964 results on '"produced water"'
Search Results
2. Implementation of water treatment processes to optimize the water saving in chemically enhanced oil recovery and hydraulic fracturing methods
- Author
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Grigory Yurievich Korobov, Xiangwei Tang, Xiting Long, A. V. Lekomtsev, and Chenguang Zhang
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Waste management ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,Hydraulic fracturing ,Produced water ,TK1-9971 ,Water scarcity ,Photo Fenton-flotation method ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Completion (oil and gas wells) ,Water saving ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Petroleum ,Environmental science ,Water treatment ,Chemical enhanced oil recovery methods ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,Enhanced oil recovery ,0204 chemical engineering - Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the main challenges worldwide that might propose various engineering and economic issues. Petroleum industries have encountered these issues seriously, which required pretreatment facilities before reinjecting the produced water into the production wells. To assure that the treated water has no side effect on the environment, the treatment processes would perform three times by the photo-Fenton flotation method. This paper, it is aimed to calculate the treated water, required water, and saving water for chemically enhanced oil recovery methods (CEOR), hydraulic fracturing (HF), and other service facilities for completion and drilling performances. According to the results of this study, oil-well#3 has the highest water savings among all the wells with the 89% of daily water-saving, and oil-well#4 has the highest water savings among oil wells with the 75% of daily water saving. Consequently, in Sirri oilfield, the water-saving percentage is about 82% and 72%, which indicated that it is required 18%, 28% of the total water volume for implantation of HF process and CEOR methods, respectively. The total annual required water for this oilfield is 4131 MM m3/Day.
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- 2021
3. Дослідження ефективності регулювання процесу обводнення газоконденсатних покладів Гадяцького родовища з використанням діоксиду вуглецю
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrocarbon ,Petroleum engineering ,chemistry ,Recovery factors ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Flow (psychology) ,Carbon dioxide ,Formation water ,Reservoir pressure ,Environmental science ,Produced water - Abstract
To improve the existing technologies for the development of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the conditions of the manifestation of a water drive, the study of the effectiveness of regulating the flow of formation water into productive reservoirs by injection of carbon dioxide was carried out. The study was carried out using the basic tools of hydrodynamic modeling based on a digital three-dimensional model of a gas condensate field. Based on the results of the studies, it was found that in the case of injection of non-hydrocarbon gas in a gas condensate reservoir, the reservoir pressure is maintained at a higher level compared to depletion development. This ensures the creation of an additional hydrodynamic barrier in the injection zone, partially blocks and prevents the movement of formation water into gas-saturated horizons. Based on the studies carried out, it was found that the injection of carbon dioxide into the reservoir leads to a decrease in the volume of produced water production in comparison with depletion development. Owing to the introduction of the studied technology of secondary hydrocarbon production, stable and waterless operation of production wells is ensured for a long period of additional development of the reservoir. Based on the results of the analysis of the main technological indicators of the reservoir development, it should be noted that due to the introduction of the technology under study, additional gas and condensate production is provided. The predicted gas recovery factor at the time of the injection agent breakthrough in production wells increases by 2,95 % compared to the depletion development option in terms of residual gas reserves, while the condensate recovery factor increases by 1,24 %. Based on the simulation results, it can be argued that the introduction of carbon dioxide injection technology minimizes the negative impact of edge waters on the hydrocarbon production process and ensures an increase in the final hydrocarbon recovery factors.
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- 2021
4. COD removal from gasfield produced water using photoelectrocatalysis process on coil type microreactor
- Author
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Alireza Khataee, Karim Ghasemipanah, Sadegh Ebadi, Alimorad Rashidi, and Ebrahim Alaie
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Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Evaporation ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Chemical engineering ,Photocatalysis ,Degradation (geology) ,Microreactor ,0210 nano-technology ,Boron ,Carbon nitride - Abstract
A special type of reactor with a high active surface-to-volume ratio was used for investigation of organic pollutants degradation from a gasfield produced water by photoelectrocatalysis process. The GC–MS analysis showed that there were more than 50 organic substances in this wastewater; therefore, COD was considered as the target parameter for studying. A simple evaporation process used for decreasing high TDS of the wastewater reduced its electrical conductivity from 6300 μS/cm to 1100 μS/cm and also initial COD decreased simultaneously from 9500 mg/L to 750 mg/L. Distilled wastewater from the evaporation process was treated again by the photoelectrocatalysis process using a coil type microreactor, and its COD dropped off to 143 mg/L. Instead of usual semiconductors in photoelectrocatalysis like TiO2, boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanosheets are used as a photocatalyst in this study. Investigating the impact of different parameters on COD removal efficiency showed that the greatest COD removal efficiency (81%) was obtained at residence time 15 min, pH = 3, applied cell voltage 20 V, electrical conductivity = 2500 μS/cm and H2O2 concentration of 8 mM.
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- 2021
5. On the Long-Term Temporal Variations in Methane Emissions from an Unconventional Natural Gas Well Site
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Robert Heltzel and Derek Johnson
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business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Monte Carlo method ,General Chemistry ,Atmospheric sciences ,Produced water ,Article ,Methane ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Natural gas ,Skewness ,Storage tank ,Kurtosis ,Environmental science ,Geometric mean ,business ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Understanding methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain continues to be of interest. Previous studies identified that measurements are skewed due to “super-emitters”, and recently, researchers identified temporal variability as another contributor to discrepancies among studies. We focused on the latter by performing 17 methane audits at a single production site over 4 years, from 2016 to 2020. Source detection was similar to Method 21 but augmented with accurate methane mass rate quantification. Audit results varied from ∼78 g/h to over 43 kg/h with a mean emissions rate of 4.2 kg/h and a geometric mean of 821 g/h. Such high variability sheds light that even quarterly measurement programs will likely yield highly variable results. Total emissions were typically dominated by those from the produced water storage tank. Of 213 sources quantified, a single tank measurement represented 60% of the cumulative emission rate. Measurements were separated into four categories: wellheads (n = 78), tank (n = 17), enclosed gas process units (n = 31), and others (n = 97). Each subgroup of measurements was skewed and fat-tailed, with the skewness ranging from 2.4 to 5.7 and kurtosis values ranging from 6.5 to 33.7. Analyses found no significant correlations between methane emissions and temperature, whole gas production, or water production. Since measurement results were highly variable and daily production values were known, we completed a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate average throughput-normalized methane emissions which yielded an estimate of 0.093 ± 0.013%.
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- 2021
6. Further Insights into the Performance of Silylated Polyacrylamide-Based Relative Permeability Modifiers in Carbonate Reservoirs and Influencing Factors
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Eghan Arjomand, Liming Qin, Claus Otto, Michael Verrall, Ali Saeedi, Matthew Myers, Colin D. Wood, and Zhiqi Zhong
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Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Polyacrylamide ,General Chemistry ,Fluid transport ,Produced water ,Article ,Pore water pressure ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Brine ,Chemical engineering ,Permeability (electromagnetism) ,Carbonate ,Relative permeability ,QD1-999 - Abstract
We have previously used surface chemistry analysis techniques to optimize the functionalization of carbonate rocks with a silylated polyacrylamide-based relative permeability modifier (RPM). The RPM is expected to selectively reduce the permeability to water in a hydrocarbon reservoir setting, resulting in a reduction in the amount of produced water while maintaining the production of oil/gas. This study will focus on using core flooding techniques with brine/crude oil under reservoir conditions (i.e., 1500 psi pore pressure and 60 °C temperature) to understand the impact of a silylated polyacrylamide-based RPM on the fluid transport properties in carbonate rocks. The effects of RPM concentration, brine salinity, rock permeability, and pore structure on permeability characteristics were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) provided visual images of the polymer adsorbed onto the rock surfaces and confirmed the attachment of the polymer on the surface of the rock pore space after treatment. The relative percentage of Si increased from 1.65 to 13.55%, and the relative percentage of N increased to 4.54%. Core flooding showed that increasing the PAM-co-AA (poly acrylamide-co-acrylic acid partial sodium salt) concentration resulted in residual resistance factors for oil (RRFoil) and brine (RRFbrine) that were greater than 1. However, there was a modest decrease in the disproportionate permeability reduction (DRP) ratio (RRFbrine/RRFoil) from 1.75 to 1.60 when the polymer concentration was increased from 0.05 to 0.1 wt %. Furthermore, the RRFbrine values decreased slightly from 120 to 62 with increasing salinity (i.e., 1-10% NaCl) because of electrostatic shielding caused by charged ions in brine and the RPM. The cross-over points of relative permeability in these four samples shifted to the right because of the larger decrease in relative water permeability compared with relative oil permeability. End-point relative permeability to water in sample C-5 decreased by 80%, showing a reduction greater than that in the sample C-2 (i.e., 74%). Kr curves indicated a stronger formation damage in sample C-1, C-2, and C-4 than in sample C-5. Rock samples with a higher initial permeability exhibited a higher RRFbrine to RRFoil ratio (i.e., 3.05) under similar test conditions. This can be attributed to a larger pore radius, which was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Furthermore, a detailed mechanism has been proposed to understand the effects of the RPM on fluid transport in porous carbonate cores. In this study, SEM-EDX and NMR measurements combined with core flooding tests provide insights into the performance of silylated polyacrylamide-based RPMs and benefit its future implementation in carbonate reservoirs.
