used for obtaining of new higher alcoholic beverages with added medicinal herb extracts.

Helichrysum plicatum species are used in Turkish folk medicine as lithagogue, diuretic, and nephritic. Research on the methanol (MeOH) extract of flowers of H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum resulted in the isolation of eight known compounds (1–8). The chemical structures of the compounds were determined as β-sitosterol (1), apigenin (2), nonacosanoic acid (3), astragalin (4), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), helichrysin A (6), helichrysin B (7), and isosalipurposide (8) by spectroscopic and chromatographic/spectrometric methods, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Nonacosanoic acid (3) was isolated for the first time from H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum. The MeOH extract and isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro human carbonic anhydrase I (hCAI) and II (hCAII), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities. The IC50 values of H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum MeOH extract for hCAI, hCAII, AChE, BChE, and α-glycosidase were found to be 77.87, 52.90, 115.50, 117.46, and 81.53 mg/mL, respectively. The compounds showed IC50 values of 1.43–4.47, 1.40–4.32, 1.69–2.90, 1.09–3.89, and 1.61–3.80 μM against hCAI, hCAII, AChE, BChE, and α-glycosidase, respectively. In summary, H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum secondary metabolites demonstrated strong inhibitory effects especially against hCAI and hCAII, whereas the MeOH extract showed a weak inhibitory effect on all enzymes.

Jaundice is a condition associated with the imbalance between bilirubin production and excretion when the liver is diseased. This study investigated the Potential ofCentella asiaticaleaf extract in the management of paracetamol-induced jaundice in albino rats. The rats were randomly distributed into six groups of five each. Group 1 (normal control- fed with rat feed and water), group 2 (paracetamol 2 g/kg body weight), group 3 (paracetamol 2g/kg bw + silymarin 100 mg/kg bw) and groups 4 – 6 (2g/kg bw each + 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw of CaL- extract respectively). The Paracetamol was first administered to the rats for 5 days to establish jaundice followed by administration of silymarin and CaL- extract for 10 days before sacrifice. The group 2 (negative control) rats had significant increase (p12/L) and platelet (248.00±1.00 x109/L) as well as elevated levels of serum lipids (LDL, TG,TC VLDL-cholesterol) when compared with group 3 and the CaL-treated groups. Results of the liver function maker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) activity, serum bilirubin and proteins as well as renal function indices (creatinine, urea, chloride and bicarbonate) in group 2 were significantly increased (p

Tissue engineering is currently one the fastest growing engineering fields, requiring fabrication of advanced and multifunctional materials to be used as scaffolds or dressing for tissue regeneration. In this work, a bilayer matrix was fabricated by electrospinning of a hybrid cellulose acetate nanofibers (CA) containing bioactive latex or Ciprofloxacin over highly interconnected collagen (CSPG) 3D matrix previously obtained by a freeze-drying process. The bilayer matrix was fabricated with a nanofibrous part as the primary (top) layer and a spongy porous part as the secondary (bottom) layer by combining electrospinning and freeze-drying techniques to enhance the synergistic effect of both materials corresponding to physical and biological properties. The final material was physicochemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bilayer matrix exhibited nanofibrous and 3D porous structure with properties such as high porosity, swelling, and stability required for soft-tissue-engineering applications. Furthermore, the in vitro biological and fluorescence properties of the matrix were tested against NIH 3T3 fibroblast and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines and showed good cell adhesion and proliferation over the bilayer matrix. Thus, the synergistic combination of nanofibrous material deposition onto to the collagenous porous material has proved efficient in the fabrication of a bilayer matrix for skin-tissue-engineering applications. ispartof: BIOMACROMOLECULES vol:21 issue:6 pages:2512-2524 ispartof: location:United States status: published

karagulle, onur olgac/0000-0002-1575-5751 WOS:000509485100002 PubMed ID: 31345657 Background/Objective: The present study investigated the potent therapeutic effects of Ruscogenin, main steroid sapogenin of traditional Chinese plant called 'Ophiopogon japonicas', on chronic ulcer model established with acetic acid in rats. Methods: 24 rats were attenuated to the sham (2 ml/kg/day isotonic solution), control (untreated ulcer) and treatment (3 ml/kg/day ruscogenin) groups. After treatment for 2 weeks, gastric tissues were collected and prepared for light microscopic (H&E), immunohistochemical (Collagen I, III and IV) and biochemical analysis [Epidermal growth factor (EGF), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), Lipid Peroxidase (LPO), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px)] and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Macroscopic scoring showed that the ulceration area of ruscogenin-treated group decreased compared with control group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ruscogenin ameliorated and restored the levels of Collagen I and IV to the levels of sham group. Tissue levels of EGF and PGE2 enhanced significantly in untreated ulcer group while were higher in treated ulcer group than the control group. TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, LPO, MPO levels increased significantly in control group whereas decreased in treated rats after ruscogenin treatment. However, levels of GSH and GSH-Px increased significantly in treatment group. TEM showed chief cells and parietal cells of ulcer group having degenerated organelles while ruscogenin group had normal ultrastructure of cells. Conclusion: There are potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of ruscogenin on gastric ulcer and may be successfully used as a safe and therapeutic agent in treatment of peptic ulcer. (C) 2019 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Robotic Surgery Association. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. Research and Development Expenses Account under Circulating Capital Budget of University of Health Science Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey [2016/12] The present project was supported by Research and Development Expenses Account under Circulating Capital Budget of University of Health Science Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (Project No: 2016/12).

