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Background Adult body size is positively associated with aggressive and fatal prostate cancers. It is unknown whether these associations originate in early life. Therefore, we investigated if childhood height, body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) and growth are associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality and survival. Methods Subjects were 125,208 men from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register, born 1930–1969 with height and weight measurements at ages 7–13 years. Linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry and the Register of Causes of Death enabled identification of incident and fatal prostate cancers. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed. Results 630 men had prostate cancer recorded as the underlying cause of death. Childhood height at age 13 years was positively associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] per z-score = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–1.3). Associations were significant at all other childhood ages. Growth analyses showed that height at age 13 years had a stronger association with prostate cancer-specific mortality than height at age 7, suggesting the association at age 7 is largely mediated through later childhood height. The tallest boys at age 13 years had a significantly worse survival, but only when restricted to a diagnosis at <60 years of age (HR z -score of 1 = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.4). These associations were significant at all other childhood ages. Childhood BMI was not associated with prostate cancer mortality or survival. Conclusion Childhood height was positively associated with the hard end-point of prostate cancer-specific mortality, which strengthens prior epidemiologic observations of a positive association with prostate cancer incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is already known about this subject The risk of childhood obesity is influenced by a number of pre- and post-natal factors., The risk of childhood obesity is correlated with body weight during infancy, which might be related to the psychomotor development of the child., The previous literature on motor milestones and childhood overweight is limited and results are inconsistent., What this study adds Weight status in early life and timing of achievement of gross motor milestones (the ability to sit and walk) are largely independent of each other., Timing of achievement of motor milestones in early life does not predict overweight or increased BMI later in childhood., Background Overweight may hinder achievement of gross motor milestones and delayed achievement of milestones may increase the risk of later overweight for reasons involving physical activity and the building of lean body mass. Objective To investigate whether increased birth weight and body mass index ( BMI) at 5 months is associated with the achievement of the ability to sit up and walk and whether delayed achievement of these milestones is associated with overweight at age 7 years. Methods We used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort on 25 148 children born between 1998 and 2003. Follow-up took place from 2003 to 2010. Mean age at follow-up was 7.04 years. We used logistic and linear regression analyses. Results Birth weight and BMI at 5 months were marginally associated with earlier achievement of the ability to sit up and walk (regression coefficients between −0.027 months; [ CI −0.042; −0.013] and −0.092 months [ CI −0.118; −0.066]). Age in months of sitting and walking were not associated with overweight at age 7 years ( ORs between 0.97 [ CI 0.95-1.00] and 1.00 [ CI 0.96-1.04]). Later achievement of sitting and walking predicted lower BMI at age 7 years (ln- BMI - z-scores between −0.023 [ CI −0.029; −0.017] and −0.005 [ CI −0.015; 0.005)). Conclusions All observed associations were of negligible magnitude and we conclude that birth weight or BMI at age 5 months and motor milestones appear largely independent of each other and that timing of achievement of motor milestones seems not to be associated with later overweight or increased BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is already known about this subject Investigations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by non-invasive imaging procedures have limited evidence., Thirty percent of obese children are estimated to have NAFLD and implications for future morbidity are uncertain., What this study adds Many obese children and youths exhibit a high liver fat content as examined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Associations between liver fat content, anthropometry, abdominal adipose tissue distribution and liver enzymes are illustrated., Summary The study aims to investigate the degree of hepatic steatosis and associations with the amount of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), anthropometric data and biochemical measures of liver enzymes in children and youths included in obesity treatment. The study included 164 patients, aged 6-20 years, with a body mass index (BMI) above the 90th percentile for sex and age. Liver fat content was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). SAT and VAT were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatic steatosis was defined as liver fat content >5% (steatosis-5%) and 9% (steatosis-9%), respectively. Data on waist circumference (WC) and blood samples were available in 124 patients. Steatosis-5% and steatosis-9% were identified in 45% and 27% of the patients, respectively. These patients had increased SAT, VAT, BMI standard deviation score, WC/height ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels. GGT, ALT and VAT were found to be independent risk factors of hepatic steatosis. In this study, a substantial proportion of obese children and youths have hepatic steatosis. Therefore, it is important to examine these subjects for the degree of fat in their liver. Future studies focusing on hepatic steatosis should consider the use of MRS in addition to blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]