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- 2021
7. Optimization and evaluation of reduced graphene oxide hydrogel composite as a demulsifier for heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion
- Author
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Steven Lim, Inn Shi Tan, Man Kee Lam, Kin Kit Fong, Henry Chee Yew Foo, and Adrian Chiong Yuh Tiong
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Environmental Engineering ,Sorbent ,Materials science ,Graphene ,General Chemical Engineering ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Oxide ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Demulsifier ,Biochemistry ,Produced water ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,020401 chemical engineering ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,law ,Emulsion ,Hydrogel composite ,Leaching (metallurgy) ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The rising production of produced water from oilfields had been proven to bring detrimental environmental effects. In this study, an efficient, recyclable, and environmental-friendly reduced graphene oxide immobilized κ-Carrageenan hydrogel composite (κCaGO) was fabricated as an alternative sorbent for crude oil-in-water demulsification. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was employed to form a stable hydrogel composite. The conditions for the immobilization of graphene oxide (GO) on PEI-modified κ-Carrageenan (κC) beads were optimized appropriately. An immobilization yield of 77% was attained at 2% PEI, 2 h immobilization activation time, and pH 6.5. Moreover, the synthesized κCaGO is capable of demulsification with an average demulsification efficiency of 70%. It was found that the demulsification efficiency increases with salinity and κCaGO dosage, and it deteriorates under alkaline condition. These phenomena can be attributed to the interfacial interactions between κCaGO and the emulsion. Furthermore, the κCaGO can be recycled to use for up to six cycles without significant leaching and degradation. As such, the synthesized κCaGO could be further developed as a potential sorbent substitute for the separation of crude oil from produced water.
- Published
- 2021
8. Calcium Scale Inhibition of Stimulated Oilfield Produced Water Using Polyaspartic Acid/Aminomethanesulfonic Acid
- Author
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Qingzhao Yao, Yuming Zhou, Lina Zhao, Xiaolin Liu, Yanyun Wang, and Sujuan Ge
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Scale (ratio) ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Water chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Polyaspartic acid ,Calcium ,Aminomethanesulfonic acid ,Ring-opening polymerization ,Produced water - Published
- 2021
9. The Corrosion Inhibition Performance and Mechanism of Rhamnolipid for <scp>X65</scp> Steel in <scp> CO 2 </scp> ‐Saturated Oilfield‐Produced Water
- Author
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Zhaomei Fang, Chongshu Liu, Meng Wang, and Jing Zhang
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Corrosion inhibitor ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Rhamnolipid ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Produced water ,Mechanism (sociology) ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion - Published
- 2021
10. Boehmite nanopowder recovered from aluminum cans waste as a potential adsorbent for the treatment of oilfield produced water
- Author
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Asma A. Ibrahim, Eman M. Fawzy, Basem M. Hussien, and Adel Abdelkader
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Boehmite ,Materials science ,Sodium aluminate ,Chemical oxygen demand ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,Thermogravimetry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Differential scanning calorimetry ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In the present study, high surface area boehmite nanopowder was recovered from aluminum cans waste. The sodium aluminate solution was first prepared by dissolving aluminum cans in NaOH solution and then, H2O2 solution was added to precipitate boehmite. The prepared boehmite was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques. The thermal stability of the boehmite sample was investigated using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The feasibility of using the prepared boehmite powder as a new low-cost adsorbent for the treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated. For comparison, commercial activated carbon was used for the treatment of the produced water under the same conditions. The efficiency of both of boehmite and activated carbon in the treatment of produced water was determined by monitoring the values of a number of pollution indicators [i.e. turbidity, sulfides, sulfates, total organic carbon (TOC), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] before and after the treatment. The boehmite powder showed very good efficiency in the treatment of the produced water, which is very close to that of commercial activated carbon under the same conditions. The effect of adsorbent dose, treatment time, and pH of the media on the adsorption efficiency of both of boehmite and activated carbon was examined at room temperature using chemical oxygen demand as a pollution indicator. The maximum capacity for COD reduction was 69.6% for boehmite and 83.5% for activated carbon at 40 g/l adsorbent dosage, pH7, and 24-h contact time. Graphic abstract
- Published
- 2021
11. Conformance Control in Oil Reservoirs by Citric Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles
- Author
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Mahin Schaffie, Hassan Divandari, Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh, Mohammad Ranjbar, and Maen M. Husein
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Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Polyacrylamide ,Nanoparticle ,General Chemistry ,Micromodel ,Produced water ,Environmentally friendly ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Dynamic light scattering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Enhanced oil recovery ,QD1-999 ,Magnetite - Abstract
Reservoir conformance control methods may significantly improve enhanced oil recovery technologies through reduced water production and profile correction. Excessive water production in oil and gas reservoirs leads to severe problems. Water shutoff and conformance control are, therefore, financially and environmentally advantageous for the petroleum industry. In this paper, water shutoff performance of citric acid-coated magnetite (CACM) and hematite nanoparticles (NPs) as well as polyacrylamide polymer solution in a heterogeneous and homogeneous two-dimensional micromodel is compared. A facile one-step technique is used to synthesize the CACM NPs. The NPs, which are reusable, easily prepared, and environmentally friendly, are characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The results confirm uniform spherical Fe3O4 NPs of an average diameter of 40 nm, well coated with citric acid. CACM NPs provide a high pressure drop coupled with an acceptable resistance factor and residual resistance factor owing to NP arrangement into a solid-/gel-like structure in the presence of a magnetic field. A resistance factor and a residual resistance factor of 3.5 and 2.14, respectively, were achieved for heavy oil and the heterogeneous micromodel. This structure contributed to an appreciable plugging efficiency. CACM NPs respond to ∼1000 G of magnetic field intensity and display a constant resistance factor at intensities between 4500 and 6000 G. CACM NPs act as a gel, forming a solid-/gel-like structure, which moves toward the magnetic field and thereby shuts off the produced water and increases the oil fraction. The findings of this study suggest the ability to shut off water production using specially designed magnetic field-responsive smart fluids. The application would require innovative design of field equipment.
- Published
- 2021
12. Assessment of UV Disinfection and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Treatment and Reuse of Hydraulic Fracturing Produced Water
- Author
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Adrian Saenz, Yarrow S. Linden, Karl G. Linden, Sydney L. Vinge, James Rosenblum, and Natalie M. Hull
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endocrine system ,Microorganism ,General Medicine ,Reuse ,complex mixtures ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydraulic fracturing ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Dissolved organic carbon ,Petroleum ,Environmental science ,Uv disinfection - Abstract
This research assessed the efficacy of UV and UV advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs) to reduce dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and microorganisms in hydraulic...
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- 2021
13. The Comparison of Electrodialysis and Nanofiltration in Nitrate Removal from Groundwater
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M. Tahaikt, M Zait, Sakina Belhamidi, M. Taky, M Belfaquir, S. Kitanou, J. Touir, and Azzedine Elmidaoui
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General Computer Science ,General Chemical Engineering ,General Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Electrodialysis ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Produced water ,World health ,Demineralization ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,chemistry ,Space and Planetary Science ,Effective treatment ,Environmental science ,Nanofiltration ,Electrodialysis, Groundwater treatment, Nanofiltration, Nitrate removal ,Groundwater - Abstract
Nitrate groundwater contamination is of major interest all over the world. This problem arises in agricultural regions across Morocco. An excess amount of nitrate causes a serious problem in urban water networks and human health. Because of these health risks, considerable attention has been paid to find effective treatment processes to reduce nitrate concentrations to safe levels. The World Health Organization has set an acceptable level for nitrate in drinking water at 50 mg/L. The aim of this study is to reduce the nitrate concentration from groundwater using two membrane processes: Electrodialysis (ED) and Nanofiltration (NF). Efficiencies of these two technologies are compared in respect to nitrate ions removal, cost process and final quality of water. The results of technologies show that, for electrodialysis standards level can be achieved for a demineralization rate of 15% and the physico-chemical quality of the produced water is satisfactory. For nanofiltration we obtain a nitrate removal of 90% but the produced water is very de-mineralized and must be remineralized.