Walnut (Juglans regia) is an important economic tree specie, and has unique aroma in its leaf. In order to investigate the bioactive and bioenergy characteristic of compounds in ethanol and benzene extracts from fresh walnut leaf by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results indicated that ethanol and benzene extracst fresh walnut leaf contain abundant alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, phenols, aldehydes, acids, ketones, alkanes, esterscompounds, especially including dl-.alpha.-Tocopherol, juglone, squalene andlupeol, which areimportant bioactive components. The functional analytic result suggested that compounds from fresh walnut leaf extractscan be developed into raw materials for industries of biofuel, biomedicine, cosmetic, spices and food additive. The ethanol extract of fresh walnut leaf is more rich in biomedicine and food additives components, such as ketones, alkanes, aldehydes, amines and acides compounds. The benzene extract of fresh walnut leaf is more rich in biofuels, spices, and cosmetic components, such as phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, olefines and quinones compounds.

Allspice (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) fruit was used for the essential oil and ethanolic extract isolation in the present study. The essential oil was obtained by Clevenger-type hydrodistillation from allspice fructus with hydromodule 1:10 m/v during 180 minutes, while the ethanolic extract was obtained by reflux extraction at the boiling temperature with solvomodule 1:10 m/v during 120 minutes. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC/FID methods, respectively. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content in the extract was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively the antioxidant activity of allspice fructus essential oil and the extract was determined spectrophotometrically by DPPH assay and the antimicrobial activity using the microdilution method on the following microorganisms: two types of bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp.) and one yeast (Candida albicans), pairs of reference strains and their isolates. The obtained results proved the presence of 20 components in the essential oil, mainly oxygenated monoterpenes. The extract and essential oil have shown the best antioxidant activities after 20 and 60 minutes of incubation with EC50 values of 0.011 mg/cm³ and 0.023 mg/cm³, respectively. Both the essential oil and the extract have shown an inhibitory effect on all investigated microorganisms. Allspice ethanolic extract showed a better inhibitory effect on B. cereus and S. enterica (isolate and ATCC strains) than the essential oil. On the other side, allspice essential oil showed a better inhibitory effect on C. albicans strains. The results obtained indicate that both the essential oil and the extract isolated from allspice fructus are a good source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safer alternative to the synthetic additives.

This study aimed to analyze the main components of ethyl acetate extract of Chimonanthus salicifolius (EAECS) and investigate its effect on intestinal mucositis in mice induced by 5-fluorouracil. EAECS was prepared, and its main components were analyzed. Fifty mice were randomly divided into control, model and 3, 6 and 9 g/kg EAECS groups. The latter three groups were intragastrically administrated with 3, 6 and 9 g/kg EAECS for 7 days, respectively. The intestinal mucositis model was established in latter four groups from the 1st to 7th day of administration. Results showed that, the main components in EAECS were rutin, scopolamine, isofraxidin, scoparone, quercetin and kaempferol. After administration, compared with model group, in 9 g/kg EAECS group the body weight was increased; the serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 levels were decreased, and the interleukin 10 level was increased; the intestinal tissue superoxide dismutase level was increased, and the malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels wer decreased; the liver tissue TNF-α level was significantly decreased (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, EAECS has rich flavonoids and coumarins. It can alleviate the intestinal mucositis in mice induced by 5-FU. The mechanism may be related to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Ganodermaspecies have been known all over the world as highly medicinal mushrooms. Antimicrobial activity of it is an attractive approach which raises the global interests from the scientific community. In this study, the antimicrobial assay of ethanol and methanol extracts ofGanodermawere prepared by using the dried mycelial powder obtained from five different liquid media; was performed against seven plant pathogenic fungiviz., Alternaria macrospora, Aspergilus niger, A. flavus, Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferaeandPenicillium sp. and two plant pathogenic bacteriaXanthomonas oryzaeandRalstonia solanacearum. The extracts of mycelia obtained from Yeast Wine Media exhibited the highest inhibition percentage as compared to rest. At concentration 1000ppm, there was complete inhibition of mycelial growth forAlternaria macrospora, Aspergilus nigerandA. flavuswhile forFusarium oxysporumandPenicillum sp. complete inhibition was observed at 500ppm but forColletotrichum falcatumandPestalotiopsis mangiferae, more than 80% mycelial inhibition at concentration 1000ppm in both ethanol and methanol extracts. In the case ofXanthomonas oryzaeandRalstonia solanacearum, at concentration 1000ppm, methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zone (3.50mm, 3.75mm).Ganodermaexhibited antagonistic effect against plant pathogenic fungi could add to the interest of developingGanodermaas a successful bioagent in the near future. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and Metal chelating activity on ferrous ions. The DPPH radical scavenging effect was detected in methanol extract (Inhibition% = 27.312%) was higher than that of the ethanol extract (Inhibition% = 24.79%) and also Ferrous ion chelating ability of methanol extract (Inhibition% =22.27%) was higher than the ethanol extract (Inhibition% =12.55%). It is clearly indicated that both methanol and ethanol extract of theGanodermashow antioxidant properties andGanodermaextracts act as an effective antioxidant agents.

