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Abstract: Objective: To compare the new American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria for scoring sleep with the previous Rechtschaffen and Kales (R&K) criteria in a cohort of children with primary snoring, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and normal controls. Methods: Polysomnography was performed in 26 consecutive children with primary snoring (13 males, mean age 6.2 years, SD 3.2), in 39 with OSAS (24 males, mean age 6.1 years, SD 3.0), and in 10 age-matched normal controls. Results: Compared to the other groups, OSAS children showed a lower percentage of slow-wave sleep, using both R&K and AASM criteria; they also showed a higher percentage of stage shifts, and N1, using the AASM criteria. Children with primary snoring showed a higher percentage of N1, compared to controls. Conclusions: These results indicate that the use of the new AASM criteria seem to disclose more differences in sleep parameters than the R&K rules in children with OSAS. Significance: The AASM criteria seem to disclose a high degree of sleep fragmentation in children with OSAS, mostly related to the repeated occurrence of N1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To assess possible correlations between intelligence quotient (IQ) and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) rating scale values and sleep (including cyclic alternating patterns analysis) and respiratory parameters in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Methods: Thirteen children who satisfied the criteria for primary snoring and 31 children for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) underwent polysomnography in a standard laboratory setting and a neurocognitive assessment. Sixty normal controls recruited from two schools underwent the neurocognitive assessment. Results: The IQ estimates of controls were higher and the ADHD rating scale scores lower than those of children with SDB. Children with OSAS had a higher REM sleep latency and arousal index as well as a lower N3 and A mean duration than children who snored. In our sample of children with SDB, the percentage of wakefulness after sleep onset, of N1, of A2, of arousal and A2 index correlated positively with global intelligence. Total and hyperactivity scores correlated positively with the A2 index. Regression analysis mostly confirmed the correlations between neurocognitive measures and sleep parameters and further demonstrated a negative correlation between the hyperactivity rating score and oxygen saturation during the night. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that arousal is a defensive mechanism that may preserve cognitive function by counteracting the respiratory events, at the expense of sleep maintenance and NREM sleep instability. Significance: We believe that our study makes an interesting contribution to research on the relationship between sleep fragmentation and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]