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- 2021
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14. Energy Analysis of Methane-Hydrate-Based Produced Water Desalination
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Nagu Daraboina, Ponnivalavan Babu, and Chandradeep Bollineni
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Waste management ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Desalination ,Produced water ,Energy analysis ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
Managing produced water (PW) is one of the significant environmental issues pertaining to the energy industry. The PW needs to be treated to meet environmental regulations and can be reused for irr...
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- 2021
15. Constructed wetlands for polishing oil and gas produced water releases
- Author
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Bonnie McDevitt, Molly C. McLaughlin, Thomas Borch, Hannah Miller, Michael J. Wilkins, Nathaniel R. Warner, Jens Blotevogel, and Kaela K Amundson
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Biocide ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Environmental Chemistry ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Pollutant ,0303 health sciences ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Sediment ,Sorption ,General Medicine ,15. Life on land ,Biodegradation ,Produced water ,6. Clean water ,Petroleum ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Wetlands ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Poland ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) operations and contains petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salts, naturally occurring radioactive materials and any remaining chemical additives. In some areas in Wyoming, constructed wetlands (CWs) are used to polish PW downstream of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) PW release points. In recent years, there has been increased interest in finding lower cost options, such as CWs, for PW treatment. The goal of this study was to understand the efficacy of removal and environmental fate of O&G organic chemical additives in CW systems used to treat PW released for agricultural beneficial reuse. To achieve this goal, we analyzed water and sediment samples for organic O&G chemical additives and conducted 16S rRNA gene sequencing for microbial community characterization on three such systems in Wyoming, USA. Three surfactants (polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and nonylphenol ethoxylates) and one biocide (alkyldimethylammonium chloride) were detected in all three PW discharges and >94% removal of all species from PW was achieved after treatment in two CWs in series. These O&G extraction additives were detected in all sediment samples collected downstream of PW discharges. Chemical and microbial analyses indicated that sorption and biodegradation were the main attenuation mechanisms for these species. Additionally, all three discharges showed a trend of increasingly diverse, but similar, microbial communities with greater distance from NPDES PW discharge points. Results of this study can be used to inform design and management of constructed wetlands for produced water treatment.
- Published
- 2021
16. Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in produced water and crude oil by NH2-surface-modified wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- Author
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Rosineide Costa Simas, Igor Pereira, Rogério M. Carvalho, Thais A.M. da Silva, Talita P. de Brito, Boniek G. Vaz, Gabriel F. dos Santos, I Medeiros Junior, and Deborah V.A. de Aguiar
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Detection limit ,Electrospray ,Chromatography ,General Chemical Engineering ,Electrospray ionization ,Extraction (chemistry) ,General Engineering ,Decanoic acid ,Produced water ,Analytical Chemistry ,Surface coating ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Benzoic acid - Abstract
This work describes the surface coating of wooden toothpicks with amino groups (NH2) for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of naphthenic acids (NAs) in produced water samples and crude oil fractions. NH2 was introduced into the cellulosic material through a silanization reaction using aminopropyltriethoxysilane. An NH2-modified toothpick was inserted into the analyte extraction sample and was subsequently used as an electrospray emitter for MS analysis. The extraction conditions were optimized by analyzing NAs (benzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, decanoic acid, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic acid, and 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid) in pure water, and the best condition was using 5 min of extraction time with the samples under agitation. Modified and unmodified wooden toothpicks were compared, and the intensities of all NAs were higher when using the modified substrates than when using the unmodified ones. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, precision, and recovery were determined by analyzing decanoic acid in seawater samples. The LOD and LOQ were 2 and 5 μg mL-1, respectively, and a linear correlation (R2 = 0.9927) was obtained with concentrations ranging from 5 to 250 μg mL-1. Precision values ranged from 6 to 13% and recoveries from 89 to 106%. The technique was also employed to analyze three produced water samples, in which decanoic acid was semi-quantified, and the concentrations ranged from 10 to 13 μg mL-1. High abundances of acidic compounds of class O2 with DBEs (double bond equivalents) ranging from 1 to 3 and carbon numbers going from 8 to 12 were detected in the produced water samples. The results suggest that the modification of wooden toothpicks with NH2 might offer a significant advancement in the knowledge of cheap substrates that can improve the sensitivity of analysis of NAs in water samples.
- Published
- 2021
17. Adsorption and desorption of water-soluble naphthenic acid in simulated offshore oilfield produced water
- Author
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Silvio Edegar Weschenfelder, Selene M.A. Guelli U. de Souza, Bruna Temochko, Sergio Yesid Gómez González, Letiane Thomas Hendges, Tamires Cristina Costa, Belisa A. Marinho, Luciana P. Mazur, Adriano da Silva, and Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza
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021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Environmental Engineering ,Ion exchange ,Environmental remediation ,General Chemical Engineering ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Fraction (chemistry) ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,Hydrophobic effect ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Desorption ,Naphthenic acid ,Environmental Chemistry ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The removal of water-soluble organics compounds in oilfield produced water (OPW) is currently one of the biggest challenges to meet the environmental legislation, as conventional remediation focuses mainly on removing solids and the dispersed oil fraction. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are present in significant amounts in water-soluble organics compounds; therefore, this work milestone is to properly understand the adsorption process by using an acutely recalcitrant O2-NA as WSO model. For this, a comprehensive screening of commercial adsorbents and waste was tested for NAs remediation, assessing also the influence of adsorbent properties and functionalities. Afterwards, there were selected the resins MN 202 and L 493 as adsorbents to further evaluate the regeneration and other variables such as temperature, pH and salt content, focusing on on-site offshore conditions. The initial screening and the equilibrium data suggest that characteristics such as surface area, pore diameter, and ionic form have a great influence on the adsorption process. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanisms involve anion exchange and hydrophobic interactions, showing a transition between multilayer to monolayer adsorption with the increase of the adsorbent dosage and the kinetics, while increasing NA encourages pore diffusion, resulting in irreversible adsorption. The use of eluents, while avoiding irreversible adsorption, allows recovering the adsorbent, improving the process feasibility at the targeted conditions.
- Published
- 2021
18. Development of novel polyether sulfone mixed matrix membranes to enhance antifouling and sustainability: Treatment of oil sands produced water (OSPW)
- Author
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Hao Liang, Changjun Zou, and Wenyue Tang
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Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Oxide ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,Contact angle ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Membrane ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,symbols ,Surface roughness ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,0210 nano-technology ,Raman spectroscopy ,Phase inversion - Abstract
The β-cyclodextrin-modified graphene oxide nanosheets (CMCD@GO), linked by chemical bonds, was successfully prepared. With it was used as fillers, the new CMCD@GO/Polyether sulfone (PES) mixed matrix membrane (CMCDGOM) was prepared by the non-solvent induced phase inversion method. FTIR, XRD and Raman Spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that CMCD@GO was successfully prepared. And the changes in the cross section and surface roughness of the CMCDGOM were observed using SEM and AFM. The modified CMCDGOM showed the larger and continuous pore size, lower surface roughness, and thinner "active layer", compared to the original GO-loading membrane (GOM). Next, the test results of the interface parameter integrated measurement system showed that the water contact angle of CMCDGOM was reduced to 50.8 ° (with GOM was 60.9 °). Then, through the experiments on the treatment of simulated oil sands produced water (OSPW), we have demonstrated the modified CMCDGOM had the higher removal efficiency (from 87.2 to 94.6%), better hydrophilicity (Jw =117.3 L•m−2•h−1, 4 bar), more excellent anti-fouling and sustainable performance (higher flux recovery and lower total flux reduction) than the original COM. The results indicated that the introduction of CMCD@GO can significantly enhance the OSPW treatment capacity of original GO mixed matrix membrane.
- Published
- 2021
19. A novel synthesis of quaternary nanocomposite as a potential adsorbent for removal organic pollutants (benzene and toluene) from produced water
- Author
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Abeer El Shahawy, Rasha S. Mohamed, Mahmoud F. Mubarak, and Hager R. Ali
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Pollutant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Nanocomposite ,chemistry ,Benzene ,Toluene ,Produced water ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2021
20. Gas Flotation of Petroleum Produced Water: A Review on Status, Fundamental Aspects, and Perspectives
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Svein Viggo Aanesen, Gisle Øye, He Zhao, Martina Piccioli, and Marcin Dudek
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Norwegian continental shelf ,Waste management ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Petroleum industry ,Oil production ,Petroleum ,Environmental science ,Waste stream ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Produced water is a major byproduct in oil production and the largest waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. At the Norwegian Continental Shelf, produced water is still mostly discharged...