Sericin, a textile waste, can be used for antioxidant and skin-whitening purposes. The hydrothermal method of extracting sericin is more eco-friendly than are chemical and enzymatic methods. In this study, silk cocoons were cut into pieces and then subjected to hydrothermal extraction at three temperatures (160, 200, and 220 °C) to obtain sericin extracts (Sericin160, Sericin200, and Sericin220, respectively). Antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition were measured to determine the extracts’ effectiveness. Sericin220 was the strongest antioxidant, with total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing power of 62.19 ± 0.04 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight, and 181.49 ± 0.024 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry weight, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging ability were 6.41 ± 0.05 and 0.79 ± 0.37 mg/mL, respectively. Sericin220 also exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibition activity (70.82 ± 4.1 mg vitamin C equivalent/g), indicating its whitening potential.

Chenopodium formosanum (CF), rich in nutrients and antioxidants, is a native plant in Taiwan. During the harvest, the seeds are collected, while the roots, stems, and leaves remain on the field as agricultural waste. In this study, di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability experiments of seeds, leaves, stems, and roots were designed using the Taguchi method (TM) under three conditions: Ethanol concentration (0–100%), temperature (25–65 °C), and extraction time (30–150 min). The result demonstrates that seeds and leaves have higher radical scavenging ability than stems and roots. Many studies focused on CF seeds. Therefore, this study selected CF leaves and optimized DPPH, ABTS, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and reducing power (RP) through TM, showing that the predicted value of the leaf is close to the actual value. The optimized results of CF leaves were DPPH 85.22%, ABTS 46.51%, TPC 116.54 µg GAE/mL, TFC 143.46 µg QE/mL, and RP 23.29 µg VCE (vitamin C equivalent)/mL. The DPPH and ABTS of CF leaves were second only to the results of CF seeds. It can be seen that CF leaves have the potential as a source of antioxidants and help in waste reduction.

Curcuma longa L. essential oil and anthocyanin extracts contain bioactive compounds such as antioxidant properties and their pigments are able to change color when exposed to different pH or ammonium gas. In this context, the objective of the present work was to develop pH-sensitive intelligent films by adding curcuma oil (composed of essential oils and pigments) and anthocyanin extracts to a chitosan matrix reinforced with alphachitin nanocrystals. The incorporation of curcuma oil, anthocyanins and nanocrystals enhanced the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity; and, decreased water solubility and moisture content. In addition, the films also showed almost total blocking against UV/Vis light at wavelengths below 550 nm. Interestingly, the films were at the same time antioxidant, and sensitive to color change when exposed to ammonia gas and different pH solutions, with greater variations observed when higher concentrations of curcuma oil were added. Hence, these results revealed the potential of these films as intelligent food packaging applications. The authors would like to thank the funding from the Basque Country Government (IT 1008-16). R. F. -M. acknowledge the financial support of the Basque Country Government (scholarship of young researchers training). S.C.M.F. is a recipient of an E2S UPPA MANTA E2S Partnership Chair (Marine Materials) sponsored by the French programme "Investissements d'Avenir" administered by the French National Research Agency (ANR-16-IDEX-IDEX). The authors wish to acknowledge the technical and human assistance received from SGIker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU), Spain.

The study of fungal antibiotics in their competitive interactions with arthropods may lead to the development of novel biorational insecticides. Extracts of Alternaria tenuissima MFP253011 obtained using various methods showed a wide range of biological activities, including entomotoxic properties. Analysis of their composition and bioactivity allowed us to reveal several known mycotoxins and unidentified compounds that may be involved in the entomotoxic activity of the extracts. Among them, tenuazonic acid (TeA), which was the major component of the A. tenuissima extracts, was found the most likely to have larvicidal activity against Galleria mellonella. In the intrahaemocoel injection bioassay, TeA was toxic to G. mellonella and of Zophobas morio with an LT50 of 6 and 2 days, respectively, at the level of 50 µg/larva. Administered orally, TeA inhibited the growth of G. mellonella larvae and caused mortality of Acheta domesticus adults (LT50 7 days) at a concentration of 250 µg/g of feed. TeA showed weak contact intestinal activity against the two phytophages, Tetranychus urticae and Schizaphis graminum, causing 15% and 27% mortality at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively. TeA was cytotoxic to the Sf9 cell line (IC50 25 µg/mL). Thus, model insects such as G. mellonella could be used for further toxicological characterization of TeA.

