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Acute cholangitis caused by migrating clips is a possible complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this case report, a 50-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with fever, icterus, and epigastric pain. Blood samples and blood cultures showed cholestasis, signs of infection and three different types of bacteria in the blood stream. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a migrating clip in the common bile duct and was extracted using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Migrating clip following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a cause of cholangitis and should be considered in patients presenting with relevant symptoms.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard procedure for symptomatic cholelithiasis. During the procedure the cystic duct is ligated with titanium clips. Migration of these clips after cholecystectomy is a rare complication and may result in stone formation in common bile duct (CBD). We are here discussing a case of a 29 years female who presented with choledocholithiasis 10 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The clip was incidentally discovered during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and stone extraction. The patient was managed successfully at our center.

We present the case of a 43-year-old female who underwent cholecystectomy with choledochotomy and laparoscopic lithoextraction for choledocholithiasis, who came to the emergency room due to abdominal pain of 3 days' evolution. An abdominal CT scan showed a possible cholangitis with a liver abscess at the level of segment VI, with metal density material near to the lesion. The inflammatory process extended to the right iliac psoas.

Surgical clip migration in the common bile duct with consecutive stone formation is a rare occurrence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, less than 100 cases being reported so far. We report a case of a 55-year-old woman with obstructive jaundice due to bile duct stone formed around a migrated surgical clip 9 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patient presented with pain in the upper abdomen and jaundice. Abdominal ultrasound diagnosed dilation of the common bile duct and intrahepatic bile ducts. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography which revealed a metal clip in the distal part of the common bile duct. The patient was managed successfully by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the surgical clip was retrieved using the Dormia basket. The exact mechanism of clip migration is not fully understood but may be explained by local inflammation and ineffective clipping. Although a rare occurrence, clip migration should not be excluded when considering the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with obstructive jaundice or cholangitis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Minimally invasive management by ERCP is the procedure of choice for migrated clips related complications but surgical common bile duct exploration may be necessary., (Celsius.)

Aim: Retained stones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy occur after perforated gallbladder during surgery. A trocar site hernia with 8 retained gallstones is presented., Patient-Method: A 54-year-old female presented to our clinics with a paraumbilical hernia in trocar site. The patient had laparoscopic cholecystectomy in another hospital one year ago. Retained stones were noticed in the trocar site while preparing patients for hernia surgery. The patient had laparoscopic hernia repair with the removal of retained stones. 8 stones sized up to 2 cm were taken out of the abdomen. It seems to be the first case of retained stones in trocar site hernia., Conclusion: Gallbladder perforations are common during laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to traction with forceps or inflammation. Careful inspection for spillage stone should be done., Key Words: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Retained Stones, hernia, Trocar Site.

Trocar site hernia (TSH) is an incisional hernia occurring at the trocar insertion sites after different types of laparoscopic surgeries. The aim of this study is to present characteristics of patient and surgery series with trocar site hernia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A 2930 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in two major university- affiliated hospitals from April 2014 to March 2018 and the patient followed up for variable periods of time. Retrospective medical chart review to study trocar site hernia including patient, operation, instruments, and pathologic characteristics described. Six patients had trocar site hernia (incidence 0.20%), the hernias occurred mostly at the umbilical port site after using 10 mm trocar. Risk factors included mainly obesity, female gender and use of 10 mm trocars at midline sites. TSH is more described. It occurs mostly at the umbilical port site. Major risk factors include obesity, diabetes mellitus, lengthy procedure, extension of entry site, and wound infection. Closure of fascial defect is supposed to reduce the incidence despite weak evidence.