- Published
- 2020
21. Lignosulfonates in Crude Oil Processing: Interactions with Asphaltenes at the Oil/Water Interface and Screening of Potential Applications
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Gisle Øye, Ross J. Ellis, Jost Ruwoldt, Marzieh Saadat, Sébastien Simon, and Marcin Dudek
- Subjects
Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Xylene ,General Chemistry ,Produced water ,Article ,Surface tension ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical engineering ,Brining ,Desorption ,Lignosulfonates ,Enhanced oil recovery ,QD1-999 ,Asphaltene - Abstract
The goal of this article is to test the potential application of lignosulfonates (LSs) in crude oil production and processing. Three LS samples of varying hydrophobicity and average molecular weight were considered. First, the interfacial tension between brine and xylene and interfacial dilational rheology properties of LS samples were measured. It was found that the most surface-active LS sample has the lowest molecular weight in agreement with the results from the literature. In the presence of asphaltenes, all three LS samples were able to compete with asphaltenes, the most polar crude oil component, at the interface and form mixed LS−asphaltene interfaces. However, only the most surface-active LS sample among the three tested could fully desorb asphaltenes at the highest tested LS concentration (500 ppm). Second, three possible applications were screened. LSs were tested to prevent the formation of w/o crude oil emulsions or to break these. However, the opposite effect was observed, that is, stabilization of water-in-crude oil emulsions. The potential application of LS in produced water (PW) clarification was furthermore considered. The kinetics of PW clarification was found unaffected by the presence of LS, even at very high concentrations (1000 ppm). Finally, the potential of LS for enhanced oil recovery was assessed. The LS flood changed the surface wettability toward water wetness for one of the samples, yet LS injection did not recover additional oil beyond brine recovery. It was concluded that LS has interesting properties, such as the potential to compete with crude oil indigenous components at the oil/water interface. The stabilization action of LS was dominant over any destabilization effect, which led to the conclusion that LSs are more efficient for stabilizing emulsions rather than destabilizing. Lignosulfonates in Crude Oil Processing: Interactions with Asphaltenes at the Oil/Water Interface and Screening of Potential Applications This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04654
- Published
- 2020
22. Modeling of corona discharge thrusters powered by PEM fuel cells: An investigation of potential synergies
- Author
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Xin Gao and Arne Graf von Schweinitz
- Subjects
Work (thermodynamics) ,Ozone ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Proton exchange membrane fuel cell ,Thrust ,02 engineering and technology ,Propulsion ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Engine efficiency ,Environmental science ,Aerospace engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Corona discharge - Abstract
Corona discharge thrusters (CDTs) bear a potential for silent and mechanically simple aerial propulsion. In this work, we propose an aircraft engine that combines CDTs and low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (LT-PEMFCs). A model is then developed in parametric studies to study its performance. Especially, potential synergies due to emission and utilization of ozone and water, are focused. In addition, the influence of ambient conditions, a such-equipped aircraft might encounter, is examined. The engine shows a high sensitivity to ambient temperature and humidity, rendering the effectiveness of such a propulsion system strongly dependent on the environment it is located in. On the other hand, the produced water and ozone promises a limited impact on engine efficiency. Although thrust levels produced by CDTs are still low, the combination of the technologies seems promising for light-weight aircrafts.
- Published
- 2020
23. Thermally Sensitized Membranes for Crude Oil–Water Remediation under Visible Light
- Author
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Mohammadamin Ezazi, Mohammed A. Gondal, Mohammed Z Al-Kuban, Talal F. Qahtan, Gibum Kwon, and Mohamed A. Dastageer
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Environmental remediation ,Groundwater remediation ,Oxide ,02 engineering and technology ,Permeation ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Membrane ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0103 physical sciences ,Emulsion ,Photocatalysis ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Effective remediation of produced water requires separating crude oil-water mixture and removing the dissolved organic pollutants. Membranes with selective wettability for water over oil enable the gravity-driven separation of an oil-water mixture by allowing water to permeate through while repelling oil. However, these membranes are often limited by their inability to remove the dissolved organic pollutants. In this work, a membrane with in-air superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic wettability is fabricated by thermal annealing of a stainless steel mesh. The resulting membrane possesses a hierarchical surface texture covered with a photocatalytic oxide layer composed of iron oxide and chromium oxide. The membrane exhibits chemical and mechanical robustness, which makes it suitable for remediation of crude oil and water mixture. Further, after being fouled by crude oil, the membrane can recover its inherent water-rich permeate flux upon visible light irradiation. Finally, the membrane demonstrates that it can separate surfactant-stabilized crude oil-in-water emulsion under gravity and decontaminate water-rich permeate by photocatalytic degradation of dissolved organic pollutants upon continuous irradiation of visible light.
- Published
- 2020
24. Chemometric tools applied to optimize a fast solid-phase microextraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in produced water
- Author
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Gisele S. Lopes, Ari Clecius Alvez de Lima, Hélio O. Nascimento, André Luiz Melo Camelo, Carla Bastos Vidal, Pedro Hermano Menezes de Vasconcelos, Elisane Longhinotti, and Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento
- Subjects
Detection limit ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Water ,General Medicine ,Factorial experiment ,010501 environmental sciences ,Mass spectrometry ,Solid-phase microextraction ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Produced water ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,Gas chromatography ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Solid Phase Microextraction ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Naphthalene - Abstract
Chemometric tools are powerful strategies to efficiently optimize many processes. These tools were employed to optimize a fast-solid phase microextraction procedure, which was used for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil-based produced water using a Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction technique (HS-SPME/GC-MS). This optimization was achieved with a 24 factorial design approach, where the final conditions for this extraction procedure were 10 μg L-1, 1 h, 92 °C (at headspace), and 0.62 mol L-1 for PAHs concentration, fiber exposition to headspace, temperature, and NaCl concentration, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) in this protocol ranged from 0.2 to 41.4 ng L-1, while recovery values from 67.65 to 113.10%. Besides that, relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 8.39% considering high molecular weight compounds. Moreover, the proposed methodology in this work does not require any previous treatment of the sample and allows to quantify a higher number of PAHs. Notably, naphthalene was the major PAHs compound quantified in all samples of the produced water at 99.99 μg L-1. Altogether, these results supported this methodology as a suitable analytical strategy for fast determination of PAHs in produced water from oil-based industry.
- Published
- 2020
25. Research of the influence of the grid density of injection wells on the gas extraction coefficient when injecting carbon dioxide into reservoir
- Author
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Oleksandr Kondrat and Serhii Matkivskyi
- Subjects
restrained gas ,Petroleum engineering ,business.industry ,Mode (statistics) ,injection of carbon dioxide ,3d model of the field ,lcsh:Business ,Produced water ,Grid density ,Natural gas field ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,gas condensate reservoir ,chemistry ,Natural gas ,water pressure regime ,Carbon dioxide ,lcsh:Technology (General) ,Environmental science ,lcsh:T1-995 ,Extraction (military) ,business ,lcsh:HF5001-6182 ,Injection well - Abstract
The object of research is gas and gas condensate reservoirs developed under the conditions of the manifestation of the water pressure mode of development and the negative effect of formation water on the process of natural gas production. In order to improve the existing technologies for the development of natural gas fields in the conditions of the manifestation of a water-driven mode of development of productive reservoirs, a study was carried out using the main tools of hydrodynamic modeling Eclipse and Petrel from Schlumberger (USA). On the basis of a three-dimensional digital model of gas condensate, the influence of the density of injectionwells on the coefficient of natural gas extraction during the injection of carbon dioxide into productive reservoirs on the verge of a gas-water contact was investigated. The study was carried out for a different number of injectionwells (4, 6, 8, 12, 16wells), which are evenly spaced along the perimeter of the initial gas-water contact. According to the results of the calculations, it was found that the production of formation water decreases with an increase in the density of thewell grid. In the case of using 4wells to inject carbon dioxide into a productive reservoir, the accumulated production of formation water at the end of development amounted to 169.71thousand m3. With an increase in the number of injectionwells to 16units, the accumulated production of produced water decreased to 0.066m3. This result is achieved due to a more complete coverage of the perimeter of gas content with carbon dioxide and the creation of an artificial barrier between water and natural gas, which leads to a more effective blocking of the movement of produced water into productive reservoirs. According to the results of statistical processing of the calculated data, the optimal value of the number of injectionwells was determined when injecting carbon dioxide into the reservoir. The optimal value of the number of injectionwells at the time of the breakthrough of carbon dioxide into the first productionwell is 7.86 (8)wells. The maximum value of the number of injectionwells according to the results of statistical processing is 6.8 (7)wells. The final gas recovery ratio for the given optimal injection value is 61.88%. On the basis of the calculations, the technological efficiency of using as an agent for injecting carbon dioxide at the boundary of the gas-water contact was established in order to prevent selective watering of productive reservoirs and productionwells.
