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Aim: To document the decline in vaccination coverage in the first months of 2020 as an indirect effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: We performed a literature review in medical databases. Overall, 143 articles were initially retrieved, out of which 48 were selected and included in the review. Results: Our review retrieved similar data in many countries worldwide, and, globally, preliminary data from the first 4 months of 2020 indicate a decline in diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis coverage, generally considered the marker of vaccination coverage across countries. World Health Organization recommends maintaining vaccination services, prioritising primary series vaccinations especially for measles‐rubella or poliomyelitis, but it also lets each country decide whether to maintain the immunisation services evaluating the current epidemiology of vaccine‐preventable diseases and the COVID‐19 local transmission scenario. Successively, recovering of vaccinations should be planned. Moreover, during the pandemic, influenza vaccination should be promoted as a central public health measure. Conclusion: Future challenges will be to maintain the vaccination programmes, especially in children younger than 2 years old and adolescents, to plan the recovery of vaccinations for subjects who postponed them during the lockdown, and to early identify any vaccine‐preventable disease outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHOM) is a rare pathology in pediatric population. The aim of this study is to analyse the epidemiological data and the management, compared to European Society for Paediatric Infectious Disease (ESPID, European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases) guidelines 2017 of 216 children with AHOM, divided in three cohorts (neonatal-onset osteomyelitis, those with vertebral involvement and other types of osteomyelitis). We conducted a retrospective single center study, evaluating data from all the children (aged 0-18 years) consecutively admitted to the Meyer Children's Hospital, during a period of ten years (1 January 2010-31 December 2019). Isolation of pathogen was possible in 65 patients and S. aureus was the most frequently involved (43/65 children). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI, magnetic resonance imaging) was performed in 201/216 cases and was compatible with osteomyelitis in 185/201 of these children (92.03%). In the neonatal-onset osteomyelitis group the percentage of diagnostic ultrasound for osteomyelitis was 36.36% significantly higher than the other groups. The median duration of total antibiotic therapy was 37.5 days. In total, 186/199 children recovered without complications. The present study delineates three heterogeneous cohorts of patients. S. aureus is confirmed as the first pathogen for isolation in all three groups analysed. MRI represent a gold standard for diagnosis. Longer duration of antibiotics treatment was performed in neonatal and spondylodiscitis group, compared to the other types of osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]