Growing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Highbush blueberry) as a berry crop is developing dynamically, especially in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. When blueberry is cultivated on plantations, the bushes are pruned annually, and tons of leaves become waste. Thus, the aim of the present study was to create a preparation from blueberry leaves, study their chemical composition and determine their potential as a dietary supplement for the prophylactic and correction of the metabolic syndrome. Several schemes for obtaining extracts from blueberry leaves have been developed, including one with addition of arginine. A total of 18 phenolic substances were identified and quantified in the extracts by TLC and HPLC methods. Chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and rutin were shown to be dominating constituents. Quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other phenolics in the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric method. The extracts administration led to a significant decrease in the level of glucose, insulin and triacylglycerols in blood serum of adult mature inbred rats with insulin resistance induced by the fructose-enriched diet. The most promising one was the extract modified with arginine. The determined hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of chemically standardized extracts from highbush blueberry leaves indicate the potential of this crop residue in utilization as a dietary supplement recommended in prevention of ailments associated with metabolic syndrome.

Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) leads to sensory and motor dysfunctions. Nobiletin is a major component of polymethoxylated flavonoid extracted from citrus fruits. The role of nobiletin on sciatic nerve regeneration is still unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether nobiletin increases DRG neurite elongation and regeneration-related protein expression after SNI. Cytotoxicity of nobiletin was measured in a concentration–dependent manner using the MTT assay. For an in vitro primary cell culture, the sciatic nerve on the middle thigh was crushed by holding twice with forceps. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and Schwann cells were cultured 3 days after SNI and harvested 36 h later and 3 days later, respectively. In order to evaluate specific regeneration-related markers and axon growth in the injured sciatic nerve, we applied immunofluorescence staining and Western blot techniques. Nobiletin increased cell viability in human neuroblastoma cells and inhibited cytotoxicity induced by exposure to H2O2. Mean neurite length of DRG neurons was significantly increased in the nobiletin group at a dose of 50 and 100 μM compared to those at other concentrations. GAP-43, a specific marker for axonal regeneration, was enhanced in injury preconditioned Schwann cells with nobiletin treatment and nobiletin significantly upregulated it in injured sciatic nerve at only 3 days post crush (dpc). In addition, nobiletin dramatically facilitated axonal regrowth via activation of the BDNF-ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. These results should provide evidence to distinguish more accurately the biochemical mechanisms regarding nobiletin-activated sciatic nerve regeneration.

Introduction Staining is an important histological process; however, the use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly products is generally required. We explored the staining quality of two natural plants, Allium cepa skin and Sorghum bicolor seed extract on the cytoplasm. Materials and methods Distilled water at 37 °C and 1% acid-ethanol were respectively used to extract the dyes from Allium cepa skin and Sorghum bicolor seed. Result The application of these two dyes on rodent tissue showed an excellent cytoplasmic histomorphology. Conclusion Allium cepa skin and Sorghum bicolor seed extracts are good cytoplasmic dyes when used as counterstain for haematoxylin., Highlights • At acidic pH (3.5), Allium cepa skin extract stains cytoplasm and shows comparable result to eosin application. • Similarly, at a pH of 7.0, crude extract from Sorghum bicolor seed stains the cytoplasm with clear cellular features. • These extracts can serve as non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes for the demonstration of cellular and tissue morphology.

Although the dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (Umbelliferae) is a popular medicinal plant in East Asia, there has been no systemic toxicological evaluation of a water extract of Saposhnikoviae Radix (SRE). In this experiment, an oral acute and 13-week subchronic toxicological evaluations of SRE (500–5,000 mg/ kg body weight) were performed in both sexes of Crl:CD(SD) rats. Based on the results from mortality, clinical signs, effects on body weight and organ weight, clinical biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, and histopathology, significant acute, 4-week repeated dose range finding (DRF) and 13-week subchronic toxicity of SRE was not observed in either sex of rats; thus, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 5,000 mg (kg/day). To identify anti-hyperuricemia potential of SRE, the suppressive effect of SRE was determined in mice challenged with potassium oxonate (PO; 250 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection for 8 days (each group; n = 7). SRE supplementation suppressed the uric acid level in urine through significant xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. Kidney dysfunctions were observed in PO-challenged mice as evidenced by an increase in serum creatinine level. Whereas, SRE supplementation suppressed it in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, SRE was safe up to 5,000 mg (kg/day) based on NOAEL found from acute and 13-week subchronic toxicological evaluations. SRE had anti-hyperuricemia effect and lowered the excessive level of uric acid, a potential factor for gout and kidney failure.