- Published
- 2020
26. Impact of organosilanes modified <scp>superhydrophobic‐superoleophilic</scp> kaolin ceramic membrane on efficiency of oil recovery from produced water
- Author
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Afeez O. Gbadamosi, Juhana Jaafar, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Tijjani Hassan El Badawy, Jamilu Usman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Yusuf Olabode Raji, and Mukhlis A. Rahman
- Subjects
Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Octadecyltrimethoxysilane ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Coating ,Fiber ,Phase inversion (chemistry) ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Organic Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pollution ,Produced water ,Silane ,Fuel Technology ,Ceramic membrane ,Membrane ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Novel hybrid absorption coupled with membrane filtration technology is proposed for the recovery of oil from produced water. This study aims at developing a low cost superhydrophobic-superoleophilic kaolin-based hollow fiber ceramic membrane using phase inversion and sintering technique for the recovery of oil from synthetic produced water. The influence of different organosialanes, such as methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FAS), trichloro(octadecyl)silane, and chlorotrimethylsilane, was investigated for the modification process. RESULTS: Field emission scanning electron microscopy results clearly indicated that membrane morphology was altered with coating of the organosilanes. The surface functionality of the organosilanes on kaolin membranes was also confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. From the atomic force microscopy studies, membrane surface roughness was observed to be higher for MTES, FAS, and OTMS coated kaolin membranes. Contact analysis show that the membranes coated with MTES, FAS and OTMS organosilane agents possessed superhydrophobicity of 161.3°, 155.6°, and 150.2° as well as superoleophilicity of 0°, 1.5°, and 2.3°, respectively. CONCLUSION: Crude oil with a concentration of 2 g L−1 displayed a higher oil flux of 80 L m−2h−1 and absorption of 90% for MTES coated kaolin membrane. This study extends the frontier of knowledge in ceramic membrane application for produced water treatment.
- Published
- 2020
27. Compatibility of water treatment agents and produced water from oilfield
- Author
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Wenxian Xie, Limei Sun, Peng Lv, and Jiajun Xu
- Subjects
Suspended solids ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Produced water ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Corrosion inhibitor ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Compatibility (mechanics) ,Zeta potential ,Water treatment ,0204 chemical engineering ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Aimed at corrosion inhibition and sterilization requirements from conventional produced water (CPW) and polymer-containing produced water (PCPW) in Shengli oilfield, functional agents screening was...
- Published
- 2020
28. Study of the Efficiency of Combined Titanium Coagulants in the Treatment of Formation Waters
- Author
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E. N. Kuzin, N. E. Kruchinina, and S. V. Azopkov
- Subjects
Suspended solids ,medicine.medical_treatment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Produced water ,Electrocoagulation ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Reagent ,Titanium tetrachloride ,medicine ,Sulfate ,Filtration ,Nuclear chemistry ,Titanium - Abstract
The pretreatment of model and real formation waters before the subsequent desalination was investigated. Produced water associated with the oil production process was used as a real formation water. The real and model formation waters were characterized by high salt (up to 30 g/L) and oil contents (up to 50 mg/L) and a pH range of 7.6–7.8. Treatment was carried out using aqueous solutions of aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), thiosulfate (TiOSO4), and trichloride (TiCl3), as well as their combinations. The efficiency of treatment with different coagulant samples was evaluated, and the effective doses of reagents were selected. The feasibility of electrocoagulation on aluminum and titanium electrodes for the pretreatment of formation water was explored. The efficiency of removal of oil products and suspended solids with titanium tetrachloride solutions was 95% and with the aluminum–titanium coagulant, 90%. The efficiency of removal of oil products by the electrocoagulation on both titanium and aluminum electrodes was not higher than 76%. The effect of doping of titanium-containing precursors to a classical coagulant (aluminum sulfate) on such parameters as the efficiency of removal of oil products, suspended solids, and color, as well as the rate of filtration of coagulation sludge. The effective ratios of aluminum sulfate and titanium additives were determined, which allow the filtration rate and the efficiency of pretreatment of formation to be increased with only slight increase of the cost of the combined reagent.
- Published
- 2020
29. Physicochemical and biological controls of sulfide accumulation in a high temperature oil reservoir
- Author
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Angeliki Marietou, Hans Røy, and Kasper Urup Kjeldsen
- Subjects
Sulfide ,Souring ,Sulfides ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate reduction ,Nitrate ,Thermophilic ,Oil and Gas Fields ,Reservoir souring ,Sulfate ,Nitrite ,Produced water reinjection ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Nitrates ,Bacteria ,030306 microbiology ,Chemistry ,Temperature ,General Medicine ,Produced water ,Environmental chemistry ,Sulfate reduction ,Seawater ,Microcosm ,Biotechnology - Abstract
In order to maintain the reservoir pressure during secondary oil production large volumes of seawater are injected into reservoirs. This practice introduces high concentrations of sulfate into the reservoir promoting the growth of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) and results in the production of an increasing volume of produced water (PW) that needs to be discharged. SRM reduce sulfate to sulfide causing reservoir souring and as a mitigation strategy nitrate is injecting along with the seawater into the reservoir. We used PW from the Halfdan oil field (North Sea) to set up microcosms to determine the best reinjection strategy in order to inhibit SRM activity and minimize the environmental impact of PW during secondary oil production. We discuss the effect of temperature, electron donor, and sulfate and nitrate availability on sulfide production and microbial community composition. Temperature and the terminal electron acceptor played a key role in shaping the microbial community of the microcosms. PW reinjection at 62 °C inhibited SRM activity due to nitrite toxicity by encouraging nitrate reduction to nitrite by thermophilic nitrate reducers, while at 74 °C we observed complete absence of any microbial activity over the course of 150 days. KEY POINTS: • Temperature and the presence/ absence of nitrate shaped the microbial community structure. • Thermophilic nitrate reducers convert nitrate to ammonia with the accumulation of nitrite that inhibits sulfide production. • Nitrite inhibition is the most effective nitrate-based souring mitigation mechanisms. • The reinjection of hot produced water to oil reservoirs is a promising souring mitigation approach.
- Published
- 2020
30. Inhibitive and adsorption behavior of thiadiazole derivatives on carbon steel corrosion in CO2-saturated oilfield produced water: Effect of substituent group on efficiency
- Author
-
Guoan Zhang, B.S. Hou, and Qian Zhang
- Subjects
Carbon steel ,Substituent ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Tautomer ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Corrosion ,Biomaterials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemisorption ,engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Three thiadiazole derivatives with different substituent groups, 2-(benzylthio)-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole(BMT), 2-(benzylthio)-5-(butylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole(BBT), and 5-(benzylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol(BTT), were synthesized and studied as the corrosion inhibitors for N80 carbon steel in CO2-saturated oilfield produced water. It is found that the synthesized thiadiazole derivatives could effectively inhibit the corrosion of N80 carbon steel by chemisorption. The corrosion inhibition performance of the organic compounds is in the order: BTT > BBT > BMT. The theoretical calculations indicate that the tautomeric transformation from thiol-BTT to thione-BTT may be responsible for the high inhibition performance of BTT.
- Published
- 2020
31. Investigation of epoxy resin/nano-TiO2 composites in photocatalytic degradation of organics present in oil-produced water
- Author
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Amit Kumar Mauriya, Murtuza Ali Syed, and Feroz Shaik
- Subjects
Materials science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Composite number ,Soil Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nano ,Environmental Chemistry ,Composite material ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Polymer ,Epoxy ,Pollution ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,visual_art ,Titanium dioxide ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Photocatalysis ,Water treatment - Abstract
Nano photocatalyst (TiO2) has been immobilised on a low-cost polymer (epoxy resin). Composite specimens are synthesised with varying amounts of TiO2 viz., 40, 50 and 60 weight%. The composite was u...