Rationale: Migration of endoclips and stitches into the duodenum after laparoscopic hepatectomy is incredibly rare with a poorly understood mechanism., Patient Concerns: A 56-year-old woman who underwent laparoscopic left hepatectomy and cholecystectomy in August 2016 was admitted to our hospital with nausea and vomiting in December 2017., Diagnoses: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed high density shades in duodenal ampulla. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed deformation of the duodenal ampulla into two lumens; hem-o-lock clips and stitches were detected in the upper lumen. Contrast enhanced CT scan revealed gastric cancer with liver metastasis (GCLM)., Interventions: The hem-o-lock clips and stitches were present in the wall of the duodenum; therefore, no attempt was made to remove them. High quality liquid diet, partial parenteral nutrition, and chemotherapy were administered to the patient., Outcomes: In September 2018, the patient died of hepatic failure caused by GCLM., Lessons: This rare complication of the migration of endoclips and stitches into the duodenum after laparoscopic hepatectomy can cause epigastric pain and duodenal obstruction. The complication could be potentially avoided using absorbable endoclips and stitches or by performing of ultrasonic dissection by a skilled operator.

Surgical clip migration is a rare complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Surgical clips migrating into the common bile duct (CBD) can lead to stone formation and obstruction. Here, we report a case of acute cholangitis caused by surgical Hem-o-lok clip migration into the bile duct with stone formation 13 months after LC. A 65-year-old man who underwent LC presented with upper abdominal pain and fever for 3 days. Abdominal CT scan showed a radiopaque material in the CBD, diffuse wall thickening and dilatation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic duct. Emergency percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed. Twodays later, an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography was implemented, and muddy stones and one surgical clip were successfully removed by extraction balloon catheter., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: Trocar site hernias (TSH) at the umbilical site following laparoscopic cholecystectomy forms the majority of the studies about TSH and there is a missing data in literature about lateral sided TSH. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and factors affecting lateral sided TSH occurrence following laparoscopic abdominal wall hernia repair (LAHR)., Methods: Patients who underwent LAHR between March 2013 and 2015 were included in the study. Open approach with blunt dissection for optical trocar insertion and z-shaped suture for closure were used in 22 cases initially (Group 1). Sharp dissection and continuous suture for closure were used for the rest of the patients (Group 2)., Results: 285 patients-237 females (83.2%) and 48 males (16.8%)-with a mean age of 50.14 ± 12.03 were included in the study. Most of the patients were overweight or obese and mean BMI was 29.25 ± 5.04 kg/m 2 . BMI was significantly higher in patients with TSH (p:0.025) and TSH occurrence is significantly higher in Group 1 patients (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Trocar insertion and closure technique have a major role in lateral sided TSH occurrence. Trying to avoid blunt dissection during trocar insertion, closure of trocar site with continuous suture and enlargement of skin incision to provide good view decreases lateral sided TSH occurrence. In addition, increase at the level of BMI has increased the probability of TSH occurrence and further studies are needed to evaluate efficiency of prophylactic prosthetic closure for obese patients.

Migration of metal clips into the duodenum after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is rare. We herein present two cases of migration of metal clips into the duodenum in patients who developed upper quadrant discomfort and a poor appetite after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gastroscopy revealed metal clips in the duodenum. In one patient, the clip dropped from the duodenum after 2 months; the other patient went to another institution to undergo duodenotomy. The mechanism underlying migration of a metal clip into the duodenum remains unclear but might be related to chronic inflammation and duodenal peristalsis. In conclusion, clinicians must remember that metal clips can migrate after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and later cause complications.

Competing Interests: None

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard of treatment for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Compared to open cholecystectomy, LC is associated with significantly lower postoperative complications. Trocar site hernia (TSH) is an uncommon, but potentially dangerous, complication of LC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of TSH following LC., Methods: The records of all patients who underwent elective LC between January 2004 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The open technique with a vertical incision infraumbilically was used to establish pneumoperitoneum. Two or three other skin incisions were made and trocars were inserted. In all cases, only the fascia at the site of infra-umbilical incision was closed. Following hospital discharge, all patients were regularly re-examined 1, 4 and 52 weeks postoperatively and were contacted by phone during November-December 2015. Based on the findings from clinical and telephone follow-ups, the incidence of TSH was recorded. Using univariate/multivariate analysis, we investigated several variables to identify risk factors for TSH development., Results: During the study period, 1172 patients were eligible and included in the final analysis. Seven patients (0.6%) presented TSH at 1-year follow-up. At the end of the study and with a mean follow-up of 65.86 ± 25.19 months, 11 patients (0.94%) presented TSH. Interestingly, all TSHs were developed at the infra-umbilical site. Multivariate analysis identified obesity as an independent risk factor for TSH., Conclusion: The incidence of TSH following LC is considerably low. Obesity is an independent risk factor for TSH development, while closure of fascial incision of 10 mm below the xiphoid is not justified.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

