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Objective Lower limb deformity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a common musculoskeletal problem and planovalgus is the most prevalent, characterized by talus median subluxation, calcaneal valgus, and supinated forefoot. According to studies, one issue in orthopedics and pathology is the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of planovalgus deformity in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, which has attracted researchers’ attention. Accordingly, the present study investigates the effect of planovalgus deformity on the motor performance and balance of these children. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study employed a descriptive-analytical design. The convenient sampling method was used among children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, diagnosed with unilateral planovalgus, who were referred to the clinics of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Nezam Mafi) and occupational therapy clinics from September 2022 to February 2023 in Tehran City, Iran. Meanwhile, all participants were willing to cooperate in this research. A total of 27 participants were evaluated by an occupational therapist based on the specified criteria and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), which included the assessments of balance, muscle strength, range of motion, and pain. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software, version 16. Results The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension between the two limbs (P<0.001). The mean muscle strength of the quadriceps and ankle plantar flexors indicated a statistically significant difference in the affected limb (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean displacement of the center of pressure of the foot also demonstrated a statistically significant difference regarding topographical involvement (P<0.001). Conclusion Planovalgus deformity is one of the most common ankle deformities, which is of great concern for children with cerebral palsy. The results obtained from the assessments of the child’s balance and motor function demonstrated the importance of assessment strategies and early interventions to achieve better rehabilitation outcomes for children with CP and planovalgus deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The implementation of early rehabilitation programs based on evidence to improve the movement abilities of preterm infants is of particular importance. The evidence about rehabilitation interventions in improving the motor development of preterm infants is diverse and scattered and there is heterogeneity in the type, dose and time of therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this review study is to identify the types of rehabilitation interventions (occupational therapy and physiotherapy) in improving the motor skills of infants hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Materials & Methods This is a scoping review study. Research studies and indexed in scientific databases including were available in PubMed/Web of Science/Scopus or retrieved by Google Scholar search engine were searched and reviewed. Inclusion criteria included the report of studies in English and Persian papers published from 2000 to 2023 that were mainly focused and the main subject of early rehabilitation intervention studies (occupational therapy and physiotherapy) on the development of neuromotor skills of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. After selecting the keywords and organized search, the found articles were matched with the entry criteria and finally considered studies were selected. Results Among the reviewed studies, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among the available studies, 7 studies related to multi-modal interventions and 2 studies related to multi-sensory intervention .2 studies related to neuro-developmental interventions. 2 studies related to interventions implemented by parents--administered. 2 studies related to interventions supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention. Conclusion Based on the findings of this research and the meetings held with experts in this field, we were able to organize early rehabilitation interventions for motor skills of preterm infants in 4 groups: 1) multimodal and multisensory interventions 2) neurodevelopmental interventions 3) parentsadministered interventions 4) supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention to categorize. In this way, all types of therapeutic interventions in improving motor skills of infants were identified. Most of the studies included interventions that were performed in a short period of time and reported short-term effects on motor improvement. Only the supportive play exploration intervention continued after discharge and bridged the gap of early NICU-to-home interventions and reported improved motor development in the short- and long-term (6, 12 months). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood cancer can affect meaning of life as well as spirituality, causing significant changes in the family members' life, accordingly, the present study investigated the relationship between depression and spirituality among mothers of children with cancer. This study is a descriptive-analytical research of correlation type was conducted on 70 mothers of children with cancer in 2019 by available sample method. The measurement instruments utilized included "Beck depression inventory-II," and spiritual attitude assessment" questionnaires. Results of this study indicated an inverse correlation between depression and spirituality in mothers of children with cancer. It seems that promoting the spiritual attitude of mothers can help them cope with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Cerebral palsy is a group of movement disorders caused by damage to one or more regions of the developing brain. Therapists use different treatment approaches for children with cerebral palsy. It is important to