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Chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are important public health problems with increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and social costs. Pregnancy is rare in patients with ESKD, with reduced fertility rates in women undergoing dialysis. Although current advances have led to an increase in live births in pregnant dialysis patients, this modality still has an increased risk of multiple adverse events in pregnant women. Despite these existing risks, large-scale studies investigating the management of pregnant women on dialysis are lacking, resulting in the absence of consensus guidelines for this patient group. In this review, we aimed to present the effects of dialysis during pregnancy. We first discuss pregnancy outcomes in dialysis patients and the development of acute kidney injury during pregnancy. Then, we discuss our recommendations for the management of pregnant dialysis patients, including the maintenance of pre-dialysis blood urea nitrogen levels, the ideal frequency and duration of hemodialysis sessions, as well as the modality of renal replacement therapies, the difficulty of maintaining peritoneal dialysis in the third trimester of pregnancy, and optimization of prepregnancy modifiable risk factors. Finally, we present our recommendations for future studies investigating dialysis among pregnant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, the association of CKD with phenotype referred as metabolically healthy obese or overweight is unclear. In this this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we investigate the relationships between obesity and CKD independent of metabolic syndrome by appraising published evidence in studies focusing on metabolically healthy obese people. Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search through three databases Embase (Elsevier), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley) and PubMed/Medline Web of Science up to March 2022 with the following terms: "chronic kidney disease", "kidney function", "obesity", "metabolic syndrome", "metabolically healthy obesity", "metabolically healthy overweight". Metabolically unhealthy was defined an individual having at least 3 of the following: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol and hyperglycaemia. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) for reporting. Prospective, retrospective, randomized and nonrandomized studies fitting the search criteria were included in our results. Results: Our final analysis included 16 studies with a total number of 4.965.285 participants. There is considerable heterogeneity in terms of study design, participant characteristics and number of participants across individual studies. In comparison to healthy normal weight patients, the risk was progressively higher in overweight (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.32, p < 0.001) and obese patients (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.65, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Metabolically healthy overweight and obese individuals have higher risk of CKD compared to individuals without weight excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prevalence of cognitive impairment reaches up to 60% in individuals with advanced CKD depending on the stage of CKD and degree of kidney damage. • Low eGFR, albuminuria and cerebrovascular disease, neurodegeneration due to advanced CKD and increased uremic toxins are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment. • Higher systolic or diastolic BP or daily BP variations have been linked to cognitive impairment in CKD patients. • Control of BP in CKD may improve cognitive function in CKD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dementia are both common comorbidities creating considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly population with potential interactions. Even though various hypothetical mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment in CKD patients have been implicated, no consensus has been reached so far. Recent clinical trials have investigated the therapeutic role of intensive blood pressure control on the risk of dementia in CKD patients with potentially improved outcomes. However, such trials have significant limitations that may influence the outcome and lack specific management guidelines. We reviewed the role of blood pressure and other factors on the risk of dementia in CKD patients which is an issue with high potential for clinical implications that may improve morbidity, mortality, and health expenditures along with its' potential pathophysiological mechanisms and future guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]