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The papers and commentaries constituting this special issue offer new insights into speculative urbanism from the perspective of two southern metropolises. Based on an international and interdisciplinary collaboration comparing speculative urbanism in central and peri-urban Jakarta (Indonesia) and Bengaluru (India), and interrogating the literature triggered by a seminal 2011 paper by Michal Goldman, this issue extends existing speculative urbanism scholarship in four ways. First, the papers in this special issue take a multi-scalar approach, placing speculative urban practices within the broader spatio-temporal conjunctural contexts shaping their emergence. Second, extending currently economistic framings, they show how speculation also is socio-cultural. The diverse actors engaged in speculative urbanism do not simply seek to accumulate wealth; they do so with aspirations in mind for differentially imagined, but yet-to-be-realized, urban/peri-urban futures. Third, they highlight how speculative urbanism involves a broader range of actors than the usual suspects (developers and financial institutions), including land brokers, individual landlords, the state and its actors, and residents displaced from informal settlements. Fourth, they draw attention to diverse objects of urban speculation; not only land and property, but also more-than-human phenomena such as urban socio-ecologies and socio-technical networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the challenges of and facilitating strategies for linking disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in addressing urban floods, drawing from Indonesia's experience. The fragmentation between efforts to implement DRR and CCA leading to unnecessary duplication could increase confusion at both the community and wider governance levels and reduce the effectiveness of urban flood management. Through the lens of collaborative governance, this paper analyzes the barriers for integrating DRR and CCA and options to better align their practices in the context of a megapolitan city, Jakarta, Indonesia. The key findings of this study confirmed that institutional fragmentation, in concert with inconsistent facilitation and collaboration mechanisms, were the strongest barriers to aligning DRR and CCA action. The absence of accountable leadership was a key impediment for successful partnership-building processes to support political and technical collaboration. Leadership in these contexts plays an important role in (1) developing sustainable relationships, (2) convincing potential stakeholders to collaborate, (3) persuading partners to commit to sharing resources, and (4) agreeing/sharing a common vision of the partnership actions needed to mitigate harm and reduce urban vulnerability. These factors are critically important for reducing the direct and indirect impacts of flooding in Jakarta. Such lessons from Indonesia on linking DRR and CCA offer valuable insights to inform the development of policies and strategies to deal with urban floods for global cities faced with similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with massive development, many urban and surrounding rural areas have been agglomerated into a greater metropolitan area, aiming for regional economic development. Many of these metropolitan areas have experienced a dramatic increase in impacted area and economic loss from annual flooding. The issues and challenges emerging from transboundary river flood risk management have become a major concern for the Jakarta metropolitan area with a long river basin crossing several administrative jurisdictions. Previous studies have addressed the challenges of flood risk, but they have tended to overlook transboundary issues and power sharing. To tackle future flood events, this paper aims to unveil transboundary challenges and power sharing in flood management, learning from Ciliwung River. As the longest river basin crossing cities and regencies of Greater Jakarta, the complexity of Ciliwung flood risk management was driven by flood variables triggered not only by natural, physical, and socioeconomic factors, but also by transboundary challenges and power sharing. A total of 13 significant transboundary flood drivers were identified from the literature, policy, and practices. Using Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement (MICMAC), a power–dependency model, several strategic key flood drivers were further recognized based on key stakeholders' perspectives obtained from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Findings of the study show that a lack of control of spatial plans and weak stakeholder coordination–cooperation are found to be the priority key flood drivers for risk reduction intervention. Finally, this study contributes to the literature on governance of flood risk management by emphasizing the need for a coordinated and integrated approach to mitigate flood risks that extend beyond administrative boundaries, enhancing overall resilience and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jakarta, Indonesia's capital, is increasingly characterized by luxury real estate developments and high-profile infrastructural projects made possible by economic liberalization and finance capital. Yet these developments have contributed to Jakarta's struggles with chronic flooding, land subsidence, and water shortages. This paper contributes an empirical study of the spatial-temporal dynamics of speculative urbanism and the associated impacts on water resources and flood events in Jakarta. I use an urban political ecology approach to analyze mainland and offshore development. First, I show how financial speculation generates flood risk and the overexploitation of water resources, producing uneven socio-spatial distributions of risk. These transformations in Jakarta's hydroscape in turn threaten to undermine the city's viability as a site for speculative investment. I thus show how speculative urbanism can be threatened or disrupted by nonhuman agencies. Second, I illustrate a second form of speculation, which I refer to as environmental speculation. As Jakarta's water crisis has cast doubt on