The observation of an unusual case of incisional hernia, found in the epigastric zone at the site of a 5 mm trocar incision for a cholecystectomy, has caused us to describe it and to review the literature. C.A. is a male aged 59 and He came to our attention in 2014, complaining about the presence, for about three months, a swelling in the epigastric area, without occlusive symptoms. An objective examination showed an epigastric mass at the scar of the insertion site of a 5mm trocar during the cholecystectomy operation. The patient was hospitalized and underwent traditional surgery: incision at the scar; isolation of the extruded fatty tissue, which had no sac, identified as part of the round ligament, herniated through the residual incision of the previous operation. Based on experience acquired it is useful to make careful sutures of 5 mm incisions repairing peritoneal laceration., Key Words: Epigastrium, General surgery, Incisional hernia, Laparoscopy, Trocar.

Background: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SLC) requires a larger initial umbilical incision than conventional multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC). In this retrospective analysis study we compared the demographics, clinical data, and incidence of postoperative trocar site hernias (TSH) in patients undergoing SLC with those in patients undergoing MLC., Patients and Methods: A total of 161 patients were included in this study. Of these patients, 104 underwent MLC, 57 SLC. Patients in the MLC group were operated on using the four-trocar technique, patients in the SLC-port group using a fully reusable multi-trocar port system (X-Cone™). The earliest follow-up point was 12 months, the average follow-up period was 16.4 months (range 12-24 mos). The follow-up examinations for all patients consisted of a review of their medical history, a thorough physical examination, and an ultrasound examination of all existing trocar site scars., Results: Patients in the SLC group had a lower mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score and a lower mean body mass index compared to patients in the MLC group. The average operating time was shorter for the patients in the SLC group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Ten (9.6%) patients in the MLC group and 3 (5.3%) in the SLC group developed a TSH (p = .55)., Conclusions: At midterm follow-up the incidence of umbilical incisional hernias was not greater for SLC compared to MLC. The incidence of TSH after MLC was significantly higher than expected.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment of gallbladder disease. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome is a severe postoperative complication which can be caused by multiple mechanisms and can present with multiple disorders. The wide use of laparoscopy induces the need to understand more clearly the presentation and pathophysiology of this syndrome. Post-cholecystectomy Mirizzi syndrome is one form of this syndrome and, according to literature, this is the first report that clearly describes it., Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 62-year-old Greek woman who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of gallstone disease. A few days after surgery, post-cholecystectomy syndrome gradually developed with mild bilirubin increase in association with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. After performing ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, we conducted a second laparoscopic surgery to manage the obstruction, which was converted to open surgery because of the remaining inflammation from the post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography acute pancreatitis. Four polymeric laparoscopic clips were removed because they were identified as the cause of her post-cholecystectomy syndrome. She had a quick recovery without further complications., Conclusions: Postoperative Mirizzi syndrome induced by the migration of polymer laparoscopic clips is a rare (only one case referring to polymeric clips has been published in the literature) but a well-identified complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy which can confuse the diagnostic and therapeutic field requiring simultaneous immediate management.