- Published
- 2020
32. Development of activated carbon fibers for removal of organic contaminants
- Author
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Yehya Elsayed, Fawwaz H. Jumean, D. S. S. Alkathiri, Taleb H. Ibrahim, and Muhammad Ashraf Sabri
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Polyacrylonitrile ,Langmuir adsorption model ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Monolayer ,Carbon dioxide ,medicine ,symbols ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Saturation (chemistry) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Chemically and physically activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were produced using PAN (polyacrylonitrile) fibers and their properties were compared with commercial samples. Chemical activation using 3:1 KOH (ww−1) yielded fibers with 2885 m2 g−1 surface area, whereas fibers produced via physical activation with carbon dioxide had an area of only 774 m2 g−1. The surface area of the commercial sample was found to be 1500 m2 g−1. Notably, the total volume of pores, Vt, was 2.39 and 0.633 cm3 g−1 for synthetic (Syn-ACFs) and commercial (C-ACFs). The two fiber types were investigated for p-cresol removal and for treatment of emulsified oil in produced water. At a challenge contaminant concentration of 350 mg L−1 (p-cresol) and 150 mg L−1 (emulsified oil), adsorption studies of p-cresol on Syn-ACFs and C-ACFs at 25 °C gave 91.0 and 71.6% removal efficiencies, respectively. Adsorption of emulsified oil on synthetic ACFs resulted in a removal efficiency of ca. 97%. Adsorption of p-cresol on synthetic and commercial ACFs followed the Langmuir isotherm, with monolayer saturation (qm) values of 500 and 294 mg g−1, respectively. Single cycle regeneration efficiencies by ethanol and n-hexane were 63.8 and 73.6%, respectively. Thermal regeneration at 600 °C was most effective, with an efficiency of 83.9%.
- Published
- 2020
33. Innovative reuse of drinking water sludge for the treatment of petroleum produced water to enhance oil recovery
- Author
-
Mona S. M. Mansour, Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy, and Waleed I.M. El Azab
- Subjects
Petroleum industry ,020209 energy ,Alkalinity ,02 engineering and technology ,Reuse ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,020401 chemical engineering ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Water treatment plant sludge ,Petroleum produced water ,0204 chemical engineering ,Enhanced oil recovery ,lcsh:Petroleum refining. Petroleum products ,Chemical coagulation ,Treated water ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Organic Chemistry ,fungi ,Scale-free petroleum produced water ,Pulp and paper industry ,Produced water ,Salinity ,Fuel Technology ,lcsh:TP690-692.5 ,Petroleum ,Water treatment ,Particle size - Abstract
Using treated petroleum produced water (PPW) as injected water, for enhancing oil recovery, is important in petroleum industry. The process of water reuse is a cost-effective method. On the contrary, injection of inadequately treated water could induce scale formation. In the present study oil-free petroleum produced water (PPW) was treated to obtain water without scale tendency by using the water treatment sludge (WTS) produced from the Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTP). The WTS is usually accumulated in the DWTP as solid useless solid wastes. The characterization of the washed and dried WTS was investigated extensively by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Surface area analyzer. It was found that the average particle size of WTS is 47.34 nm. The main constituents of the WTS are MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, and Fe2O3. This WTS was reused for the treatment of oil-free PPW, where the chemical and physical characteristics of PPW before and after treatment were determined. The present study showed that the optimum WTS dose was 3 g/l at which the salinity, alkalinity, TDS, conductivity, hardness, cations and anions of the PPW were significantly decreased. The overall results revealed that by decreasing the cations and anions of PPW, the later has no any tendency to form scale. Therefore, the treated PPW could be used again to enhance oil recovery without any concern of scale formation, water-saving, as well as protecting the environment from the discharge of such polluted water.
- Published
- 2020
34. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Oilfield Produced Water in Presence of CO2 and Acetic Acid
- Author
-
Ping Li
- Subjects
Acetic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Corrosion behavior ,Produced water ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2020
35. The Effect of Cassava Peel Starch Addition to Bioplastic Biodegradation Based On Chitosan On Soil and River Water Media
- Author
-
Sintia Ainus Sofa, Mahfud Syuhada, and Endaruji Sedyadi
- Subjects
Starch ,Young's modulus ,02 engineering and technology ,mechanical properties ,biodegradation ,Bioplastic ,Chitosan ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,General Medicine ,Biodegradation ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Produced water ,cassava peel starch ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,chemistry ,symbols ,chitosan ,0210 nano-technology ,bioplastic - Abstract
The study of the relationship between starch addition to biodegradation of bioplastics has been carried out. This study aims to understand the biodegradability of chitosan-based bioplastics with additional cassava peel starch on soil and river water media. This research was conducted through four stages, namely making starch from cassava peel waste, making bioplastics using the blending and castingwet processes method with variations of starch 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml. Testing physical mechanical properties including water resistance, thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and modulus young. Testing the characteristics of bioplastics functional groups was carried out using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and biodegradation testing of bioplastics carried out on soil and river water media. The results of bioplastics research with variation 5 ml produce good mechanical physical properties. Bioplastics produced water resistance value of 45.03%, thickness of 0.0190 mm, tensile strength of 49.93 MPa, elongation of 3.068% and Young modulus of 1627.63 MPa. Bioplastics biodegradation test was observed by measuring the decrease in sample mass. The biodegradation test results in soil and river water media respectively showed a decrease in bioplastic mass up to 63% and 54%. The biodegradation rate of the calculation results on soil media is −0,1502 and in river water media is −0,0948.
- Published
- 2020
36. In Situ Analysis of Methanogenic Pathways and Biogeochemical Features of CBM Co-produced Water from the Shizhuangnan Block in the Southern Qinshui Basin, China
- Author
-
Songhang Zhang, Yang Li, Shuheng Tang, and Zhaodong Xi
- Subjects
Biogeochemical cycle ,General Chemical Engineering ,Geochemistry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural basin ,complex mixtures ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,020401 chemical engineering ,Natural gas ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Coal ,0204 chemical engineering ,business.industry ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,respiratory system ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Block (meteorology) ,Produced water ,respiratory tract diseases ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,In situ analysis ,Environmental science ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Coal bed methane generated thermogenically or biogenically is a significant unconventional natural gas resource. However, assessments of biogenic methane in high-rank coal deposits have been rarely...
- Published
- 2020
37. Influence of green inhibitor on flow-accelerated corrosion of API X70 line pipe steel in synthetic oilfield water
- Author
-
Shashi Bhushan Arya, L. R. Thippeswamy, T. S. Ajmal, M.A. Quraishi, and Jiyaul Haque
- Subjects
Materials science ,020209 energy ,General Chemical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Hydrazide ,Produced water ,Line (electrical engineering) ,Dielectric spectroscopy ,Corrosion inhibitor ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oleic acid ,chemistry ,Flow-accelerated corrosion ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Inhibitory effect ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Inhibition effect of oleic acid hydrazide (OAH), a green corrosion inhibitor on API X70 steel in an Indian oilfield produced water was investigated for the first time under flow condition. The test...
- Published
- 2020
38. Non-ionic surfactant loaded on gel capsules to protect downhole tubes from produced water in acidizing oil wells
- Author
-
Emad A. Badr and Ahmed A. Farag
- Subjects
Materials processing ,Materials science ,Non ionic ,020209 energy ,General Chemical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Produced water ,Corrosion inhibitor ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pulmonary surfactant ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Gel capsules of calcium alginate as a matrix stuffed with a non-ionic surfactant, namely 2-(2-(3,4-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl stearate, Tween-60, as an inhibitor was prepared by a piercing-solidifying method for corrosion protection of carbon steel tubes from produced water in acidizing oil wells. The Fourier transform infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques were used to study the properties of the capsules. The release of the inhibitor from the solid capsules to the corrosive acidizing produced water was studied gradually using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. A heavy additive was used to promote the sinking of the capsules in the oil well downhole tubes. The inhibitive effect of the released inhibitor on carbon steel in the corrosive produced water in acidizing oil wells was investigated using weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and morphologically by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of inhibitor release. The increase in temperature leads to partial desorption of inhibitor molecules at the metal surface, which causes increase in the corrosion rate. The positive sign of the activation enthalpy (ΔHa) reflects the endothermic nature of the carbon steel dissolution process.
