1. Differentiating, evaluating, and classifying three quinoa ecotypes by washing, cooking and germination treatments, using 1 H NMR-based metabolomic approach.
- Author
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Lalaleo L, Hidalgo D, Valle M, Calero-Cáceres W, Lamuela-Raventós RM, and Becerra-Martínez E
- Subjects
- Chenopodium quinoa metabolism, Cooking, Discriminant Analysis, Ecotype, Ecuador, Germination, Least-Squares Analysis, Metabolomics statistics & numerical data, Principal Component Analysis, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy statistics & numerical data, Seeds chemistry, Seeds growth & development, Chenopodium quinoa chemistry, Chenopodium quinoa growth & development, Metabolomics methods, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods
- Abstract
We processed three quinoa ecotypes as they are commonly consumed in a daily diet. For the treatments, quinoa seeds were washed, cooked, and/or germinated. Following treated, we used
1 H NMR-based metabolomic profiling to explore differences between the ecotypes. Then, for a non-targeted and targeted food fingerprint analysis of samples, we performed multivariable data analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis. From our study, we were able to discriminate each quinoa ecotype regardless of treatment based on its metabolomic profiling. Additionally, we were able to identify 30 metabolites that were useful to determine the effect of each treatment on nutritional composition. Germination increased the content of most metabolites irrespective of ecotype. In general, ecotype CQE_03 was different from ecotypes CQE_01 and CQE_02. Our phytochemical analysis revealed the effects of washing, cooking, and/or germination, particularly on saponins content., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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