During the research conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products there has been developed a technological mode of using cellulolytic enzymes to reduce the viscosity of grain pulp obtained by grinding naked oat grains soaked in a sodium metabisulphite solution. As the experimental data had been processed, the optimum technological parameters of the process were determined: the consumption of the enzyme preparation Viscoferm was 200 g/t of grain and the dura-tion of fermentation by constant stirring for 2.5 hours at pH 4.6 and temperature 50°C. Under laboratory conditions there has been studied the possibility of starch processing of naked oat grain samples Vyatka, Percheron, 857h05, 766 h05 varieties grown in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky. Technological assessment based on grain processing in the laboratory using the “plant on the table” method has shown that the yield of coarse-grained starch A in the processing of naked oat using cellulolytic enzymes is 51.4-53.9%, i.e. higher than that of filmy oats, rye Falenskaya 4 and Vyatka 2, wheat and triticale. Low starch content in fiber (7.7-8.7% dry substances DS of fiber) was found in comparison with the results obtained from the processing of filmy oats, Falenskaya and Vyatka 2 rye varieties, wheat and triticale (11.2 - 13.9% DS of fiber). Fiber output by the processing of naked oats is 7.3 - 8.8% DS of grain, by the processing of other types of grain 10.3 - 17.5% DS of grain. The yield of small-grain starch B in the processing of the studied varieties of naked oat is 19.2 - 20.8% DS of grain, that is higher than this value obtained by processing of filmy oats and wheat, but lower than by pro-cessing of rye and triticale. Isolated carbohydrate-protein concentrate, including starch B and proteins, is recommended for use with the extract and fiber as a component for the production of feed.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the existing global apprehension for the social health. There is a requisite to take counteractive actions regarding the AMR. Based on the literature, it was aimed to perform the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity evaluation of the water immiscible solvent extracts of Moringa peregrina Forssk. Fiori (Family: Moringaceae). Seven extracts of the powdered leaves of M. peregrina were prepared in solvent systems comprising dichloromethane (DCM), dichloroethane (DCE), and their mixtures with ethyl acetate (EA) and chloroform (CH). The extracts were screened for their phytochemicals and antimicrobial potential. All the extracts showed positive tests for alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, wherein negative tests were obtained for tannins, cardenolides, and anthraquinone glycosides. The 1:1 mixture of EA:DCM, and EA:DCE provided positive tests for steroids and terpenoids. The most effective antimicrobial extracts were the 1:1 mixture of EA:DCM and EA:DCE. However, the antimicrobial activity of these extract was mild in comparison to ofloxacin and fluconazole. It is concluded that various mixtures of DCM, DCE, and CH along with the higher concentration of other miscible solvents of DCM, DCE, and CH may provide better antimicrobial extracts.

Background Brown adipocytes are known to promote energy expenditure and limit weight gain to combat obesity. Averrhoa bilimbi, locally called belimbing buluh (DBB), is mainly used as an ethnomedicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. The present study aims to investigate the browning activity on white adipocytes by A. bilimbi leaf extract and to evaluate the potential mechanisms. Methods Ethanolic leaf extract of A. bilimbi was exposed to Myf5 lineage precursor cells to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. Protein expressions of brown adipocyte markers were determined through high content screening analysis and validated through western blotting. Mito Stress Test assay was conducted to evaluate the cellular oxygen consumption rate upon A. bilimbi treatment. Results A. bilimbi ethanolic leaf extract exhibited an adipogenesis effect similar to a PPARgamma agonist. It also demonstrated brown adipocyte differentiation in myoblastic Myf5-positive precursor cells. Expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 were induced. The basal metabolic rate and respiratory capacity of mitochondria were increased upon A. bilimbi treatment. Conclusions The findings suggest that Averrhoa bilimbi ethanolic leaf extract induces adipocyte browning through PRDM16 activation and enhances mitochondria activity due to UCP1 up-regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2640-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn) flower was most recently pointed out as a valuable source of bioactive compounds that have potent anticancer properties. To test for antineoplastic activity, hepatocarcinoma cells (Hepa 1–6) and corresponding non-neoplastic hepatocytes (AML 12) were subjected to Prunus spinosa L. blossom ethanolic extract (5–200 μg mL−1). Antiproliferative activity was determined by Trypan Blue (TB) and Kenacid Blue (KB) methods after 24 and 72 h. Inhibitory effects on Hepa 1–6 proliferation were observed at all concentrations with significant inhibition at ≥ 100 μg mL−1 (p < .025–p < .001) determined with both methods. Cytotoxicity was also detected in non-neoplastic hepatocytes with significant doses above 10 μg mL−1 (p < .05–p < .001) after 72 h. Cellular viability loss after 24 h was more pronounced in non-neoplastic vs. hepatocarcinoma cells as confirmed with IC50TB values (half maximal inhibitory concentration): 59.05 μg mL−1 in AML 12 vs. 166.87 μg mL−1 in Hepa 1–6 cells and IC50KB: 72.69 vs. 172.93 μg mL−1, respectively. Prolonged incubation (72 h) resulted in almost equal toxicity in both cell lines. Prooxidative activity of blackthorn flower extract was observed in both cell lines with higher ROS formation in neoplastic cells. Cell death was primarily through necrosis. The proportion of apoptotic cells in both cultures was low: fraction of early apoptosis – 0.04–1.65% of the total cell population and fraction of late apoptosis: only 0.05–3.25%.

