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E-waste is a hazardous concept for human health, environment and businesses, and therefore, risk assessment is essential to eliminate or reduce the negative effects of e-waste in a circular economy. Decision-making plays an important role during the risk assessment in e-waste recycling. This study aims to develop a decision tool under uncertain and risky conditions for achieving sustainability in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling in circular economy. Prospect theory and its aspects are integrated with the sustainability risk assessment in e-waste recycling. In order to evaluate the irrationality and risk attitudes of decision makers in a risky and uncertain environment, the prospect theory-based TODIM (acronym in Portuguese for interactive and multicriteria decision-making, i.e. Tomada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio) method for a previous computer disassembly problem is used. Using prospect theory, the relationship between loss aversion, reference point, framing and two selves effect, and sustainability dimensions is presented with a sustainability risk assessment point of view. Further, tasks of computer disassembly processes are prioritized by considering risk factors. The results showed that random access memory modules, motherboard and power supply are the highest priority risks based on the evaluation of listed twelve sustainability risks. In this study, it is suggested that prospect theory is suitable for decisions under risk and uncertainty, and it is applicable to integrate sustainability risk assessment and prospect theory in order to fulfil the gap of knowledge. Relationship between prospect theory and sustainability risk assessment.

Transition from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0, in other words Industry 3.5 stage, and moving to a circular economy are two significant concepts for organizations that need to make wholesale alterations to their current systems. In order to stay competitive, both these transitions need to follow sustainable resource management and digital transformation principles. However, there are barriers to these changes that organizations should consider. Both Industry 4.0 transition, in other words Industry 3.5, and circularity transition require great efforts to deal with these barriers; in the current environment, organizations need to deal with these barriers simultaneously for more sustainable resource management. This study focuses in particular on circular supply chains in the Industry 3.5 stage. There are some studies that suggest barriers to Industry 4.0 and circular supply chains separately, none of these studies consider them together. From this point of view, this study contributes to existing literature by presenting synchronized barriers that integrate circular supply chain and Industry 4.0 barriers. Firstly, pillars of circular supply chains in Industry 4.0 are explained; synchronized barriers are then presented. A decision-making method, Fuzzy Analytical Network Process, is used to prioritize the synchronized barriers, with theoretical and practical implications proposed according to the result of the implementation.

Technological innovations are critical for businesses to sustain a competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive globalised environment. Amongst other advances, Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies are having a growing impact on society; they have become a significant part of family business resources to create more sustainable environments and exploit new opportunities. However, few studies have analysed the impacts of I4.0 on responsible environmental management and society in the context of a family business. To take a step toward filling this gap, this study has employed a system dynamics model to evaluate the impacts of I4.0 on the clean production processes of family businesses in an emerging economy and to describe I4.0 practices on determinants of ethical behaviour and environmental management. Implementation is conducted in the packaging sector to analyse the impacts of I4.0 on CO2 emissions, total packaging waste recovery and societal responsibilities on family businesses in Turkey. The results show that ethical business development contributes toward enhancing corporate social responsibility and environmental management systems in an I4.0 context. The findings can inform the efforts of managers, governments and decision-makers to analyse and manage the societal and environmental impacts of their activities to create a more sustainable environment for family businesses.

Transition from a linear to a circular economy (CE) is a challenging process for a sustainable supply chain, and innovative process approaches and technologies are needed to deal with the risks involved. Industry 4.0 principles have great potential to achieve optimal sustainable supply chain solutions and are expected to add value to sustainable supply chain operations by increasing efficiency and resource utilisation. Therefore, Industry 4.0 supports companies transitioning to a CE through improving the efficiency and sustainability of their supply chain management. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential risks of the transition from a linear to a CE, with proposed Industry 4.0-based responses from an operations management perspective within the sustainable supply chain. Implementation of the study was conducted in a logistics company in Turkey. An integrated MCDM (Multi-criteria Decision Making) approach was based on Fuzzy AHP, and TODIM was used to analyse the association between risks and responses. According to the findings, the most important Industry 4.0-based responses are the integrated business processes for cross-functional collaboration, modular processes for simplification and standardisation, and continuous monitoring of the cost and performance throughout the supply chain by big data and analytics. This study may assist managers in managing risks in supply chain operations during the transition from a linear to a CE through Industry 4.0 based responses. The main contribution of this study is a greater understanding of the risks related to the transition from a linear to a circular economy, and proposals for Industry 4.0-based responses as a means of overcoming these risks in a sustainable supply chain context.