The patient was a 66-year-old woman who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) secondary to chronic cholecystitis status post endoscopic choledocholithotomy 13 months previously. During surgery, Hem-o-Lok clips were used to control the cystic duct and the cystic artery. Due to the presence of extensive adhesions of the cystic duct and surrounding tissue, the surgeons had difficulty in debriding the area. Thirteen months after Lap-C, the patient underwent a screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which demonstrated clip appearance at the inferior wall of the first part of the duodenum. In the EGD, duodenal erosions and edema were observed around the clip. We appreciated that endoscopic clip removal would be difficult because of the presence of severe adhesions and inflammation of the duodenal bulb. On clinical examination of the patient, no major abnormalities or physical findings were noted. Therefore, we decided not to attempt to remove the clip. The patient was treated with an oral proton pump inhibitor to prevent extensive duodenal mucosal injury. Two months later, we repeated the EGD, which revealed that the clip was no longer present, and the duodenum was covered with normal mucosa surrounding the scar.

Obstructive jaundice is a rare condition due to foreign body in common bile. In this article we report a 69 year-old man who was diagnosed obstructive jaundice secondary to the endoscopic clip migration. The patient had been performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy 5 years ago and had recovered without any complications. He presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. The magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed filling defect in choledoch consistent with a bile duct stone. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) exhibited an endoclip migration into the common bile duct which caused bile duct stone. Endoclips can migrate into bile duct and cause obstructive jaundice. ERCP is the first option for its treatment.

Objective(s): The monopolar "Bovie" is used in virtually every laparoscopic operation. The active electrode and its cord emit radiofrequency energy that couples (or transfers) to nearby conductive material without direct contact. This phenomenon is increased when the active electrode cord is oriented parallel to another wire/cord. The parallel orientation of the "Bovie" and laparoscopic camera cords cause transfer of energy to the camera cord resulting in cutaneous burns at the camera trocar incision. We hypothesized that separating the active electrode/camera cords would reduce thermal injury occurring at the camera trocar incision in comparison to parallel oriented active electrode/camera cords., Methods: In this prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial, patients undergoing standardized laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to separated active electrode/camera cords or parallel oriented active electrode/camera cords. The primary outcome variable was thermal injury determined by histology from skin biopsied at the camera trocar incision., Results: Eighty-four patients participated. Baseline demographics were similar in the groups for age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, operative time, and blood loss. Thermal injury at the camera trocar incision was lower in the separated versus parallel group (31% vs 57%; P = 0.027)., Conclusions: Separation of the laparoscopic camera cord from the active electrode cord decreases thermal injury from antenna coupling at the camera trocar incision in comparison to the parallel orientation of these cords. Therefore, parallel orientation of these cords (an arrangement promoted by integrated operating rooms) should be abandoned. The findings of this study should influence the operating room setup for all laparoscopic cases.

Introduction: In our study, we applied a mini-laparosopic approach during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) (using the minimum size of trocars with the simultaneous intention to reduce their number). The advantages and disadvantages of the mini-LC approach were compared with those of traditional LC., Patients and Methods: During mini-LC procedures, we used 3 ports (11 mm, 5 mm, 3.5 mm). Mini-LC was performed in 10 patients, and the results were compared with those of 10 cases of traditional LCs. The two groups were homogenous in terms of gender, age, BMI and ASA classification. Comparison criteria included operative time, the need to use an extra port, conversion rate, oral analgesic requirement, early/late complications and cosmetic results., Results: There were no significant differences in terms of operative time, blood loss, hospital stay and complications. Cumulative size of incisions was 19.5 mm with mini-LC- and 41 mm in the LC group, respectively, and the tissue injury was 124.2 mm(2) and 448.2 mm(2). Cosmetic results of mini-LC were highly improved by these values. Increased oral analgetic requirements were detected in LC group., Conclusion: Mini-LC is a safe procedure with outstanding cosmetic results accompanied by less oral analgetic requirements. In selected patients, it can be recommended as an alternative method of traditional LC.

Own experience of treatment of patients, suffering trocar hernias, occurred after laparoscopic operative interventions, was analyzed. Classification of trocar hernias was proposed, the main factors of risk and prognostic criteria of a trocar hernias formation were analyzed. The main methods of the trocar hernias correction are adduced.