Indonesia has a variety of plants that have the potential for medicine. One of the plants used by the community as a drug with anticancer effects is Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water ethanol fraction of Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq on T47D breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water ethanol fraction were carried out by MTT assay method using series concentration. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by calculating IC 50 values using linear equations. Phytochemical test showed that Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq contained saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins. The IC 50 value of the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water ethanol fraction were 417.506 μg/mL, 233.617 μg/mL, and 2748.357 μg/mL, respectively. The smaller the IC 50 value means that the compound is more active. Water ethanol fraction of Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq does not have a cytotoxic effect, whereas ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq have cytotoxic effects in the medium strength category. The content of flavonoids and saponins in ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq is thought to play role in causing T47D cell death. Cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate fraction are stronger than ethanol extracts.

In this study, the effects of the extracts obtained from flower, stem, leaf, branch and their mixture of Nerium oleander L. on the seed germination and seedling growth of four Pistacia species (Pistacia terebinthus L., P. vera L., P. khinjuk Stocks., P. atlantica Desf. and P. terebinthus L.) were investigated. Five hundred grams of N. oleander was taken from the plant parts and the extracts were mixed with distilled water (1.5 L). The extracts were applied to Pistacia species for 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that the extract had positive effects on their germination and growths of the species mentioned above. The highest germination rate for all the Pistacia species was obtained from the extracts of flower, while the lowest germination rate was recorded in the mixture of all parts of N. oleander mentioned above. Moreover, the treatment time was found to reduce the germination ratio. It was also found that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander were the most effective on the stem height of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from branches, leaves and flower, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander had pronounced effect on the stem diameter of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from flower, leaves, and branches, respectively. In general, the effects of the extracts from several parts of N. oleander on the germination and other growing parameters were found to be almost comparable to those of synthetic promoter, Gibberellic Acid (GA3).

Ethnopharmacological relevance Er Shen Wan (ESW), has been empirically used for treating spleen-kidney Yang deficiency (SKYD) syndrome in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries and shows a variety of activities. The medicinal formula is a mixture of two component herbs, Psoraleae Fructus (PF, Bu-Gu-Zhi in Chinese) and Myristicae Semen (MS, Rou-Dou-Kou in Chinese). The current study was designed to evaluate ESWP antidiuretic treatment of polyuria and to explore potential mechanisms of renal water metabolism in the rat model of SKYD-induced diarrhea. Materials and methods An animal model of ‘SKYD–induced diarrhea syndrome’ has been established to evaluate the therapeutic effect and action mechanism according to the clinical syndrome and symptoms. The optimal dose (3.5 g/kg) of ESWP was given to rats by gavage for two weeks. Urinary volumes after 24 h were recorded. After the end of the trial, macroscopic morphological and histological examination of the kidney were conducted. Serum levels of Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone (ALD) were also measured. Additionally, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed to clarify the regulation of aquaporin 2 (AQP 2) and arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor (AVPR 2) in the kidney at the gene and tissue expression levels respectively. Results After the administration of ESWP, urinary output volume after 24 h was found to be significantly decreased in rats. Elevated plasma levels of AVP and ALD were detected. Histological kidney damage appeared to be impeded, and histological disease scores were reduced. In addition, the expression levels of AQP 2 and AVPR 2 were significantly increased. Conclusion This study suggests that ESWP may elicit significant effects on the treatment of polyuria. Potential mechanisms at least partially involve hormone regulation, and alleviating renal pathological damage. Simultaneously, ESWP may alter renal water absorption by increasing AQP 2 and AVPR 2 expression levels. Thus, the in vivo experimental evidence indicates that ESWP has a therapeutic effect on the SKYD syndrome, which is consistent with its traditional usage.

Objective: To evaluate the anticancer and cytotoxic activity of the Origanum majorana and also to test its antioxidant potential. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The in vitro anticancer and cytotoxic activity of the Polar (PF) and Non-Polar Fraction (NPF) obtained from a total Ethanolic Extract (EE) of O. majorana were evaluated using the murine myeloma cell lines Sp2/O-Ag14 (ATCC: CRL-1581) and VERO-ATCC-CCL81. The cell viability was measured with the Colorimetric Quantification System of the Transmittance Index (CQSTI) method; a simple ANOVA of the CQSTI values of each cell line treated with the different extracts was carried out. Findings: The preliminary phytochemical analysis determined the presence of tannins, flavonoids and terpenes in the fractions. EE and PF showed a strong DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, 88,8 and 85.9% uptake, respectively. EE and PF displayed promising anti anticancer activity for both cell lines, so, EE, PF and NPF concentrations that produced 50% cell viability included 5.7 mg/mL, 5.8 mg/mL and 35.8 mg/mL, respectively. Application/Improvements: For the first time it is shown that the PF from O. majoranaa low concentrations affected myeloma cells but not VERO cells. These results indicate that this fraction has an anticancer activity. In addition, our results demonstrated that the PF has a high phenolic content, this could be related to its cytotoxic activity. Fil: Soto Rueda, Eliana Marcela. Universidad del Quindio; Colombia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina Fil: Restrepo, Rodrigo Andrés. Universidad del Quindio; Colombia Fil: Loango, Nelsy. Universidad del Quindio; Colombia Fil: Restrepo, Beatriz. Universidad del Quindio; Colombia Fil: Landazuri, Patricia. Universidad del Quindio; Colombia Fil: Rai, Mahendra. Amravati University; India

