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Access to clean water increases in the future due to world population growth, climate change, water pollution by industrial and household waste, and water scarcity that occurs in several countries worldwide. Seawater desalination is the fastest and most convenient way to meet the needs of clean water that continues to grow today and in the future. In this study, a forward osmosis (FO) membrane has been prepared from chitosan polymer study for seawater desalination. The FO Chitosan membranes are prepared by casting the chitosan polymers in 1% (v/v) acetic acid on the support and evaporating the printing solution at room temperature. The membrane preserves asymmetric structure with 33.67 % of porosity and 15.76 % of a swelling degree. The chitosan membrane has excellent mechanical strength with the tensile strength of 29.67 kgf/mm2 and elongation equal to 8.21%. The performance of the FO process was studied using fructose, sucrose, and a mixture of fructose and sucrose as a withdrawal solution for extracting water from seawater as a feed solution. The clean water flux increases with the addition of the concentration of the draw solution in the forward osmosis process. The parameter quality of all the produced-water agreed to Indonesian government regulation of drinking water quality. The chitosan forward osmosis membrane can be an alternative method for producing drinking water from seawater.

The aims of this research is to synthesize Pb(II) imprinted polymers with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) as polymers and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) as cross-linker (Pb-IIP). Chitosan (CTS), non imprinted polymer (NIP) and Pb-IIP were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer (SAA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The result showed that the adsorption was optimum at pH 5 and contact time of 250 min. Adsorption of Pb(II) ion with all of adsorbents followed pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Adsorption of Pb(II) ion on CTS followed Freundlich isotherm while that on NIP and Pb-IIP followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorbent of Pb-IIP give higher capacity than the NIP and CTS. Adsorption capacity of Pb-IIP, NIP and CTS were 167.1, 128.9 and 76.1 mg/g, respectively. NIP gave higher adsorption selectivity for Pb(II)/Ni(II) and Pb(II)/Cu(II), whereas Pb-IIP showed higher adsorption selectivity for Pb(II)/Cd(II).The hydrogen bonding dominated interaction between Pb(II) ion on NIP and Pb-IIP.

Chitosan has been made from chitin that was deacetylated from escargot (Achatina fulica). The purification of chitin was done by deproteination, demineralization, and depigmentation. Identification of chitin and chitosan was done by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Characterization of chitosan was determined by water and mineral content, molecular weight, polymerization degree and degree of deacetylation. The result of research was obtained chitosan 6,95%, crystal, white brownish color, odorless, 3,26±0,45% water content, 10,11±0,38% mineral content, 889,78 molecular weight average with degree of polymerization 5 and degree of deacetylation 74,78-77,99%.

Study on chitosan modification by swelling and crosslinking and its application as a selective adsorbent for heavy metals Cr (VI) in batik industry wastes was done. Swelling is intended to improve chitosan porosity, whereas crosslinking is to increase the resistance of chitosan against acid. Natural samples are generally acidic, thus limiting chitosan application as an adsorbent. Modification of chitosan by combining swelling and crosslinking is expected to increase its adsorption capacity in binding heavy metal ions in water. The modified chitosan was later contacted with Cr (VI) to test its adsorption capacity with a variation of pH and contact time. Finally, application of modified chitosan was done in batik industry waste containing Cr (IV). Based on the results, chitosan-ECH 25% (v/v) was the optimum concentration of crosslinker to adsorb Cr (VI) ions. Modified chitosan has a solubility resistance to acids, even though a strong acid. Modification of chitosan also improved its adsorption capacity to Cr (VI) from 74% (pure chitosan) to 89% with contact time 30 min at pH 3. On the application to the batik wastes, the modified chitosan were able to adsorb Cr (IV) up to the level of 5 ppm. Thus, the modified chitosan has a potential to be applied to as an adsorbent of Cr (VI) in batik industry wastes.

The aim of this research was to improve the adsorption capacity of chitosan by modification of the chitosan using various cross-linking agents and followed by grafting using succinate anhydride. Succinate anhydride was grafted into chitosan that had been cross-linked using ethylene glycol di-glycidyl ether (EGDE), diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DEGDE) andbisphenolAdiglycidyl ether (BADGE) on the hydroxyl group of chitosan to yield Chit- EGDE-Suc, Chit-DEGDE-Suc, and Chit-BADGE-Suc, respectively. Modified chitosans were analyzed using FTIR and TG-DTA and then applied as adsorbents for Pb(II) ion. Adsorption was carried out in batch condition with a variation of solution pH, contact time, and concentration of Pb(II) in the solution. Adsorption ofPb(II) ion reached optimum condition at pH 5 and contact time of 120 minutes. Adsorption of Pb(II) ion on all of the adsorbents fit well the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Adsorption capacities of Pb(II) on Chit-EGDE-Suc, Chit-DEGDE-SucdanChit-BADGE-Suc were 0.333, 0.388 and 0.898 mmolg-1, respectively, which mean that the adsorption of Chit-BADGE-Suc was the highest and followed by Chit- DEGDE-Suc and Chit-EGDE-Suc.