The wide use of surgical endoclips in laparoscopic surgery has led to a variety of complications. Post-cholecystectomy endoclips migrating into the common bile duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is rare. A migrated endoclip can cause obstruction, serve as a nidus for stone formation, and cause cholangitis. While the exact pathogenesis is still unknown, it is probably related to improper clip application, subclinical bile leak, inflammation, and subsequent necrosis, allowing the clips to erode directly into the common bile duct. We present a case of endoclip migrating into the common bile duct and duodenum, resulting in choledochoduodenal fistula after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and a successful reconstruction of the biliary tract by a hepaticojejunostomy with a Roux-en-Y procedure. This case shows that surgical endoclips can penetrate into the intact bile duct wall through serial maceration, and it is believed that careful application of clips may be the only way to prevent their migration after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background: Trocar site incisional hernia (TSIH) is a common complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of TSIH and analyze the influence of several risk factors for this complication in a prospective series., Methods: From 2007 to 2008, a prospective observational study with 3 years of follow-up was performed including all consecutive patients with cholelithiasis who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for TSIH., Results: Overall, 241 patients were included. During a median follow-up period of 46.8 months, 57 patients (25.9%) were diagnosed with umbilical TSIH by physical exam or ultrasound. The multivariate analysis revealed that incision enlargement (odds ratio [OR], 14.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.61 to 55.51; P < .001), wound infection (OR, 5.62; 95% CI, 2.35 to 13.42; P < .001), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.05 to 7.37; P = .0038), and obesity (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.28 to 5.75; P = .009) contributed to the risk for developing a TSIH., Conclusions: Umbilical TSIH is highly prevalent. This study identified several factors that could be useful to introduce preventive measures in high-risk patients., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In 1968 R. E. Fear first reported a trocar site hernia (TSH) in his large series on laparoscopy. Currently, the incidence of TSH is estimated to be 0.65-2.80%. Ports ≥10-mm are usually closed, but ports of the 5-mm trocars are always left open, which may lead to herniation., Material and Methods: Authors guided teaching courses for hands-on animal laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) operations, where trainees performed LC-s on 60 animals. Two and four weeks following the operations the animals underwent second look laparoscopy to detect adhesion formation., Results: Trocar site herniation was observed, and in 20% of the animals herniation was found. 70% of the hernias were situated in the 5-mm ports and 30% in the 10-mm ports., Conclusion: Port sites should be closed to prevent the formation of TSH. Attention should be payed on the closure of 5-mm trocar sites as well.

An 86-year-old woman presented three years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with right upper quadrant pain and raised inflammatory markers. Liver function tests were normal; however, a previous ultrasound scan suggested a common bile duct stone so she was treated for cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. Repeat ultrasound scan again showed a common bile duct (CBD) stone and also a subdiaphragmatic abscess. CT scan confirmed the abscess, associated with a surgical clip from her previous surgery. There was no evidence of a persistent CBD stone on the CT scan. She was treated conservatively with intravenous antibiotics and her symptoms improved. Follow-up MRI did not show any choledocholithiasis. Surgical clips causing delayed abscess formation are very unusual. We discuss the presentation, investigations and treatment of this interesting case. Existing relevant literature is reviewed, and management strategies to treat such rare complications are suggested.

Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence of trocar site hernias (TSH) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) through a long-term follow-up and to elucidate the significance of several technical and patient-related factors., Methods: A total of 313 patients submitted to LC between 2000 and 2004 were included in our study. The pneumoperitoneum was always performed by means of Hasson's technique at the umbilical site and the operative trocars were positioned using either the American technique or the French technique. Closure of the fascial defect was performed only at the umbilical site. The effects of several variables, including age, gender, size of gallstones, co-existing umbilical hernia, complexity of operation, diabetes, obesity, malnutrition, smoking, and heavy manual work on the development of TSH were assessed by univariate and multivariate models., Results: Thirteen cases of TSH (4.1 %) were detected over a mean follow-up period of 89.8 months (range: 60-128). Of these, 11 (84.6 %) developed at the umbilicus and 2 at the 10 mm subxiphoid site (15.4 %). At univariate and multivariate analysis, gallstones ≥ 2 cm (p = 0.030; OR = 9.95, p = 0.01) and obesity (p = 0.002; OR = 22.93, p < 0.01) were found to increase the likelihood of TSH development., Conclusions: After long-term follow-up, the incidence of TSH following LC was higher than expected. The insertion of large trocars at the umbilical site plays a key role in the development of TSH. Other conditions such as obesity and large gallstones can be additional risk factors since the umbilical defect must often be widened in these cases.