Background The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) is a well-known vector of numerous pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. Various control strategies, including the use of synthetic pesticides, have been developed to control this tick species. However, demand for effective and safe alternative pesticides is increasing due to the adverse effects associated with the intensive and injudicious use of synthetic pesticides, which include undesirable effects on non-target species and environmental pollution. Hence, the acaricidal activity of the extract and the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon) and their major components, and the underlying mechanisms of this activity, were evaluated against unfed larvae and nymphs of H. longicornis. Methods The components of the extract and essential oil of C. cassia were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their larvicidal and nymphicidal activity were evaluated using the larval and nymphal packet test. The underlying detoxification mechanism was elucidated by targeting in vivo esterase and monooxygenase activity, and the toxicological effect was assessed on non-target Tenebrio molitor and Harmonia axyridis by topical application in open Petri dishes. Results (E)-cinnamaldehyde was the predominant component of the extract (50.79%) and essential oil (89.95%). The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) for larvae and nymphs treated with the extract was 11.56 and 49.18 mg/mL, respectively. The essential oil, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and fenvalerate exhibited acaricidal activity, with LC50 values of 3.81, 3.15, and 0.14 mg/mL, respectively, against the larvae, and 21.31, 16.93, and 1.89 mg/mL, respectively, against the nymphs. (E)-cinnamaldehyde significantly increased esterase and monooxygenase activity in both larvae and nymphs. Unlike fenvalerate, C. cassia essential oil and (E)-cinnamaldehyde did not cause mortality of T. molitor or H. axyridis adults. Conclusions This study demonstrates that C. cassia essential oil and (E)-cinnamaldehyde have the potential to be developed into botanical-based larvicidal and nymphicidal agents for tick control. Graphical abstract

The presented study was designed to probe the toxicity potential of newly identified compound naphthalen-2-yl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (SF1). Acute, subacute toxicity and teratogenicity studies were performed as per Organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD) 425, 407, and 414 test guidelines, respectively. An oral dose of 2000 mg/kg to rats for acute toxicity. Furthermore, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses were administered once daily for 28 days in subacute toxicity study. Teratogenicity study was performed with 40 mg/kg due to its excellent anti-Alzheimer results at this dose. SF1 induced a significant rise in Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP), bilirubin, white blood cells (WBC), and lymphocyte levels with a decrease in platelet count. Furthermore, the reduction in urea, uric acid, and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and an increase in total protein levels were measured in subacute toxicity. SF1 increased spermatogenesis at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses. Teratogenicity study depicted no resorptions, early abortions, cleft palate, spina bifida and any skeletal abnormalities in the fetuses. Oxidative stress markers (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) were increased in all the experiments, whereas the effect on melanoaldehyde Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was variable. Histopathology further corroborated these results with no change in the architectures of selected organs. Consequently, a 2000 mg/kg dose of SF1 tends to induce minor liver dysfunction along with immunomodulation, and it is well below its LD 50 . Moreover, it can be safely used in pregnancy owing to its no detectable teratogenicity. ispartof: FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY vol:12 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Rutin is the rutinose conjugate of quercetin. It presents several biological activities and is the major flavonoid in the hydroalcoholic extract of the calyces of Physalis peruviana L. It also shows hypoglycemic activity after oral administration. The aim of this work was to study the matrix effects of the extract from P. peruviana calyces on the pharmacokinetics of rutin and its metabolites in Wistar rats, using non-compartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses. A pharmacokinetic study was performed after intravenous and oral administration of different doses of pure rutin and the extract. In the non-compartmental analysis, it was found that rutin from the extract exhibited higher distribution and clearance, as well as an 11-fold increase in the bioavailability of its active metabolites. A population pharmacokinetic model was also carried out with two compartments, double absorption and linear elimination, in which the extract and the doses were the covariates involved. This model correctly described the differences observed between rutin as a pure compound and rutin from the extract, including the dose dependency.