the future of the city itself as a place of habitation, the state explored an ambitious and potentially lucrative coastal defense project, while private developers have engaged in land reclamation. The turn toward offshore development illustrates how environmental speculation creates new opportunities for capital accumulation. I advance two arguments: first, in order to capture the full costs of speculative urbanism, it is imperative that urban scholars attend to its ecological dimensions. Second, an urban political ecology approach advances our understandings of speculative urbanism by illuminating its contradictions and limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine public services in the field of Intercity and Interprovincial (AKAP) Bus transportation in Terminal Kalideres between 2017-2019, considering that Kalideres Terminal is the largest in Jakarta with more than 5,000 passengers. This large number results in still not optimal service functions managed by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Agency. The research method used a qualitative approach to find out more about public services in the field of transportation involving informants from the management and passengers. The results showed that with the rapid development of cities, human activities are increasingly diverse, so we need a system that regulates the transportation system in Indonesia. The impact that arises is the increasing intensity of human movement as labor and goods as production materials. The factor of means and transportation greatly affects the smooth mobility of passengers and goods. Therefore, in addition to infrastructure factors, service factors also have an important role. This study used the snowball sampling technique, which determined informants based on previous informants without determining the exact number by digging up information related to the required research topic. This paper is intended to improve the quality of service and satisfaction of Kalideres bus station service users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connectivity in urban networks is often deemed to be an important feature of economically vibrant cities. Under conditions of contemporary globalization, the importance and geographies of these connections are increasingly variegated. Accordingly, various attempts have been made to analyse the external relations of cities and metropolitan regions, often through the lens of multilocational firms. Our purpose in this paper is to address the to‐date limited empirical knowledge about whether firms originating from different regions (i.e., firms with different headquarter [HQ] locations) create different patterns of inter‐urban relations. Drawing on the interlocking network model and using the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA) as a case study, this paper explores how manufacturing firms with HQs either inside (further differentiating between the JMA and other cities) or outside (further differentiating between East Asian and non‐East Asian countries) Indonesia produce different patterns of external relations. Our findings indicate that each category of firms generates unique configurations of interurban relations for the JMA at the global and national scales. We argue that these variegated networks patterns not only reflect different locational strategies of firms, but also Indonesia's evolving policy orientations which have complex relations with evolving patterns of economic globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some advertisements include celebrity endorsers hoping that will increase the popularity of the ad and, thereby, the celebrity status will be positively associated with the brand. This paper reports the findings of a cross-cultural study undertaken across the cities Hong Kong, Shanghai, Jakarta, Bangkok and Mumbai, using the Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB) grid to determine whether the appearance of a celebrity increases the chance for the advertisement to be liked. The results found that the use of celebrity endorsements in liked advertisements differed considerably, which provide an insight for advertisers developing campaigns using celebrities in different Asian markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of intensifying floods exacerbated by climate change, especially in coastal cities, there is a pressing global demand for effective flood risk governance and adaptation strategies. Such strategies are often informed by indigenous knowledge, aiming for a life in harmony with water and utilising amphibious living concepts to minimise flood impacts, preserving homes and livelihoods. In Indonesia, however, like in many nations in the majority world, these strategies tend to compete with and indeed to be dominated by imported technocratic, top-down, and inflexible planning approaches oriented on principles of the kind of 'classical planning' that had its hey-day in the Western world in the early decades following World War II. Like many nations in the majority world, Indonesia has long imported and continues to apply Western technocratic, top-down, and inflexible classical planning approaches. This paper criticises existing practices for failing to yield contextual development strategies that address site-specific urban issues and fall short of meeting the needs of the majority of the population. We explore the extent to which informal settlements, or kampungs of North Jakarta, can incorporate principles of flood adaptation incorporating local, livelihood, and indigenous knowledge. Fishers for instance reclaim land using shell mounds and construct stilt houses, ensuring coastal floods do not enter their homes and that water does not stagnate but can instead quickly drain due to the permeable land surface. Often, however, planning authorities in Jakarta have classified such flood-adapted built environments as illegal slums necessitating removal instead of adopting and encouraging the further development of site-specific settlement strategies generated by the community. This paper then argues that authorities in Jakarta, and potentially in other cities within the majority world, should consider adopting planning approaches