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The article develops a discourse about equality for children and their recent evolution from adult-centred consideration to definition as a separate, critical constituency as stated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with their child-focused goals and targets. Challenges implementing equality and fairness are discussed, from the World Summit for Children (WSC) in 1990 to the nearly simultaneous ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which gives children agency through its legally binding clauses, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The article reviews past lessons learned and the post-2015 agenda debate, from which worldwide agreement evolved about multidimensional poverty and an equality roadmap. The article suggests social accountability processes to achieve lasting SDG targets. It provides a methodology for implementing social accountability actions, accompanied by examples to mobilise communities and encourage child and youth participation at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In examining general trends of child well-being in Tanzania from the early 1990s to the present, there are only a few areas in which there have been improvements for all groups within any indicator. In this paper we concentrate on under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) and education. We also explore some of the environmental (housing, water, and sanitation) and some poverty-related (malnutrition, immunization) elements which may help explain the U5MR trends. Education has enjoyed the most progress in terms of an increase in access and reduction of the gender gap. Progress in the area of nutrition, sanitation, and DTP3 immunization has been uneven, with certain sections of society advancing while others remain stagnant or advance at a much slower pace. This has resulted in growing inequalities in these indicators. Unless the benefits of better nutrition, access to water, and sanitation and immunization start to spread throughout the population, it is likely that disparities in U5MR will increase and advances in average U5MR will slow down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty. Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed. We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide applied examples of this methodology. The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty. The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]