Poor bioavailability has been reported as a major challenge in the development of curcumin as a pharmaceutical agent. However, co-administration of curcumin with piperine has been shown to improve curcumin bioavailability. Therefore, to assure product control quality, an analytical method needs to be developed for the determination of curcumin and piperine content in a dosage form formulation. The objective of this study was to develop a simple isocratic reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method to simultaneously quantify curcumin and piperine content in solid dispersion based microparticle formulation containing Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum extracts. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guideline. Chromatographic separation of three curcuminoids and piperine could be achieved using acetonitrile-methanol-water of 65:5:35 %, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a wavelength of 353 nm for detection. Resolution (Rs) of 3.57 and 1.68 for piperine and curcumin, respectively, a theoretical plate number (N) > 8000 and a tailing factor (T) < 1.5 indicate a satisfactory separation of the compounds. The calibration curve was linear from 1.25-15 μg/mL and 2.5–30 μg/mL for piperine and curcumin, respectively, with the correlation coefficient of >0.999. The intra-day/inter-day accuracy and precision demonstrated a recovery of 99.54–101.50%/99.38–99.89% and 100.78–102.51%/101.15–102.47% with a Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 0.53–0.95%/0.13–1.44 % and 0.28–1.62%/0.46–1.14% for piperine/curcumin. The limit of detection (LOD) were 0.27 and 0.42 μg/mL, for piperine and curcumin, which reveals an adequate sensitivity. A solid dispersion based microparticle formulation containing C. longa and P. nigrum extracts confirmed the validity of the developed method as a recovery of 91.14% and 99.14% for piperine and curcumin, respectively. In conclusion, all the tested parameters confirm the precision, accuracy, and reliability of the method for the simultaneous analysis of curcumin and piperine within a microparticle formulation containing C. longa and P. nigrum extracts., Curcumin; Piperine; Extract; Solid dispersion; Reverse-phase; Validation; Optimization.

One of the main problems encountered after fresh-cutting of foods is enzymatic browning causing changes in the texture, taste, and color. The variety of physical and chemical-based antibrowning methods was applied to extend the shelf life of these products. Accordingly, methods using natural compounds are of great importance for health. In this study, it was aimed to prevent enzymatic browning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Marfona) by limiting the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity with selected flavonoids. First of all, we purified the potato PPO (pPPO) by single-step affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native PAGE were applied on pPPO. Then, the inhibition effects of 7-hydroxyflavone, 7-hydroxy-4 '-nitroisoflavone, myricetin, luteolin, 7-methoxyflavone, 6-fluoroflavone, diosmetin, rutin, and diosmin on purified PPO enzyme were investigated. Kinetic assays indicated that myricetin was a remarkable inhibitor with the K-i value of 5 mu M on pPPO. Practical applications Potatoes are one of the important diet in many countries. In the processing of potatoes, enzymatic oxidation catalyzed by polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) is lead to losing its taste, flavor, and color. In this current paper, group-based selected flavonoids were proposed as alternative inhibitors of potato PPO enzyme. These flavonoids allowing to limit the PPO activity are commercially available, and they can be potential candidates to be used as antibrowning agents during potato processing.

Simple Summary With the increasing pressure to address the problems of bacterial resistance and drug residues, medicinal herbs are gradually taking a more important role in animal production. Scutellaria baicalensis is a common and widely used Chinese medicinal herb. The main bioactive compounds in the plant are baicalein and baicalin. These compounds have many biological functions including anti-oxidation, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antitumor effects. S. baicalensis and its extracts can effectively promote animal growth, improve the production performance of dairy cows, reduce the stress and inflammatory response, and have effective therapeutic effects on diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic microorganisms. This paper summarizes the biological function of S. baicalensis and its application in sustainable animal production to provide a reference for future application of S. baicalensis and other medicinal herbs in animal production and disease treatment. Abstract Drugs have been widely adopted in animal production. However, drug residues and bacterial resistance are a worldwide issue, and thus the most important organizations (FAO, USDA, EU, and EFSA) have limited or banned the use of some drugs and the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. Natural products such as medicinal herbs are unlikely to cause bacterial resistance and have no chemical residues. With these advantages, medicinal herbs have long been used to treat animal diseases and improve animal performance. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal herbs. S. baicalensis is a herb with a high medicinal value. The main active compounds are baicalin and baicalein. They may act as antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. They also possess characteristics of being safe, purely natural, and not prone to drug resistance. S. baicalensis and its extracts can effectively promote the production performance of livestock and treat many animal diseases, such as mastitis. In this review, we summarize the active compounds, biological functions, and applications of S. baicalensis in the production of livestock and provide a guideline for the application of natural medicines in the production and treatment of diseases.

Background: Green synthesis, an alternative method for synthesizing nanoparticles, is cheaper, environmentally friendly, and does not produce toxic effects. Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent used in lung cancer. Curcumin is a bioactive compound with properties such as an anticancer obtained from Curcuma longa. Objective: This study’s objective was to develop Doxorubicin and Curcumin loaded magnetic nanoparticles that could be synthesized by green tea leaves and investigate cytotoxic effects against the A549-luc-C8, non-small cell lung cancer line. Methods: Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized with the green synthesis method. Furthermore, Doxorubicin and Curcumin were encapsulated into magnetic nanoparticles with the one-pot method and obtained magnetic nanoparticles characterized using FTIR, SEM/EDX, XRD, and UV-VIS spectrophotometric techniques. After that, The drug release test was performed by dialysis using pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C. MTT assay was performed to test the cytotoxicity effect in the A549-luc-C8 cell line. Results: FTIR analysis verified the magnetic structure and drug loading. SEM images of magnetic nanoparticle releaved that they had a size of about 50-60 nm in a mono-disperse manner. Drug release after 24 h was found as 5.8% for doxorubicin and 3.4% for curcumin, showing controlled release. Conclusion: Results showed that the prepared magnetic nanoparticles were thought to had synergistic antitumor activity for A549-lucC8.