that are more adaptive, flexible, and collaborative to pave the way for inclusive development founded on the experience and the aspirations of the community, including those who are marginalized. • Jakarta's susceptibility to flooding is inluenced by its natural water-abundant environment, rapid urbanisation, and legacy of colonial planning that encourages flood control over traditional architecture, leading to the eviction of kampung communities under stringent planning laws. These communities have historically adapted to flood conditions through indigeneous knowledge and practices, yet such adaptability is threatened by top-down planning that disregards local expertise and community collaboration. This research contributes to the discourse on spatial planning and flood management by advocating for adaptation strategies that respect local knowledge, aligning with current debates on decolonisation and spatial planning, and providing a methodological basis to understand the inadequacies of existing policies in addressing urban flooding in the majority world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of spatial cadastre remains a challenge in Indonesia. The lack of data quality impacts the legal uncertainty of land rights and the inequality of control, ownership, use, and utilization of land. This study discusses the efforts that can be made to achieve an accurate, assured, and authoritative spatial cadastre by referring to cadastral regulations in Indonesia, especially in urban areas. This research focuses on three spatial elements: boundary determination survey, measurement methods, and base map accuracy in order to assess systematic and sporadic registration activities previously conducted in two sub-districts in North Jakarta. The areas are located in a compacted urban area that consists of 19,173 land parcels as a research sample. A multivariate clustering tool is used to analyze the grouping of land parcels into a cadastral typology (comply/not comply). This study indicates that the level of compliance of the land parcel maps against three spatial elements are the following: (1) the compliance to boundary determination survey by 100%; (2) the compliance to measurement method by 17.36%; and (3) the compliance to base map accuracy by 0%. This paper explains how the cadastre typology can be used as an indicator of compliance as well as a baseline to improve the quality of spatial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jakarta City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, experiencing urban areas development generally intensive and unsustainable. This development impacts directly or indirectly on landscape degradation. Kalijodo is one of the important public open spaces (POS) constructed in the Jakarta Capital Special Region to facilitate different social functions and ecosystem services. This paper aims to describe the non-ideal condition of the Kalijodo area as a POS and to strengthen its functions towards a Public Green Open Space (PGOS). The Kalijodo POS had actually 47.91 % vegetated and 52.09 % of non-vegetated land cover and this area cannot be categorized as PGOS due to its vegetated land cover under a minimum threshold of 75 %. This condition is closely related to other aspects and parameters which indicate that Kalijodo POS has low water absorption ability, low water storage capacity, high average air temperature, high Thermal Humidity Index (THI), and low potential for economic benefits. The ecohydrology principles were taken into consideration for understanding, assessment, and identification of possible efforts to achieve the PGOS level. Several possible actions would be suggested for improvement consisting of increasing vegetated land cover, replacing pavement hardeners, introducing bio pores, constructing water ponds and wetlands, increasing public participation, and adjusting appropriate government policy and regulations. These efforts will probably have positive impacts on average air temperature reduction, increasing water absorption ability and potential economic gain, entering THI to a comfort zone and positive people's perception, as well as increasing people attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal settlements in Jakarta are known as 'kampungs,' which are classified as illegally constructed areas upon urban land. This paper presents a community-based approach to empower kampungs in Jakarta. The approach aims at creating an enabling environment to connect the kampungs with the market and help the kampungs fight against economic and social marginalization through emerging entrepreneurship, increased level of production and higher income. Eventually, the kampungs are expected to have bargaining power even for their land tenure to the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) are hazardous air pollutants mostly emitted from transportation activity. Seeing the high motorized vehicle population and fuel specification, BTEX pollution potentially occurs in Indonesian urban areas. However, there is very limited study on atmospheric BTEX. This paper is a preliminary investigation of urban ambient BTEX in Jakarta, Indonesia, aimed to report the application of passive measurement method and initial analysis of ambient BTEX concentration in a busy-traffic area. Passive method is chosen as it is practical and suitable for measuring average ambient BTEX concentration in longer duration. The passive method utilizes activated charcoal as the adsorbent. Passive samplers of 1-week sampling duration were used to collect ambient VOC samples. Ten sets of sample were collected during July 2018 to February 2019. The 95% CI weekly average concentrations found for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 21.9 (±4.550); 73.4 (±25.419); 23.9 (±9.888); and 17.1 (±6.510) µg/m3, respectively. BTEX are not listed yet in NAAQS. The values reported here were to explore the potential of estimate provision to be used in a further study on long-term effect assessment. Hence, the results are not to be compared with the standard value. Nevertheless, these findings highlight the importance of HC monitoring in urban area of Indonesia, which can be used as input for setting the future