- Published
- 2020
39. Highly Efficient Bromide Removal from Shale Gas Produced Water by Unactivated Peroxymonosulfate for Controlling Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Impacted Water Supplies
- Author
-
Huichun Judy Zhang and Kuan Z. Huang
- Subjects
Bromides ,Halogenation ,Inorganic chemistry ,Portable water purification ,Natural Gas ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Chloride ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water Supply ,Bromide ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,General Chemistry ,Produced water ,Peroxides ,Disinfection ,Wastewater ,Halogen ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Disinfectants ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Shale gas extraction processes generate a large amount of hypersaline wastewater, whose spills or discharges may significantly increase the bromide levels in downstream water supplies and result in the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) upon chlorination. Although a few studies have investigated selective bromide removal from produced water, the low removal efficiencies and complex system setups are not desirable. In this study, we examined a simple cost-effective approach for selective bromide removal from produced water relying on the oxidation by unactivated peroxymonosulfate. More than 95% of bromide was removed as Br2(g) in less than 10 min under weakly acidic conditions without significant formation of Cl2(g) even when the chloride concentration was more than 2 orders of magnitude higher. A kinetic model considering the involved reactions was then developed to describe the process well under various reaction conditions. The organic compounds in the produced water neither noticeably lowered the bromide removal efficiency nor reacted with the halogen species to form halogenated byproducts. The tests in batch and continuously stirred tank reactor systems suggested that it was feasible to achieve both high bromide removal and neutral effluent pH such that further pH adjustment was not necessary before discharge. After the treatment, the effect of the produced water on DBP formation was largely eliminated.
- Published
- 2020
40. Barium Isotopes Track the Source of Dissolved Solids in Produced Water from the Unconventional Marcellus Shale Gas Play
- Author
-
Rosemary C. Capo, Thai T. Phan, Christina L. Lopano, Zachary G. Tieman, Brian W. Stewart, and J. Alexandra Hakala
- Subjects
Geochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Natural Gas ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Isotopes ,Natural gas ,Drilling fluid ,Environmental Chemistry ,Oil and Gas Fields ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Isotope analysis ,Appalachian Region ,business.industry ,Barium ,General Chemistry ,Unconventional oil ,Produced water ,chemistry ,Carbonate ,business ,Oil shale ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Geology - Abstract
Waters coproduced with hydrocarbons from unconventional oil and gas reservoirs such as the hydraulically fractured Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin, USA, contain high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), including Ba, which has been variously ascribed to drilling mud dissolution, interaction with pore fluids or shale exchangeable sites, or fluid migration through fractures. Here, we show that Marcellus Shale produced waters contain some of the heaviest Ba (high 138Ba/134Ba) measured to date (δ138Ba = +0.36‰ to +1.49‰ ± 0.06‰) and are distinct from overlying Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian reservoirs (δ138Ba = -0.83‰ to -0.52‰). Marcellus Shale produced water values do not overlap with drilling mud barite (δ138Ba ≈ 0.0‰) and are significantly offset from Ba reservoirs within the producing portion of the Marcellus Shale, including exchangeable sites and carbonate cement. Precipitation, desorption, and diffusion processes are insufficient or in the wrong direction to produce the observed enrichments in heavy Ba. We hypothesize that the produced water is derived primarily from brines adjacent to and most likely below the Marcellus Shale, although such deep brines have not yet been obtained for Ba isotope analysis. Barium isotopes show promise for tracking formation waters and for understanding water-rock interaction under downhole conditions.
- Published
- 2020
41. Evaluating scale deposition and scale tendency of effluent water mix with seawater for compatible injection water
- Author
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John Puthenparampil George, Jamal Al-Fadhli, S. Mukadam, F. Al-Attar, K. Alanezi, and Meshal Al-Samhan
- Subjects
Ferrous oxide ,Water injection (oil production) ,Alkalinity ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Petrology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water compatibility ,020401 chemical engineering ,Effluent water ,Strontium sulfate ,0204 chemical engineering ,Sulfate ,EOR ,Effluent ,lcsh:Petroleum refining. Petroleum products ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Scale prediction ,lcsh:QE420-499 ,Water injection ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Total dissolved solids ,Produced water ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,lcsh:TP690-692.5 ,Seawater - Abstract
Water injection technique is contributing millions of oil barrels on a daily basis to the global oil supply; one of the challenges faced by such an important production method is scale buildup due to the different dissolved solids and high salinity of the injected water. For produced water or effluent water, pretreatment is a critical step before the injection process to reduce the risk of scale potential and well formation damage. One of the beneficial treatments of the effluent water is to be mixed in a compatible ratio with seawater, especially for those countries with easy access to seawater. Thus, the objective is to find a compatible mix ratio with seawater as one way of solving effluent water reuse without increasing the risk of scale and formation damage during water injection operation. In this study, effluent water samples were collected from different oilfield geographical locations in Kuwait, and then the samples were analyzed in the laboratory for their physical and chemical properties to select the most compatible one for mixing with seawater. The selected effluent water was then mixed with seawater in 1:1 ratio to evaluate the compatibility of the mix in terms of sulfate formation and scale tendency. The selected North field/seawater was tested under 75 ºC and 1000 PSi in an autoclave. The filtered precipitates were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) micrographs. Further, the formations of sulfate were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The OLI ScaleChem software was used to investigate the composition of mineral scales that may occur in the water mix at different ratios ranging from 0 to 100% to compare it with the actual water mix finding. In the effluent waters comparison part, North field water showed low pH (4.6) and alkalinity, as well as moderate TDS (190,000 MG/L). The main constituents of the scale deposited at the selected water mixing ratio were calcium sulfate CaSO4 and silicon oxide detected by XRD. However, the amount of barium sulfate was not presented in the precipitates indicating that all of it went in the liquid phase. The study concludes that at downhole conditions, the compatible mix of North Kuwait effluent water with seawater has high risk of barium sulfate in comparison with other common scale such as calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate and strontium sulfate (SrSO4). Also the study revealed that the prediction of different seawater ratios showed that at 70% seawater concentration, the barium sulfate concentration drops and consequently the scale risk reduced.
- Published
- 2020
42. Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Contaminant Levels in Sediments
- Author
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Hossein D. Atoufi and David J. Lampert
- Subjects
Pollution ,Waste management ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Fossil fuel ,Environmental pollution ,BTEX ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Total petroleum hydrocarbon ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Oil shale ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Recent technological progresses have unlocked tremendous shale energy resources, leading to increased production of oil and gas and a variety of new environmental pollution issues in the United States. One such example is management of produced waters, which are often disposed of via deep well injection. Produced water injection has been linked to induced seismicity. Thus, there are strong incentives for alternative management strategies that come with new, uncertain environmental risks. This paper summarizes studies of sediment pollution due to oil and gas production. The goal is to highlight potential environmental risks associated with produced water management, including long-term contamination of sediments. Sediment contaminants from produced waters include organic and inorganic toxic compounds. Three different indicators have been developed for sediment pollution: the geoaccumulation index, pollution load index, and the enrichment factor. The main pollutants in sediments resulting from oil and gas production are heavy metals, salts, naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs), oil and grease (O&G), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). These pollutants reach sediments and water resources via pipeline leaks, truck spills, improper waste disposal, and underground injection. Methods to decrease contaminant risks in sediments include surface capping, bioremediation, and phytoremediation. The shale oil and gas boom has exacerbated produced water management issues. As states consider regulation of treated produced waters, there is a strong need to consider potential contaminants of concern. Several case studies from the U.S., Middle East, Africa, Asia, and South America were used to assess levels of contamination around the world’s sediments in regions with high levels of oil and gas activity. Appropriate management of residual pollution from oil and gas operations should consider the nature of contaminants and sediments, the routes of contamination, the levels of contamination, the effect of contaminants on the sites, and methods for contaminant cleanup.
- Published
- 2020
43. Adsorption and Descaling of Cellucotton and Chitosan-Modified Bentonite for Produced Water
- Author
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Chengtun Qu, Ying Wang, Bo Yang, Jinling Li, and Yu Tao
- Subjects
Chitosan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Bentonite ,Biochemistry ,Produced water ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2020
44. PdAu-catalyzed oxidation through in situ generated H2O2 in simulated produced water
- Author
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Kimberly N. Heck, Michael A. Reynolds, Michael S. Wong, Camilah D. Powell, Sujin Guo, Yiyuan B. Yin, and Christian L. Coonrod
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,Formic acid ,Residual oil ,Phenol ,General Chemistry ,Bimetallic strip ,Produced water ,Catalysis ,Ferrous - Abstract
Most wastewater recovered from hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells (i.e. produced water) is transported to government-permitted, salt-water disposal units (SWDs) and discarded via downhole injection. However, there is a limited availability of disposal wells in some states and growing interest over future options for beneficial reuse. One alternative to using SWD facilities is to recycle the water for further use in oilfield operations. Residual oil and grease are one contaminant class in produced water where cost-effective treatment technologies are lacking. In this work, we studied the ability of alumina-supported bimetallic PdAu to degrade organic compounds at room temperature and atmospheric pressure via the catalytic formation of H2O2. Similar to monometallic Pd and Au catalysts, the PdAu catalyst produced H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals in the presence of oxygen and formic acid. The bimetallic catalyst was the most active in terms of initial OH formation rate, and when phenol was present, PdAu showed the highest rate of phenol degradation. We assessed the promotional and inhibitory effects of other species present in produced water including ferrous ion concentration, pH and salt concentration on catalytic phenol oxidation. PdAu was catalytically active for phenol degradation in simulated produced water at salinities as high as ˜0.3 M (˜16,000 ppm). The combination of air-formic acid-bimetallic catalyst is an intriguing approach for the degradation of organics in contaminated water at low pH and moderate salinity.
