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Rural teacher recruitment and retention has become a common concern globally including in China. In order to understand the underlying reasons that cause rural teachers’ attrition, this study aims to explore the school culture and professional development of the teachers from urban and rural areas of China provinces, by examining three study objectives: teaching location and socio-demographic factor; challenges faced by rural teachers; and strategies to develop teaching professionalism in rural schools. A mixed-method approach involving survey forms and interview sessions was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS and ATLAS.ti which included inferential and thematic analysis. A number of 1547 teachers under Compulsory Education in Jiangxi, China were involved as participants. Results indicated that teaching location is significantly related to the socio-demographic condition. Additionally, five challenges reported by rural school teachers include parental involvement, working environment, salary, personal growth, and family environment. Meanwhile, three main strategies used for professional development are educational beliefs, collaboration relationships, and teacher self-training. The outcome of this study would contribute towards effective and feasible measures to stabilize rural teachers, promote educational and social equity, and promote the integration of urban and rural teachers. Findings conclude the importance to explore further and propose the corresponding measures to improve the working and living status of rural teachers.

Aim To evaluate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) within the empty-nest older adults population in poor rural areas of the Hunan province of China, and to explore the effects of resilience and affective balance on cognitive functioning within this specific population. Methods A cross-sectional, multistage, random cluster survey was administered to participants from March 2013 to December 2014 in the Hunan province. There were a total of 1164 participants. These participants were empty-nest older adults who were residing in poor rural areas of the Hunan province. The data was collected in two stages. In stage 1, the participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for screening cognitive impairment. In stage 2, the participants were screened for any potential cognitive impairment, were administered a series of neuropsychological tests and received a definitive diagnosis for MCI, if the criteria were met. Resilience and affect balance were assessed by the Chinese modified version of the Stress Resilience Quotient and the Affect Balance Scale. Results The prevalence of MCI was 38.40% within this empty-nest older adult population. Significant differences were found between MCI and non-MCI empty-nest older adults specific to resilience and affect balance. Path analysis showed that resilience mediated the relationship between MCI and affect balance. Conclusions Resilience and affect balance were less prominent within the MCI empty-nest older adults than those in the non-MCI group. The results suggest that resilience is a mediating variable between MCI and affect balance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 222-227.

As a new mode of urban planning and construction under the guidance of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, park city construction provides a new direction for green, high-quality and sustainable development of Chinese cities. In order to achieve the vision of park city, Hubei Province of China issued China’s first local standard, “Guidelines for the Construction of Park City”, in 2019, putting forward the indicators and relevant requirements for the construction of park city which covering urban planning, construction and governance. In this paper, the index system of Sustainable Development of United Nations, British National Park City of London, master plan of New York and Resilient Chicago, “Garden City” of Singapore concerning urban planning and construction has been reviewed during preparation, which lay a good foundation for the establishment of “Guidelines for the Construction of Park City”. The guidelines show the thoughts and basic contents of the index system establishment, and clarify specific construction requirements from 7 aspects including ecological environment, living environment, safety environment, cityscape, industrial development and social governance, which provide a profound basis and reference for the construction and development of China’s Park City.

In order to better respond wrongful convictions in capital cases Chinese authorities are still exploring into whether or not its rule likely conforms to all of international human nbsp rights nbsp rules nbsp and nbsp if nbsp not nbsp how nbsp to nbsp change nbsp it nbsp for nbsp better nbsp justice nbsp and nbsp human nbsp rights nbsp protection in criminal cases From the perspective of the significance and impact of nbsp international human rights law in the Chinese context China need to reform evidence rule and bring the ldquo fruit of the poisonous tree rdquo doctrine in future revisions of the CPL It will be the core of justice reforms in China contributing to better justice and human rights protection in criminal cases

The definition of torture in China is very limited in its legal scope This situation seems not very important in law but given that China has signed and ratified the Convention for two decades it is China rsquo s duty to bring the definition of torture in line with international standards Also its definition is related to whether or not to exclude all of tortured confessions in China rsquo s justice practice Thus its legislative revisions on the scope of torture to expand the definition are most needed in Chinese future institutional reforms on supervising police interrogations and evidence exclusion This critical thinking from an international human rights perspective could help Chinese courts not to focus on remedying wrongful convictions caused by torture in a narrow sense but promote them to check and exclude any form of torture from use in conviction or sentencing

To evaluate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) within the empty-nest older adults population in poor rural areas of the Hunan province of China, and to explore the effects of resilience and affective balance on cognitive functioning within this specific population.A cross-sectional, multistage, random cluster survey was administered to participants from March 2013 to December 2014 in the Hunan province. There were a total of 1164 participants. These participants were empty-nest older adults who were residing in poor rural areas of the Hunan province. The data was collected in two stages. In stage 1, the participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for screening cognitive impairment. In stage 2, the participants were screened for any potential cognitive impairment, were administered a series of neuropsychological tests and received a definitive diagnosis for MCI, if the criteria were met. Resilience and affect balance were assessed by the Chinese modified version of the Stress Resilience Quotient and the Affect Balance Scale.The prevalence of MCI was 38.40% within this empty-nest older adult population. Significant differences were found between MCI and non-MCI empty-nest older adults specific to resilience and affect balance. Path analysis showed that resilience mediated the relationship between MCI and affect balance.Resilience and affect balance were less prominent within the MCI empty-nest older adults than those in the non-MCI group. The results suggest that resilience is a mediating variable between MCI and affect balance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 222-227.