pay attention to the priorities of the parents of these children because they spend most of the time with their children and are fully aware of their needs. The present study aims to investigate the treatment priorities of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Materials & Methods In this scoping review study, a search was first conducted in national and international databases, including SID, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, OT Seeker, and the Bank of Medical Theses of the country. The articles focused on the treatment priorities of parents of children with cerebral palsy and published in English or Persian from 2000 to 2022 were included. The review studies published in other languages were excluded. After assessing the found articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were finally selected for the review. Results The parents of children with cerebral palsy have different priorities. Teaching elf-care skills to the child was one of their most important priorities, which is not dependent on the age and level of gross motor function in children. Other important priorities were mobility and having complete information about treatment services. It seems that all the mentioned priorities are related to each other and paying attention to each one requires checking other priorities. Conclusion The priorities of the parents of children with cerebral palsy are broad and unique. Not all of these priorities are dependent on the age and severity of disability in the children, and can be different per child. It seems necessary to pay attention to the treatment priorities of the parents of these children in the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying the currently-used outcome measures for clients with cerebral palsy (CP) in the Iranian occupational therapy (OT) research can declare the new trend of such researchers and identify the more focused domains regarding such individuals. Accordingly, this integrative review aims to define the utilized outcome measures for school-age children with CP in the Iranian OT research. Materials and Methods: We conducted an integrated review of online Persian and English databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Otseeker, Cochrane, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, OVID Medline, Magiran, ISC, SID, IranMEDEX, Irandoc, and IRCT, along with the Google Scholar search engine from January 2000 to March 2021. Results: Out of 605 potentially relevant articles that were initially retrieved, 51 articles met the inclusion criteria, and their used outcome measure(s) was identified. A total of 42 identified outcome measure(s) were not diagnosis-specific and or child-report. A maximum of 15 tools, which assessed the motor components of CP children based on a biomedical bottom-up approach, was commonly used by the majority of studies. Conclusion: Most Iranian OT studies utilized bottom-up outcome measures. Iranian OT researchers were suggested to highlight the current paradigm of OT in their research regarding school-age children with CP to comprehensively address their multiple challenges and needs according to a top-down client-centered approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Children with leukaemia are less able to perform activities of daily living and participate in leisure activities compared to typically developing children, which can affect their occupational competency. The aim of this study was to compare occupational competency and values between typically developing children and children with leukaemia. Methods In this pilot cross-sectional study, 102 children (52 typically developing children and 50 children with leukaemia) aged 7 to 13 years were assessed using the Child Occupational Self-Assessment tool, which includes occupational competency and occupational value scales for each item. Results The independent t-test analysis demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the two groups on the competency scale (P=0.02). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the value scale (P=0.07). Conclusions Children with leukaemia feel less competent in carrying out everyday activities than typically developing children. Occupational competency interventions should be prioritised in occupational therapy services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly common in children and can continue lifelong. Looking at children's participation in detail is excessively important since it affects their quality of life (QoL). The Iranian children's participation assessment scale is a questionnaire that determines children's participation and is primarily built for children with cerebral palsy. This study aims to estimate the psychometric properties of this questionnaire for children with ADHD. Methods: The content validity was estimated using the Lawshe method with 8 occupational therapy experts (5 with a PhD and 3 with a MA degree with at least 5 years of experience). Test-retest reliability was done using an intraclass correlation class (ICC) in a two-week interval among 30 children with ADHD. Results: Regarding content validity, CVI was found to be 1 for all items, and CVR values were between 0.75 and 1 for all items. Regarding reliability, the ICC result was 1 for all the items. Discussion: No item was omitted in the validity part, and all items showed good reliability. The test is valid and reliable for children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Activities of daily living are activities that are formed in order to take care of the body and are essential for life and well-being and fundamental survival. These activities begin in infancy and are modified at different stages of development. Cultural values, parental expectations, social routines, and the physical environment influence daily activities. Concerns about children's use of time and daily activities are not new, but studies on them are rare. So to have more information and knowledge about children's lives and well-being, we need to have more information about their