Background: Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) is emerging as a potentially less invasive alternative to standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). However, this procedure is technically more complex and time consuming. We present our initial experience with SILC using harmonic ACE (HS-SILC) in an attempt to simplify the procedure., Methods: We collected concurrent data on 67 consecutive patients undergoing HS-SILC by a single surgeon in a university-affiliated hospital over a period of 9 mo., Results: From May 2010 to February 2011, 67 consecutive patients underwent an attempted HS-SILC for symptomatic cholelithiasis by a single surgeon, with a success rate of 95.5%. Conversion to a standard LC was necessary in two patients (2.9%), and conversion to an open cholecystectomy was necessary in one patient (1.6%). The average operative time was 36.2 min. No injuries to the common bile duct occurred. Postoperative port site infection occurred in one patient (1.5%). No perioperative deaths occurred., Conclusions: HS-SILC is safe and feasible. It simplifies the procedure and makes operative time less with better cosmetic results and lower rate of conversion to multi-incision LC or open cholecystectomy., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since the first silk suture material acting as a nidus for the development of subsequent common bile duct stones after cholecystectomy was described in 1897, several investigators have reported that suture materials may cause choledocholithiasis. Silk, chromic catgut, parasites, and other foreign bodies are known occasionally to form such niduses in the common bile duct. Surgical hemostatic clips have been used widely and generally are considered very safe. The first case of postcholecystectomy clip migration was reported in 1979. Its exact pathogenesis remains unknown; it generally is agreed that bile duct injuries, inappropriate clip placements, subclinical bile leak, and infections also have been postulated to contribute to clip migration. We report an unusual case in which the core of a biliary calculus in the common bile duct was found to contain a surgical clip. This case illustrates the potentially abrupt and late development of clip-related gallstones and highlights the need for long-term follow-up evaluation., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Dropped clips during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are not uncommon and although most surgeons would make attempts to retrieve them, this is not always straightforward and therefore such objects are on occasion left in the peritoneal cavity. Cystic duct clips or hemostatic clips migrating into the common bile duct after biliary surgery, although rare are well recognized and assumed to relate to improper clip application, bile leak (usually subclinical), inflammation, and subsequent necrosis, allowing the clips to erode directly into the common bile duct. We present a case of an open endoscopic clip, which was dropped at the time of an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy, migrating into the common bile duct and causing partial biliary obstruction and its subsequently successful endoscopic removal.

Unlabelled: Surgical clips may incorporate into the duodenal ulcer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy leading to a rare complication., Case Report: A 70-year-old woman, 15 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, developed weight loss, anemia and gastric outlet obstruction secondary to a chronic duodenal ulcer. Gastroscopy showed a clip in the ulcer bed. At surgery she was found to have gastric outlet obstruction and mobilization of the duodenum revealed a large ulcer with a migrated clip from the cystic duct in its base. The ulcer was excluded and the clip was removed. She was perfectly well at the follow-up after 2 months., Conclusions: Migration of endo-surgical clips is a rare complication after laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons, gastroenterologists and radiologists should be aware of this late complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cases of acute abdominal symptoms.