ambient air quality standard and further studies to investigate how BTEX are emitted and estimated as well as to determine their control strategy in air quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water systems involve complex interactions between ecological, social and economic factors. Integrated management approaches are needed to achieve multiple policy objectives in the sector and can be pursued at a range of spatial scales. Small-scale integrated water projects are both feasible and valuable in dynamic urban environments in developing countries. This paper develops a method for the prioritization of localities for integrated projects and applies this to the city of Jakarta. A set of indicators is defined following a systems approach, populated, displayed through a dashboard and mapped, and the relationships between indicators are analysed. Indicator-based prioritization allows policy-makers to guide resources to integrated projects to contribute effectively to the achievement of policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the ways that intersecting desires to control flooding, evict informal settlements and build a modern global city play out in Jakarta. We explore resistance to eviction in two riverbank settlements: in one case playing by the formal rules led to a legal win but a loss of livelihood; the more successful case was self-organized and involved multiple tactics including partial self-demolition, media engagement and a re-branding of the kampung. We demonstrate the ways assemblage thinking can contribute understanding of the intersection of formal and informal practices, along with the struggles of the urban poor to resist eviction and maintain livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effectiveness of the Odd-Even policy in Jakarta from 2017 to 2022, comparing it with similar measures in Beijing from 2013 to 2017. Both megacities face severe traffic congestion due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and increased vehicle ownership. Jakarta's congestion is exacerbated by population density, inadequate public transportation, and high private vehicle ownership, leading to prolonged travel times, air pollution, and economic losses. Similarly, Beijing struggles with traffic congestion due to its massive population and rapid economic development, resulting in gridlock, air pollution, and decreased quality of life. The research aims to understand the Odd-Even policy's impact on traffic flow, emissions, and public perception in both cities, using qualitative methods and diverse data sources. It also identifies obstacles to policy effectiveness, such as enforcement, infrastructure, and public compliance, offering recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to improve sustainable transportation and environmental management. Overall, the study contributes insights into congestion mitigation in megacities, aiding policymakers in enhancing urban life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the efficacy of a novel urban categorization framework based on deep learning, and a novel categorization method customized for cities in the global south. The proposed categorization method assesses urban space broadly on two dimensions—the states of urbanization and the architectural form of the units observed. This paper shows how the sixteen sub-categories can be used by state-of-the-art deep learning modules (fully convolutional network FCN-8, U-Net, and DeepLabv3+) to categorize formal and informal urban areas in seven urban cities in the developing world—Dhaka, Nairobi, Jakarta, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Cairo, and Lima. Firstly, an expert visually annotated and categorized 50 × 50 km Google Earth images of the cities. Each urban space was divided into four socioeconomic categories: (1) highly informal area; (2) moderately informal area; (3) moderately formal area, and (4) highly formal area. Then, three models mentioned above were used to categorize urban spaces. Image encompassing 70 % of the urban space was used to train the models, and the remaining 30 % was used for testing and validation of each city. The DeepLabv3+ model can segment the test part with an average accuracy of 90.0 % for Dhaka, 91.5 % for Nairobi, 94.75 % for Jakarta, 82.0 % for Guangzhou city, 94.25 % for Mumbai, 91.75 % for Cairo, and 96.75 % for Lima. These results are the best for the DeepLabv3+ model among all. Thus, DeepLabv3+ shows an overall high accuracy level for most of the measuring parameters for all cities, making it highly scalable, readily usable to understand the cities' current conditions, forecast land use growth, and other computational modeling tasks. Therefore, the proposed categorization method is also suited for real-time socioeconomic comparative analysis among cities, making it an essential tool for the policymakers to plan future sustainable urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urban growth is reshaping cities and promoting economic development in low and middle-income countries throughout Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of Micro-, Small-, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSME) emerging as a crucial factor. This study explores the complex relationship between MSMEs and planned settlements within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia. Utilizing official government data and extensive GIS sources analyzed using a Spatial Lag Model, the research assessed the spatial interactions between MSMEs and sixteen variables, revealing the statistical significance of eight of these variables. Notably, the study identified a negative correlation between the prevalence of planned settlements and the number of MSMEs, indicating that areas with a higher proportion of planned settlement land use tend to have fewer MSMEs. Emphasizing the importance of land use and built environment policies, the findings underscore MSMEs' preference for locations with a greater share of commercial land uses. Moreover, the research highlights the localized nature of MSMEs, suggesting a tendency to cluster in specific areas. As Indonesia and other Global South countries experience rapid urbanization and potential