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Background: The clinical efficacy of multiple applications of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) needs to be better investigated for the management of chronic periodontitis subjects., Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of multiple application of PDT as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in management of moderate periodontal pockets., Materials and Methods: 33 patients with bilateral periodontal destruction in mandibular posterior sextants were randomly treated with either test (SRP + multiplePDT) or control (SRP) intervention. PDT was employed with diode laser(810 nm) and Indocyanine green(ICG) dye at baseline, 1 st, 2nd and 4th week post SRP. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed for Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Tannerella forsythia (T.f), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n), Treponema denticola (T.d)., Results: Statistically significant improvement was noted in all clinical parameters in both the groups from baseline to 3 and 6 months. The mean PPD and CAL decreased in control sites from 5.83 ± 0.64 and 5.60 ± 0.72 at baseline to 3.80 ± 0.40 and 3.70 ± 0.91 at 6 months and in test sites from 5.93 ± 0.82 and 5.73 ± 0.69 to 3.40 ± 0.56 and 3.00 ± 0.91 at 6 months (P ≤ 0.05). Test sites showed significantly greater reduction in P.g, A.a, T.f, F.n and T.d compared to control sites at 3 and 6 months (P ≤ 0.05)., Conclusion: The outcomes suggested that adjunctive multiple applications of PDT to SRP shows significant reduction in periodontal pathogens over SRP alone., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and periodontitis encompass vascular endothelial changes. Endocan, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, has not been previously evaluated in diabetic patients with periodontal disease. This study was designed to evaluate the levels of endocan and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects with type 2 DM before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Materials and Methods: This study included 75 subjects with varying degrees of CP. Group I-included 25 systemically healthy individuals with CP, and Groups II and III-included 25 CP patients each with type 2 DM under good control (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] <7%) and poor control (HbA1c >8%), respectively. Periodontal parameters were assessed, and gingival crevicular fluid collections were performed for all patients at baseline and again following three months of NSPT. Levels of endocan and TNF-α were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Endocan levels were elevated in CP subjects with type 2 DM at baseline. There was a significant reduction in the Endocan and HbA1c levels ( p  < 0.01) among all the groups after NSPT. Conclusion: Endocan may be used as a novel diagnostic marker for pateints with type 2 DM and CP and as a potential prognostic marker for monitoring improvement in periodontal and glycemic status during NSPT.

Background: The aim of the study is to comparatively evaluate the levels of cathepsin K (CSTK) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among smoking and nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis (CP)., Materials and Methods: A total of 160 systemically healthy male patients were included in the study. Based on probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and modified sulcular bleeding index, the patients were allotted into four groups: Group I - with forty subjects who were smokers with healthy periodontium, Group II - with forty nonsmoking subjects with healthy periodontium, Group III - forty patients who were smokers with CP, and Group IV - with forty nonsmoking CP patients. Those who claimed to have never smoked were recruited into the nonsmoker group, whereas subjects who reported smoking ≥10 cigarettes per day for more than 5 years were recruited into the smoker group. The GCF samples were collected using microcapillary pipettes and analyzed for levels of CSTK using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: The GCF concentration of CSTK was expressed in pg/μl. The mean CSTK levels in the groups were Group I - 0.158 ± 0.043 pg/μl, Group II - 0.145 ± 0.026 pg/μl, Group III - 15.768 ± 12.40 pg/μl, and for Group IV - 11.59 ± 12.15 pg/μl, respectively. The levels of CSTK were statistically higher in Group III when compared with Group IV (P = 0.037) (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: CSTK levels were significantly increased in smokers with CP than nonsmokers, suggesting a positive influence of smoking on CSTK which could possibly play a role in the increased susceptibility for osteoclastic bone destruction in smoker subjects., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest

Aim: The genetic variation in the CD14 rs2569190 promoter region contributes to the susceptibility of developing periodontitis. Since, CD14 gene polymorphism studies among various ethnic populations have produced conflicting results, the present study was designed to unearth the association between the CD14 rs2569190 gene polymorphism and generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) in a South Indian population of Tamil ethnicity., Methods: Polymorphisms in the CD14 rs2569190 promoter region were analyzed in 96 subjects who were periodontally healthy and 96 patients with GCP. DNA extracted from peripheral venous blood was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. One-way analysis of variance, Chi-square testing, and logistic regression analysis were used to test association between GCP and the CD14 rs2569190 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)., Results: The distribution of the CD14 rs2569190 genotypes and allele frequencies showed significant differences between the test and control groups. Prevalence of the polymorphic TT genotype and T allele of the CD14 rs2569190 were significantly increased in GCP patients when compared with healthy controls., Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the T allele and the TT genotype of the rs2569190 SNP in the promoter region of the CD14 gene are associated with GCP in a South Indian population of Tamil ethnicity.