- Published
- 2020
45. Animal fat and glycerol bioconversion to polyhydroxyalkanoate by produced water bacteria
- Author
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Munir Sajida, Jamil Nazia, Sohail Rafeya, and Ali Iftikhar
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Bioconversion ,General Chemical Engineering ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Polyhydroxyalkanoates ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,010608 biotechnology ,Glycerol ,16s rrna sequencing ,Food science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Animal fat ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Produced water ,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,lcsh:TP1080-1185 ,lcsh:Polymers and polymer manufacture ,chemistry ,polyhydroxyalkanoates (pha) ,bacillus tequilensis ,Bacteria - Abstract
Oil reservoirs contain large amounts of hydrocarbon rich produced water, trapped in underground channels. Focus of this study was isolation of PHA producers from produced water concomitant with optimization of production using animal fat and glycerol as carbon source. Bacterial strains were identified as Bacillus subtilis (PWA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PWC), Bacillus tequilensis (PWF), and Bacillus safensis (PWG) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Similar amounts of PHA were obtained using animal fat and glycerol in comparison to glucose. After 24 h, high PHA production on glycerol and animal fat was shown by strain PWC (5.2 g/ L, 6.9 g/ L) and strain PWF (12.4 g/ L, 14.2 g/ L) among all test strains. FTIR analysis of PHA showed 3-hydroxybutyrate units. The capability to produce PHA in the strains was corroborated by PhaC synthase gene sequencing. Focus of future studies can be the use of lipids and glycerol on industrial scale.
- Published
- 2020
46. Overview on petroleum emulsions, formation, influence and demulsification treatment techniques
- Author
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Murtada Mohammed Abdulredha, Hussain Siti Aslina, and Chuah Abdullah Luqman
- Subjects
business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Extraction (chemistry) ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,0104 chemical sciences ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Petroleum industry ,chemistry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Oil content ,Emulsion ,Petroleum ,Enhanced oil recovery ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Asphaltene - Abstract
The most challenging aspect in petroleum industry is high produced water accompanying crude oil extraction. In modern days, environmental attention has become very significant due to large quantity of produced water. Produced water in crude oil extraction consists of a mixture of several compounds, including inorganic, organic and other elements. The elements in produced water have a wide environmental influence and sometimes cause poisonous impact on sounded area. Meanwhile, there are several techniques to treat produced water. However, a major part of produced water is an emulsion and this leads to a major problem associated with crude oil treatment and transport. At the same time, limitations in treatment techniques for produced water have been demanding researchers to investigate on demulsification techniques for several years. Researchers also noted that there are a lot of elements influencing emulsion stability and interfacial film, including asphaltenes, resins, solid particles, water and oil content, PH, etc. However, one of the techniques that has received attention in enhanced oil recovery is a chemical method by using surface active agents (surfactant). Keywords: Emulsion, Produced water, Interfacial stability, Demulsification mechanism, Surfactant
- Published
- 2020
47. MÉTODO DE QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO RESIDUAL DE ÁCIDO NAFTÊNICO EM ÁGUA PRODUZIDA SINTÉTICA APÓS ADSORÇÃO COM FIBRA TÊXTIL / METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF NAPHTHENIC ACID RESIDUAL IN SYNTHETIC PRODUCED WATER AFTER ADSORPTION WITH TEXTILE FIBER
- Author
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Ederson Stiegelmaier, Ana Paula Serafini Immich, Luciana P. Mazur, Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza, Selene M. A. GuelliUlson de Souza, and Tamires Cristina Costa
- Subjects
Marketing ,Pharmacology ,Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Strategy and Management ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Residual ,Produced water ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Drug Discovery ,Naphthenic acid ,Textile fiber - Published
- 2020
48. ADSORPTION AND DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF METHANOL IN PRODUCED WATER IN THE SOILS OF NORTHERN SHAANXI GAS FIELD, CHINA
- Author
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L. Gao, Y. Ma, Y. Li, and J. Xie
- Subjects
Natural gas field ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Degradation (geology) ,Methanol ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Produced water ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2020
49. Recyclable polyether–polyquaternium grafted SiO2 microsphere for efficient treatment of ASP flooding-produced water: oil adsorption characteristics and mechanism
- Author
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Qian Tang, Hao Sun, Xiaobing Li, and Xin He
- Subjects
Hydrated silica ,General Chemical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,respiratory system ,010501 environmental sciences ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,Contact angle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Oil droplet ,Zeta potential ,Polyquaternium ,Water treatment ,0210 nano-technology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In this work, an interfacially active PPA@SiO2 microsphere for ASP flooding-produced water treatment was synthesized by grafting polyether–polyquaternium (PPA) copolymer onto mesoporous hydrated silica (SiO2). This PPA@SiO2 microsphere integrates both demulsification and adsorption functionalities. The physicochemical properties of the SiO2 variants were monitored via SEM, BET, XPS, contact angle and zeta potential tests. When disposing of a simulated alkali–surfactant–polymer flooding produced water that contained 500 mg L−1 oil, this functional PPA@SiO2 microsphere exhibited an oil removal efficiency of 78.0% at 1.0 g L−1 dosage, which is higher than that of pristine SiO2 (39.1%) and hydrophobic modified SiO2 (54.2%). This remarkable oil removal efficiency was attributed to its abilities to destabilize and aggregate the emulsified oil droplets. Oil micromorphology test results indicated that PPA@SiO2 could aggregate the fine oil droplets into oil clusters, which significantly favors the oil–water separation efficiency. An adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics study manifested that oil adsorption onto PPA@SiO2 was an exothermic process, mainly dominated by external surface adsorption, which agreed with the BET and micromorphology study. Furthermore, the oil adsorption mechanism has been explored and confirmed according to all the experimental results. This modification protocol significantly reduced the PPA consumption and it was also found that the loaded oil onto PPA@SiO2 could be effectively separated through a petroleum ether extraction process, so as to recycle the carrier particles. This novel PPA@SiO2 microsphere with its high oil removal efficiency offers technical promise and huge potential for oily wastewater treatment.
- Published
- 2020
50. Removing scale-forming cations from produced waters
- Author
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Stephen J. Randtke, Colton Kenner, Edward Peltier, Karen Shafer-Peltier, Ming Chen, and Eric Albertson
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Polyacrylic acid ,Ultrafiltration ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Produced water ,Polyelectrolyte ,Salinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Brining ,Sulfate ,Softening ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The formation of precipitates (scales) during reinjection limits the reuse of oil and gas production water (produced water) for additional oil recovery. Selective removal strategies that target Ba and Sr, the primary scale-forming cations, would limit produced water treatment costs, reduce waste generation, and increase produced water reuse. A novel treatment technique for targeted Ba and Sr removal, complexation with polyelectrolyte polymers, is compared with chemical precipitation (sulfate addition and precipitative softening) for the removal of Ba and Sr from Kansas oil field brines. Four polymers were examined for cation removal, both with and without ultrafiltration: poly-vinyl sulfonate (PVS), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSM). PSSM and PSS were effective for Ba and Sr removal from the lower salinity brine (TDS of 31 000 mg L−1), but exhibited limited Sr removal in the absence of Ba in the high salinity brine (TDS of 92 000 mg l−1). Similar results were achieved in both brines using sulfate addition. PSSM used in conjunction with ultrafiltration removed >99% of initial Sr and Ba from the lower salinity brine, while removing only 65% and 78% of Mg and Ca, respectively. These results compare favorably to precipitative softening, which removed >90% of all divalent cations from the same brine but was less selective for Ba and Sr. PAA plus ultrafiltration removed 58% of Sr (and 68% of Ca) from the high-salinity brine at pH 9. While increased Sr removal can be achieved by polymer-assisted ultrafiltration, further development of this process, including methods for polymer recovery and regeneration, will be needed to improve its performance compared to precipitative softening.
- Published
- 2020
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