increases in planned settlements, the study underscores the need for policymakers to develop strategies that foster a synergistic relationship between planned settlement development and MSME growth to support sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Social capital nowadays is increasingly organized across regional and international boundaries. • Translocally organized social capital has a positive influence on proactive hazard response actions of local households. • The number of translocal contacts a household has strongly correlates with financial and human capital. • Translocal social capital is not a prime resource of poor communities. • Poverty reduction is a key instrument to enhance households' and communitys' adaptive capacities. Social capital is used widely by households in the Global South as a collective response mechanism to natural hazards. It is argued that these processes serve as substitutes for scarce financial and human capital in poor communities. To date, the majority of studies on social capital in the Global South has framed these processes in place-based ways, assuming that they are developed and deployed within local spaces. However, in an increasingly globalized world, people's social networks increasingly transcend the local, and social capital is therefore manifested in multi-scalar geographies. The aim of this study is to assess the significance of this translocality for the use of social capital in responding to natural hazards. Using evidence from communities under threat of sea-water inundation in rural and urban areas in North Java, we focus on both the outcomes of translocal social capital for hazard adaptation and the origins of these social ties. Our results show that households with a higher number of translocal contacts are more likely to take proactive measures against flooding and subsidence. Furthermore, we found that the conditions for establishing translocal social capital differ between rural and urban areas, and we show that the propensity for translocal social capital is stratified along economic lines. Poorer households have fewer translocal social ties, which impairs their ability to adapt to environmental threats. Thus, our results contest former assumptions about (translocal) social capital being a prime resource for the poor. The paper concludes that interventions in poor communities designed to enhance translocal social capital may offer answers to this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green open space (GOS) refers to the areas of vegetation within urban environments, possessing a variety of functions beneficial for the environment, social, and economic aspects, necessary to coexist within urban realms. However, to establish the ideal GOS many challenges has been faced by some cities. Limited attention has been given to the policy implementation of GOS, particularly in the mega city, such as Jakarta. Thus, the study of GOS policy is important to be conducted. This research aims to identify the status and challenges of the implementation of green open spaces in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study found that the current policies surrounding green open space in Jakarta and the provisions of parks in South Jakarta have not fulfil the ideals set by the mandated laws; this inability also highlights the challenges of the system management and devaluation of its existence due to the decreasing prioritization of government directives. Furthermore, this study underscores the progressions and attempts to improve the provisions of green open spaces, despite being incremental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The framework for assessing the loss of access to critical infrastructure is presented, taking into account surface elevation and different types of critical facilities. Two types of analysis were performed—ex post to quantify the immediate damage and ex ante to provide information for precautionary measures. The framework provides detailed information on the population's loss of access to each type of facility; we propose the use of network statistics to quantify and explain the consequences of flooding. To account for the possibility of accessing buildings from different sides, the notion of a multiedge facility is introduced. The simulations with randomly generated flood events, using a probability model estimated from observations, were performed as part of the ex ante assessment. This work presents a framework for assessing the socio-physical disruption of critical infrastructure accessibility using the example of Greater Jakarta, a metropolitan area of the Indonesian city. The first pillar of the framework is damage quantification based on the real flood event in 2020. Within this pillar, the system network statistics before and shortly after the flood were compared. The results showed that the flood impeded access to facilities, distorted transport connectivity, and increased system vulnerability. Poverty was found to be negatively associated with surface elevation, suggesting that urbanization of flood-prone areas has occurred. The second pillar was a flood simulation. Our simulations identified the locations and clusters that are more vulnerable to the loss of access during floods, and the entire framework can be applied to other cities and urban areas globally and adapted to account for different disasters that physically affect urban infrastructure. This work demonstrated the feasibility of damage quantification and vulnerability assessment relying solely on open and publicly available data and tools. The framework, which uses satellite data on the occurrence of floods made available by space agencies in a timely manner, will allow for rapid ex post investigation of the socio-physical consequences of disasters. It will save resources, as the analysis can be performed by a single person, as opposed to expensive and time-consuming ground surveys. Ex ante vulnerability assessment based on simulations will help communities, urban planners, and emergency personnel better prepare for future shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across many cities of the so-called Global South, the primary responsibility for