China’s forensic reform in 2005 has made positive progress on the forensic system in many aspects. Apart from abolishing forensic sectors in courts, increasing such sectors funded by social bodies and improving the quality of forensic examination, there has been significant progress on infrastructure and equipment construction in practice. With investments from Party committees or governments, forensic agencies including those inside police and supported by social sectors have achieved desirable results in developing their capacity building in recent years. Nonetheless, the independence of forensic sectors that the 2005 reform did attempt to improve appears not to change much the situation of investigative bodies conducting forensic examination. In fact, the police control forensic work after investigation so as not to ensure impartiality of forensic results made by police forensic experts. Thus, China need to create independent scientific institutions for forensic research, analyses and free casework in future reform, in order to build support for an overhaul of forensic science. Regardless in a broad or narrow sense, meanwhile, the “independent” nature of forensic institutes never requires abolition of those inside police. But their independence from the three institutions including police is still at the core of further forensic science reform in China.

The media report that the rate of the actual implementation of exclusionary rules is very low in China, even lower than many of other countries in the world. This paper will start from Chinese academic findings on their current implementation. Further, it will proceed with Chinese official data on the actual implementation of exclusionary rules. Then, it will conclude with the common problems of such statistics that need to be mended in future reforms, in order to ensure better justice in China.

This article, in seeking to explore women’s lives in Republican China during the Nanjing decade, offers a case study of the Funu Zhoukan (Women’s Weekly), the supplement of Guomindang’s Central Daily News, between April 1935 and August 1937. After its foundation, the Nanjing Guomindang government set a benchmark for women to be good national subjects by taking on the role of the ‘virtuous wife and good mother’ instead of the ‘modern woman’ who had emerged among middle and high class families in major cities. While the Women’s Weekly promoted the discourse of the ‘virtuous wife and good mother’, women intellectuals argued that women could take on such responsibilities only through education, participation in the professions and politics and by gaining a degree of economic independence. Thus, the idea of a woman’s place being solely at home was defeated in the Nanjing period, but the issue of women’s full role in society was left unresolved because of women’s confusion about the dual responsibilities of hom...

The present thesis analyzes the necessity of the energetic development of the application-type nautical education of undergraduates in Shandong province and promotes some reflections on how to accelerate this development in combination with the opportunity and the current situation of the nautical education in Shandong province. The present thesis aims to elevate the quality of the nautical education of undergraduates in Shandong province, establish a Shandong who is well developed on coastal regions, develop the human resources strategy in coastal economic regions in Shandong Peninsula and provide reference for policy-making.

The media has reported numerous miscarriages of justice in China, some of which directly result from errors in forensic evidence as a main cause. Given that such miscarriages occurred under the influence of China’s Strike Hard Policy, empirical studies on its impact on forensic evidence, par-ticularly that leading to miscarriages of justice will be conducted at multiple levels with diverse research methods. The old policy officially took effect mainly from 1983 to 2005, when problems in forensic evidence significantly produced more miscarriages of justice. The old policy’s impact on forensic evidence will be further explored based on data that were collected from experiments conducted with 394 questionnaires and 100 judges in four sample cities, just before and after the old policy was replaced with a balanced policy in late 2005. Surveys to elicit the traits of forensic identification were used, as well as the exogenous imposition of the old policy to identify its negative impacts on forensic evidence, combined with new policy effects. The 2005 reform towards balancing leniency and severity is essentially inadequate to prevent errors in forensic evidence.

To determine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Functional Performance Inventory Short Form (FPI-SF-C) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China.The Functional Performance Inventory Short Form (FPI-SF) is a 32-item instrument designed to measure self-reported functional performance of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This instrument had not been translated into Mandarin Chinese and tested for use in mainland China.Cross-sectional validation study with a two-week test of reproducibility.The FPI-SF was translated using forward and backward translation procedures and administered to 108 stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients from outpatient clinics of three hospitals in Beijing, China. Pulmonary function and six-minute walking distance (6-MWD) tests were performed on the same day or within one week before the FPI-SF-C completion. Thirty of the patients participated in the reproducibility assessment.Cronbach's alpha for the FPI-SF-C total score was 0·89; subscales ranged from 0·70 (Body Care)-0·89 (Spiritual activities). Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0·93 with subscales ranging from 0·73 (Body Care)-0·96 (Household Maintenance). No ceiling or floor effects were observed for total FPI-SF-C score. Total scores correlated significantly (p0·05) with 6-MWD (r=0·56), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MMRC) (r=-0·55), BODE index (r=-0·47), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) (r=0·41) and FEV(1) % of predicted (r=0·26) and differentiated patients based on GOLD rating of COPD severity (χ(2)=16·22, p0·001).Results suggest the FPI-SF-C is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring functional performance in mainland Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further psychometric testing in a wide range of subjects and an evaluation of its utility in clinical practice are warranted.The FPI-SF-C may be useful for understanding difficulties in functional performance and evaluating the effect of treatment in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.