daily activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the time allocated to daily life activities based on the day of the week, age and gender in healthy children under 5 years in Isfahan. Materials & Methods: In this survey (descriptive-analytical) study in which healthy children under 5 years old in Isfahan were present, from different age groups according to the population of that age group, 240 girls and boys so that the number of girls and boys were equal in the age categories of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 12 months, 1 to 2 years and 3 to 5 years, were selected by multi-stage, stratified, cluster and convenience sampling. In order to collect research data, demographic questionnaire and time use diary tools were used. Results: The results showed that on weekdays, among the components of daily life activities, the most time with an average of 150.59 minutes per day is devoted to eating (and drinking) and the least time with an average of 0.02% per day is devoted to caring of Personal belongings, while in the last days on average the most time is spent eating (and drinking) and the least time is spent on other daily activities. In different age groups on weekdays, infants 0 to 1 month with an average of 273.35 minutes per day have the most time and children 25-60 months with an average of 154.65 minutes per day have the least time devoted to daily life activities on weekdays. Meanwhile, infants in the age group of 0-1 months on a weekend spent the most time on daily activities and children in the age group of 25-60 months spent the least time on daily activities. Girls and boys spent the most time eating (and drinking) among the activities of daily living on a weekend, while boys and girls spent the least time on other daily activities that are not categorized in this study. There was no significant difference Between the time allocated to daily life activities on weekdays and weekends and between the time allocated by girls and boys under 5 years old living in Isfahan on one day a week to activity of daily livings, both on weekdays and weekends (P>0.05). However, there is a significant difference between the time use of daily life activities in different age groups on weekdays and weekends (P<0.05), and finally, there is a difference between the time allocated to daily life activities on one day of the week and the weekend (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, age groups and days of the week are influential factors on daily activities, but gender has no effect on daily activity patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Cerebral Palsy Spastic Diplegia (CPSD) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is a neurodevelopmental condition beginning early in life and continues throughout life. In addition to mobility problems, the environment can also affect the CPSD children's social participation. This study aims to investigate the relationship of environmental factors with the social participation of children with CPSD. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 parents of children with CPSD referred to the occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Mazandaran, and Alborz provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. They were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Parents completed the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) and the life habit questionnaire to assess their perception of the environmental factors and their children's participation, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) was initially used to classify the gross motor function (walking ability) of the children with cerebral palsy living in Europe (The SPARCLE project). We used it to estimate cognitive levels in children. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression of SPSS version 22 were used to analyze the results. Results Based on the GMFCS-E&R classification, 23.3% of children were at level I, 27.6% at level II, 31.9% at level III, and 17.2% at level IV. Moreover, 89.7% of the children had an IQ>75, and 85.3% had no seizures. All domains and sub-domains of ECEQ had significantly correlated with social participation (P<0.01), where the physical environment had the highest correlation (r=-0.811, P<0.01). Based on the linear regression model, physical environment (β=-0.475, P<0.01) and attitudinal environment (β=- 0.285, P<0.05) were the predictors of social participation (adjusted R2=0.71). Conclusion Physical and attitudinal environments are predictors of social participation in children with CPSD. Environmental modifications and adaptations at home, community, school, and especially transportation system can increase the social participation of these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives The aim of the present study was to explain the correlation between sleep disorders and function in children with spastic cerebral palsy (4-12 year). Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 62 children with spastic CP (8.98±1.46 yr) recruited from rehabilitation clinics of Tehran, Iran in 2017. The Activities Scale for Kids, The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the cerebral palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for Children were utilized in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results Children with sleep disorder and arousal disorders had lower family health, lower quality of life and lower level of independence in their activities (P< 0.05). Conclusion These results emphasize on the necessity of more attention about sleep disorders and family health problems in children with cerebral palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of occupational performance coaching in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Method A randomized controlled trial was used. Thirty mothers of children with cerebral palsy were randomly assigned to an occupational performance coaching group or control group. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Sherer General Self-efficacy Scale were measured before and after the study. Results Occupational performance coaching had significant effects on participants' occupational performance and self-efficacy. In child-related goals, there was also a statistically significant difference between two groups (p = 0.05).Conclusion The results indicated that occupational performance coaching could be an effective intervention to increase the self-efficacy of mothers and improve the occupational performance of children and mothers of children with cerebral palsy. This trial is registered at NCT02915926 at clinicaltrials.gov [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four hundred and twenty-four Iranian mothers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) were recruited using the convenience sampling approach in a cross-sectional study. The researchers assessed the quality of life (QOL) in mothers according to the gross motor function levels and types of CP. The evaluation was done using a well-validated Persian version of the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. In 2012, demographic data and clinical relevant information were also collected in rehabilitation clinics affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The results indicated that the mean score for the study sample on physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) was 39.21 and 41.23, respectively. This suggests that participants considered themselves to have a low QOL (p < .05). The mean PCS scores for SF-36 were significantly different between mothers having CP children of different age, levels of motor function, and CP types (p < .05 and p < .01, respectively). The results indicate that mothers of children with CP suffer from poor physical and mental health. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the QOL in mothers of children with CP, and rehabilitation professionals should offer supportive strategies to promote aspects of their QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is one of the diagnostic tests used in assessing vestibular function. Two aims of this study were to investigate implications of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in children with spastic cerebral palsy (7-12 years), and to compare vestibular function in these children and normal children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, myogenic potential was recorded in 31 children with spastic cerebral palsy (8 girls, 23 boys,7-12 years of age, with mean age of 8.77 years old and standard deviation of 1.52 years) and 31 normal children (13 girls, 18 boys with mean age of 8.77 years and standard deviation of 1.52 years). Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential was recorded with 500 Hz tone burst. The recorded parameters included p13 and n23 latency, p13-n23 pick to pick amplitude, and threshold. Results: Myogenic Potential was recorded in 31 normal children. They had bilateral responses. In children with cerebral palsy, 21 children showed bilateral responses, 3 children had only right-sided responses, 8 children had only left-sided responses, and two children did not show any responses. The statistical significant differences were shown between the two groups in n23, p13-n23 pick to pick amplitude, and threshold (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings showed that cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential can be used in children with cerebral palsy. There were significant differences in myogenic potential parameters between the two groups. More studies are needed to investigate the causes of these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed records of 35 pediatric liver transplant recipients who were operated at the Shiraz Organ Transplant Center between April 1998 and April 2005 to gather demographic data, primary diagnosis, duration of hospital stay, source of graft, mortality, and surgical (vascular, biliary, fluid collection) and medical (infection, respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal) complications. Among 23 male and 12 female pediatric liver transplant recipients (mean age: 11.8±4.9 years) with a mean hospital stay duration of 23.3±20.3 days, the postoperative complications included biliary leakage (7.20%), biliary stricture (3.10%), biliary obstruction (3.10%), pleural effusion (9.26%), lung collapse (n=1) pulmonary hemorrhage (n=1), and vascular complications of portal and hepatic vasculature (n=10, 28.6%); and infections of the peritoneum, lung, wound site, and urinary tract (n=10; 28.6%). Acute cellular rejection was documented in 6 (17.1%) recipients. Overall, 13 (37.1%) children died. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection is a recognized and potentially serious complication in children following solid organ transplantation. This problem is particularly important for young children undergoing any organ transplantation who often have not completed standard childhood immunizations at the time of transplantation and who are therefore at risk for vaccine-preventable infections. To evaluate the vaccination status in liver transplant candidates, vaccination charts of 100 patients who were referred to Organ Transplant Center of Nemazee Hospital were reviewed and the vaccination status considered appropriate according to the recommendation of NIP and the patients’ age. Fifty-eight percent of patients were completely vaccinated for HBV, 85% for OPV, 97% for BCG, 63% for DTP, and 58% of the patients were completely vaccinated for MMR. We concluded that the vaccination charts should be periodically reviewed and updated to prevent the vaccine-preventable disease in liver transplant candidates not only before but also after transplant. Every effort should be made to assure that candidates are immunized early in the course of their disease. Also it may be indicated to recommend a special guideline for immunization of liver transplant candidates and add other vaccines such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine to their vaccination program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]