constructing spaces of inhabitation has fallen largely to residents themselves. Although these cities have been largely remade through the intensive segregations precipitated by property markets, many substantial traces of the continuous incremental renovations and readjustment of everyday life remain vital. It was not just a matter of households building their own homes. Affordability meant density. Densification was not just of bodies of techniques necessary to provide an array of affordances. This meant the intermixing of measures, angles, calculations, impulses, screens, surfaces, soundscapes, exposures, folds, circuitries, and layers, as instruments for associating things, bringing things into association, where things get their 'bearings' by having a 'bearing' on each other. But these associations required their own rhythm and time. Focusing on different heterogeneous districts in inner city Jakarta, the paper explores these mixtures of temporality and how they are materialized in local built and economic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how Jakarta has been engaged in an unprecedented politics of memory since the collapse of Suharto's regime. It argues that the nationalist discourses of the city dressed in the ideology of ‘nationalist urbanism’ no longer appear to hold the influence that they once did in the face of the changing regime. This situation has given rise to a sense of ‘looseness’ at the centre, which in turn has encouraged both the government and the citizens to safeguard their space in the city by ways of remembering and forgetting the past as well as the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The choice experiment technique is used with adaptive capacity attribute. • Citizens' willingness to pay reflects the importance of MSWM retribution standard. • The relationship between people-environment-infrastructure is essential to MSWM. • Optimization, community-based, and smart system MSWM scenarios were introduced. • Policymakers should enhance citizens' awareness of adaptive strategies. The capability of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) services and the system's sustainability are significant challenge in developing cities like Jakarta. MSWM provides a comprehensive, adaptive capacity framework for addressing problems in resource-constrained developing nations where poor assets, flexibility, social organization, learning, and agency have no adaptive means of regaining them. This paper aim to conduct an evaluation framework under adaptive MSWM, estimates citizens' preferences heterogeneity and, evaluates willingness-to-pay (WTP) under hypothetical scenarios of future adaptive MSWM retribution. The findings indicate that adaptive MSWM services substantially impact the decision to expand their environment. In addition, citizens who supported the adaptive MSWM services tended to have a higher income than the minimum wage, live outside of slums, are older than 39 years, and are aware of climate change and the current MSWM system and infrastructure. The findings imply that policymakers must enhance citizen MSWM awareness of climate change and infrastructure used to dealing with adaptability strategies. Finally, we establish three adaptive MSWM scenario for sustainable services with the optimization of the MSWM system and infrastructure, community-based MSWM, and smart MSWM system and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy coordination plays a crucial role in the development process, particularly in cities like Palembang, which is directed to support various space needs in Jakarta. In particular, the need for multi-event sports implementation at national, regional, and international scales requires effective policy coordination. The acceleration of transportation infrastructure development necessitates breakthroughs in coordinating development policies, as these policies have numerous interconnected aspects that impact the overall development of the surrounding area. The objective of this research is to highlight the significance of policy coordination. In the past, transportation infrastructure development in Palembang seemed to progress slowly due to various factors, such as regulations governing different agencies/institutions, budget allocation, and pre-established programs, which had to be met by each agency/institution separately. The study adopted a qualitative approach, and the results indicated that effective policy coordination significantly improves the development of transportation infrastructure in Jakabaring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the claims to equality associated with (neo)liberal democratic citizenship, capitalist cities are characterized by stark inequalities in access to land and living space. In response, grassroots movements and marginalized residents are struggling for a more socially and ecologically just urbanism. We conceptualize these movements as democratizing cities by practicing urban citizenship, following the tradition of scholarship that loosens citizenship from its confines as a bundle of rights and responsibilities conferred by nation-states on individuals. Such practices seek to realize existing rights rarely extended to marginalized urban residents and advocate for novel rights, e.g. to shelter, place, the city, and a voice in governance decisions affecting residents' lives. We analyze the strategies and tactics pursued by Jakarta's housing justice movement from Indonesia's democratization (reformasi) in 1998 to the present, seeking to assert and expand urban citizenship rights. Creatively moving between existing invited political spaces of citizenship and newly invented spaces, depending on political opportunity structures, movement leadership styles and local circumstances, the movement has experimented with strategies and tactics ranging from confrontation to negotiation, signing political contracts with governors, to now seeking to participate in the formal political process. We critically reflect especially on using a political contract to facilitate rights to place and security of tenure in 'illegal' kampungs. We conclude by reflecting on the insights our case study brings to how urban poor social