Background: Trocar incisions are important sources of pain the first days after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Radially expanding trocars may cause less pain than conventional cutting trocars., Methods: In a patient- and observer-blinded trial, 80 patients were randomized to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy using either radially expanding trocars (radial group) or conventional cutting trocars (cutting group). Two 10-mm and two 5-mm trocars were used in both treatment groups. All the patients received standardized anesthetic and analgesic treatment. The primary outcome was incisional pain. Pain was registered during mobilization using a visual analog scale (VAS) and a verbal rating scale (VRS) before and 6 h after the operation, and at postoperative days 1 and 2. The needs for a fascial incision to retract the gallbladder, active surgical hemostasis, and supplementary requirements of opioids during the hospital stay were registered. In addition, 2 days after the operation, the incidence and severity of suggilations at the trocar incisions were measured., Results: Data from 77 patients were available for statistical analysis. In the radial group, 23 patients needed fascial incision for gallbladder retraction compared with 11 patients in the cutting group (p = 0.006). No significant intergroup differences in VAS or VRS pain scores or any other variable were found., Conclusions: The use of radially expanding trocars has no effect on incisional pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background: Cystic duct leak is an infrequent but potentially serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aims of this audit were to assess the efficacy of locking absorbable clips for closing the cystic duct and to compare the results with those for simple clips used previously., Methods: The records for all laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in one hospital over a 5-year period were reviewed. The results were compared using Fisher's exact test., Results: Of 518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies attempted, 24 were excluded. There was no difference in age or sex ratio between the two groups. Cystic duct leaks were identified either on endoscopic retrograde choloangio pancreatography or at laparotomy. No cystic duct leak occurred in any of the 344 locking clip cases, as compared with 3 leaks in the 146 (2%) simple clip cases (p < 0.03)., Conclusion: Locking clips are a safe and effective method for cystic duct closure. They are associated with a reduced cystic duct leak rate, as compared with that for simple clips.

We report on a case that occurred after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a 70-year-old man, where a polymer endoclip placed on the cystic duct migrated into the common bile duct. The clip migration was detected two months after surgery during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, when a stone and the clip were removed. Based on this and other similar cases, we suggest the use of absorbable clips in laparascopic cholecystectomy.

Background: Surgical clips may migrate into the common bile duct after surgery for cholecystolithiasis leading to usually early or middle-term complications., Case Report: A 31-year-old woman, 6 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, developed acute abdomen and choloperitoneum after rupture of a secondary bile duct and bile leakage. This complication was due to a solitary common bile duct stone. The stone was formed around a surgical clip that had migrated from the cystic duct remnant to the common bile duct. The patient underwent investigative laparotomy and, subsequently, an ERCP with stone extraction and clearance of the common bile duct. She was perfectly well at the follow-up after 14 months., Conclusions: Rupture of a bile duct and biliary peritonitis may be a delayed complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to surgical clip migration and formation of a stone. Definitive treatment of the condition may be achieved through ERCP. Surgeons, gastroenterologists and radiologists should be aware of this late complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cases of acute abdomen.

In literature an elevated number of isolated cases of endometriosis in post-laparoscopic scar or laparoscopic trocar tract are described. Actually no theory can completely account for endometriosis, and it is most likely that a combination of events is responsible for it. The case of a 37-year-old woman with a nodular mass in the right hypochondrium is reported. The nodule appeared after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical excision was performed and microscopic analysis showed skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissues with a typical glandular proliferation as in endometriosis. Endometrioma etiology is far to be cleared; the most practical and popular explanation is direct implantation. Our case may be explained according to this theory but it is difficult to achieve definitive conclusions due to the rarity of endometrioma and to the lack of information.

Surgical clip migration is a well-known phenomenon ever since their first use in surgery. The mechanism of clip migration is poorly understood, and can occur from days to years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Migration of the surgical clips may be a complex process involving necrosis, pressure exerted from intra-abdominal movement, formation of stones over the exposed clip within the bile duct, and eventual migration into the common bile duct. We report two cases, a 58-year-old man and a 54-year-old woman, of clip- induced biliary stones resulting from surgical clip migration a few years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.