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The attenuating effect of 150 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against the oral administration of 7.88 and 202.07 mg/kg/day for 14 days of either chlropyrifos-ethyl (CPE-E) or chlropyrifos-methyl (CPF-M), respectively, in male rat was investigated using biochemical and genetic markers. Biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), paraoxonase (PON), adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATP-ase), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione reduced (GSH) in serum showed a significant decline in their levels, while calcium (Ca +2 ), cytochrome C reduction (CYC-R), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) levels showed a significant increase in serum of treated rats. Regarding the genotoxic parameters, when rats are treated either with CPE-E or CPF-M, liver DNA, chromosomal aberration (CA), and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) significantly increased, while the mitotic index (MI) and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/ normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio were significantly decreased. However, the administration of NAC following the intoxication of CPF-E or CPF-M attenuated the tested biochemical and genotoxic markers. It can be concluded that NAC can be used to ameliorate the toxicity of certain organophosphorus compounds such as CPF-E and CPF-M., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Because residues of chlorpyrifos being the most common in vegetables that are generally consumed uncooked and the demand for healthy vegetables has increased, an effective approach to remove these residues from vegetables is necessary. This study aimed to determine how effectively chlorpyrifos residues could be removed from a variety of vegetables by utilizing low concentrations of ozonated water as a green technology over different contact times. Solid-phase extraction was employed, and then residues were analyzed using GC‒MS. The study illustrated that the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos residues in arugula > parsley > leek > tomato > carrot > cucumber > cabbage > bell pepper. The % chlorpyrifos removal ranged 30–83, 91–97, 80–92, 92–95, 87–97, 95–97, 64–100, and 90–97% for bell pepper, tomato, cucumber, carrot, arugula, parsley, cabbage, and leek, respectively. A first-order kinetic model was assumed to explore the removal of chlorpyrifos and degradation rate constants increased as follows: parsley > carrot ≈ leek > arugula > tomato > cucumber > cabbage > bell pepper, with the absence of the chlorpyrifos-oxon which is more toxic than the parent chlorpyrifos after ozone treatments. Importantly, the use of ozonated water for chlorpyrifos removal had no appreciable adverse effects on the total phenolic compound, vitamin C levels, or free radical scavenging activity in most of the tested vegetables. These findings imply that ozone technology is a safe and effective method for eliminating chlorpyrifos from the surface of vegetables, potentially lowering the risk to consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ameliorating effect of 150 mg/kg b.w. of Nacetylcysteine (NAC) against the oral administration of 7.88 (1/25 LD50) or 202.07 (1/10 LD50) mg/kg/day for 14 days of chlorpyrifos- ethyl (CPF-E) and chlorpyrifosmethyl (CPF-M), respectively, was investigated using neurobehavioral and biochemical markers for this toxicity. Neurobehavioral tests; open field test (OFT), hole-board test (HBT), light/dark box test (LDBT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) showed increase frequency of exploration, low level of anxiety and locomotor in rats treated with either CPE-E or CPF-M, while the coadministration of NAC to treated rats attenuated neurobehavioral parameters. Biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), paraoxonase (PON) and adenosine 5'- triphosphatase, (ATP-ase) showed declining in their activities, while calcium (Ca+2) levels in brain were increased. However, the administration of NAC following the intoxification of CPF-E or CPF-M attenuated the values of these biomarkers. It can be concluded that NAC can be used to ameliorate the toxicity of certain organophosphorus compounds such as CPF-E and CPFM and considered it as a choice for the prevention and treatment of either CPF-E or CPF-M -induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]