movements' citizenship practices contribute to democratizing cities and advancing socio-spatial justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic was reported to modify people's behaviour in using public spaces and accessing services. This fact has become a critical input related to future city development strategies, space arrangements, and the implementation of smart city. Therefore, this study aims to 1) Identify efforts in several cities during COVID-19 pandemic, specifically concerning the use of public spaces and services, and 2) Compile the outlines of future urban planning strategies after the pandemic. The aspects related to the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), space arrangement, and urban environment are discussed. The analysis is based on case studies in four capital cities, namely Jakarta, Paris, Bucharest, and Canberra. Furthermore, field observations and in-depth interviews are used to emphasize changes in the function and use of public spaces and services during and after the pandemic. The result shows that differences and common elements configure the transformations of urban spaces since changes in the use of public spaces are closely connected to efforts to combat the pandemic. Meanwhile, in public services, changes are associated with the increasing use of ICT and Internet of Things (IoT). In the future, cities need to show their visions according to the local conditions supporting better spatial arrangement and management of urban environment due to ICT and IoT prominence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the adjustment of migrants to Surabaya with respect to occupation and housing characteristics. Surabaya, the second largest in Indonesia after Jakarta, had a population of 1.5 million in 1971. Between 1961 and 1971, Surabaya grew at an annual rate of 4.3 percent, but much of this growth was due to annexation of adjacent districts. The growth within constant 1961 boundaries was only 2.8 percent per year compared to 4.6 percent for Jakarta and even higher rates for capital cities in other Asian countries. However, of the total growth to Surabaya within constant boundaries, net migration has been estimated to account for 44 percent, with natural increase accounting for the rest (derived from Speare, 1976, Table 1). Surabaya's position as a provincial capital, its lower growth rate, and probably slower development make the results of this study of adjustment an interesting comparison relative to the three other capital cities represented in this group of papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Depok City plays a crucial role as one of the buffer cities in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Therefore, it has been designated as a residential area and an inter-city connection point, leading to development and subsequent land conversion. However, unchecked land conversion can pose environmental threats and significantly impact economic and social conditions, such as reducing food security capacity as well as augmenting exclusion and marginalization of the urban poor. To manage this situation, the Depok City Government implemented a local regulation known as the City Spatial Plan (RTRW). This was specifically carried out to control land resource allocation, serve as a reference for spatial planning and regional development, as well as integrate and guide all activities related to development within the city. This study aimed to analyze the current development level in Depok City and assess the impact of RTRW on this development. To achieve this, a composite index was used to determine the regional development level, while a chi-square test was employed to explore the correlation between RTRW regulations and the regional development level. The development of Depok was evident in its growth towards the north, south, and southeast. Although the implementation of RTRW played a significant role in encouraging regional development in the city, disparities were still observed in development levels throughout the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mega city-regions in the global South facing challenges posed by rapid urbanization have turned to infrastructural solutions, steeped in speculative 'global-city' imaginaries and national developmental aspirations, in order to unclog catch-up growth. This infrastructural imperative for growth reflects a broader infrastructure fix, as creditor states and development banks with geopolitical and geoeconomic interests advance competing market-based and state-led models to finance and develop infrastructure. In Jakarta, Indonesia, I examine the coming together of these models as they articulate with the political-economies of city and state, and their path-dependent restructuring following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In Jakarta's speculative state-space political interests and developmental objectives of state and city governments are entangled with the capital accumulation strategies of State-Owned Enterprises. With a number of rail transit projects in the city-region driving a boom in Transit-Oriented Development, State-Owned Enterprises speculate on market conditions and the 'world-class city' dreams of middle-class residents to leverage their property assets. This financial speculation is equally premised on political speculation around the planning and execution of infrastructure projects, framed by the developmental politics of affordability and accessibility to the city. I examine how these strategies, practices and tensions come together to produce innovative governance arrangements in the provision and management of transport and housing through Public-Public Partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jakarta metropolitan region (the Jakarta megacity), located in the fourth most populous country in the world (Indonesia), is the largest urban agglomeration in the Global South—continues to grow, especially in its outer suburbs (Bekasi Regency). The governments (Central and Local) tend to implement an urban-biased policy (UBP) to connect Bekasi Regency into global production networks and boost Bekasi Regency's income. However, previous case studies of China and Vietnam