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Objective: Cisplatin is potent chemotherapy for broad-spectrum malignancies treatment, but its use is limited by organ toxicity effects, including nephrotoxicity. Glutamine prevents cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibiting the oxidative stress in kidney cell apoptosis., Methods: This research examined the nephroprotective effects of intravenous glutamine on the glomerular epithelium of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). 30 male rats were randomly divided into (1) P0 as the control group; (2) P1 that was administered with single dose cisplatin (20 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneal injection; and (3) P2 that was administered with intravenous injection of glutamine (100 mg/kg BW) and single-dose cisplatin (20 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneal injection. The measurement of caspase-12 expression and apoptotic cells was performed using immunohistochemical methods., Results: The caspase-12 expression are as follows: P0 = 0.5 ± 0.15; P1 = 4.1 ± 0.86; P2 = 2.54 ± 0.72. The apoptotic cells are as follows: P0 = 14.5 ± 5.23 cells/field of view; P1 = 52.7 ± 17.06 cells/field of view; P2 = 31.5 ± 6.73 cells/field of view. There is a decrease in the caspase-12 expression and apoptotic cells after intravenous glutamine administration in male white rats' glomerular epithelial cells exposed to cisplatin. The decrease of caspase-12 expression is followed by a decrease in glomerular epithelium apoptosis after intravenous glutamine administration., Conclusion: Immunohistochemical examination can be used as a marker of the nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin on the renal glomerular epithelium. Glutamine has been observed to give nephroprotective effect to cisplatin nephrotoxic effects., .

Cisplatin is a well-known chemotherapeutic drug. It is one of the most effective anticancer agents and is widely used for the treatment of several types of tumors. However, side effects in normal tissues and organs, such as nephrotoxicity that induces apoptosis in epithelial cells in the kidney, limit the use of cisplatin. Glutamine is a substrate for the synthesis of glutathione as an antioxidant and promotes HSP70 release, protecting cells from apoptosis induced by different stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of glutamine on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the kidney. Mice were divided into three groups such as a group of control (P0), a group of intraperitoneal injection of a single dose cisplatin 20 mg/kg BW at 7th day (P1), and a group of intravenous glutamine injection 100 mg/kg BW at days 1–7 and given an intraperitoneal injection of single dose cisplatin 20 mg/kg BW at 7th day (P2). Measurement of AIF expression and apoptotic cells was carried out by immunohistochemical methods. The number of AIF expressions and apoptotic cells is expressed in the Allred score. AIF expression result is as follows: P0: 3.29 ± 0.79, P1: 5.32 ± 0.68, and P2: 4.49 ± 0.47. Apoptosis result is as follows: P0: 3.04 ± 0.70, P1: 5.26 ± 0.53, and P2: 4.44 ± 0.41. There is a decreased expression of AIF on intravenous glutamine administration, followed by a decrease in apoptosis in the podocyte. In conclusion, glutamine administration might represent the treatment of nephrotoxic-induced cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin or (SP-4-2)-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) is one of the most potential platinum derivatives and is widely used for the treatment of various solid cancers such as testes, ovarian, head and neck, bladder, lung, and cervical cancers; melanoma; and lymphoma. The proapoptotic mechanism produced by cisplatin is quite effective in treating neoplastic cells. Cisplatin therapy is a non-target therapy. The cancer cell to which cisplatin is targeted inhibits several antiapoptotic regulators, so that cancer cells immediately start apoptosis. Increased apoptosis causes decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. This research is aimed at analyzing the effect of intravenous glutamine on the expression of Bcl-2 protein in the incidence of apoptosis in parietal layer epithelial cells of the glomerulus of male rats exposed to cisplatin. Glomerular epithelial cells are investigated as a marker of damage to the glomerulus. This study adopted an experimental design with "The Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design" with a total sample size of 30 male rats that were randomly divided into three groups (randomized). Each group consisted of 10 male rats. Group P0 was a control without any injection, only standard diet; P1 group was injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 20 mg/kg of cisplatin on seventh day; and group P2 was injected intravenously with a dose of 100 mg/kgBW of glutamine for seven days then injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of cisplatin on seventh day. There was no significant effect but moderate correlation change with p > 0.05 administration of intravenous glutamine on the expression of Bcl-2 proteins in the parietal layer epithelial cell glomerulus the incidence of apoptosis male rats exposed to cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]