1. Comprehensive resistome analysis reveals the prevalence of NDM and MCR-1 in Chinese poultry production.
- Author
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Wang Y, Zhang R, Li J, Wu Z, Yin W, Schwarz S, Tyrrell JM, Zheng Y, Wang S, Shen Z, Liu Z, Liu J, Lei L, Li M, Zhang Q, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Walsh TR, and Shen J
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Wild microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Birds microbiology, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, China epidemiology, Colistin pharmacology, Diptera microbiology, Dogs, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Genome, Bacterial, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Prevalence, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae genetics, Chickens microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, beta-Lactamases genetics
- Abstract
By 2030, the global population will be 8.5 billion, placing pressure on international poultry production, of which China is a key producer
1 . From April 2017, China will implement the withdrawal of colistin as a growth promoter, removing over 8,000 tonnes per year from the Chinese farming sector2 . To understand the impact of banning colistin and the epidemiology of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (using blaNDM and mcr-1 as marker genes), we sampled poultry, dogs, sewage, wild birds and flies. Here, we show that mcr-1, but not blaNDM , is prevalent in hatcheries, but blaNDM quickly contaminates flocks through dogs, flies and wild birds. We also screened samples directly for resistance genes to understand the true breadth and depth of the environmental and animal resistome. Direct sample testing for blaNDM and mcr-1 in hatcheries, commercial farms, a slaughterhouse and supermarkets revealed considerably higher levels of positive samples than the blaNDM - and mcr-1-positive E. coli, indicating a substantial segment of unseen resistome-a phenomenon we have termed the 'phantom resistome'. Whole-genome sequencing identified common blaNDM -positive E. coli shared among farms, flies, dogs and farmers, providing direct evidence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli transmission and environmental contamination.- Published
- 2017
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