have revealed that the UBP increases economic disparities between urban and rural areas. Therefore, this study probes urban–rural economic disparities and their characteristics at a microregional level (desa/kelurahan) in the Bekasi Regency. The methods applied in this study are geographically weighted regression (GWR), RULT index, and quantitative zoning. The results show that almost all desa/kelurahan in the high poverty (HPv) cluster are rural neighborhoods (desa/kelurahan with rural characteristics). By contrast, only 5% of desa/kelurahan with urban characteristics are HPvs, while the remainder are in the low poverty (LPv) cluster. Rural neighborhoods with HPv tend to have a high percentage of households dependent on agriculture. Thus, empirical results (with a case of a Global South megacity suburb) further support previous evidence that the UBP has caused urban–rural economic disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian megacities have been experiencing profound transformation and growing spatial inequality, particularly under globalization and neoliberal shifts in Asian countries. This paper aims to explore the transformation of urban planning systems under the influence of neoliberalization of urban policies and the resultant spatial inequality through empirical case studies in selected Asian megacities: Tokyo, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Mumbai. We claim that the very nature of the urbanization process in Asian megacities lies in the urban areas hitherto regarded as "informal" in urban planning schemata. The four cases empirically showed that the process of urbanization in Asian megacities is characterized by the coexistence of self-shaped urban areas (SUAs) and planned urban areas (PUAs). Finally, we concluded that a neoliberal shift in urban planning regulatory frameworks has progressed since the 1990s when the market-oriented neoliberal doctrine began to spread worldwide, that the process of urbanization in Asian megacities is characterized by significant spatial inequality between SUAs and PUAs, and that the actual processes of urbanization and spatial morphology vary significantly from city to city. • Urban planning system transformation has progressed since the 1990s. • Urbanization in Asian megacities is characterized by spatial inequality. • Spatial inequality exists between SUAs and PUAs. • The actual urbanization and spatial morphology vary significantly from city to city. • Coexistence of SUAs–PUAs shows major issue with neoliberal urban planning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urbanization has been causing many problems for the environment and society. An ineffective and inefficient government also contributes to urban problems by increasing public dissatisfaction and distrust of government. Technological Improvements makes it possible for local governments in Indonesia to implement the concept of "Smart City" as a solution to solve urban problems. This study aims to fill the gap by examining the impact of smart city application on public trust towards the government. METHODS: A primary data collection was conducted in 2021 to profile the citizens' behaviour in terms of smart city application. This study had surveyed four big cities in Indonesia that had built smart city applications well: Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya. The primary data were analyzed through ordinary least squares regression. FINDINGS: This study founds that the fundamental factors of smart city applications that are statistically significant were on quality, satisfaction, and reliability. These factors had positive and significant impacts on the level of trust in the local government. Based on the regression model, the increase of application quality score by 1 affects the score of trust in the local government, which will rise by 0.440 (Jakarta), 0.269 (Bandung), and 0.245 (Semarang), and 0.212 (Surabaya). The increase in application satisfaction score by 1 affects the score of trust in local government, which will rise by 0.193 (Jakarta), 0.431 (Bandung), 0.07 (Semarang), and 0.186 (Surabaya). Also, an increase in application reliability score by 1 affects a rise in trust in local government by 0.187 (Jakarta), 0.204 (Bandung), 0.137 (Semarang), and 0.192 (Surabaya). CONCLUSION: Smart city applications can shape public trust by increasing the application's quality, satisfaction, reliability and community empowerment. However, it should be noted that the number of community which uses smart city application is still low. Therefore, It is necessary to encourage a culture of using those applications to help build citizens' trust in the government and improve urban quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public rail transport infrastructure has been developed to address urban issues in some major cities worldwide, including Jakarta, Indonesia. Despite its development, the rail transit ridership is not optimal yet, since traffic flows on the roads are still heavy and cause congestion. Therefore, the modal shift on rail transit in should be increased. The objective of this study is twofold; determining factors affecting the mode split on rail transit and exploring strategies to improve the modal shifting to rail-based transportation by taking into account the development of properties near the transit stations of Greater Jakarta's commuter line, including hotel, retail, office, and residential. Both quantitative and qualitative methods through questionnaire survey and benchmarking study were used to obtain these objectives. The survey results show that punctuality is the factor that affects the modal shifting to rail the most, followed by train comfort and shorter waiting time. Benchmarking studies were conducted to develop strategies for improving the train performance in terms of those factors, which include utilizing planning and management tool for train scheduling and rail infrastructure control, improving the air conditioning system on board trains, and increasing the information availability by installing real-time information monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After decentralization, there was massive development in Jakarta megacity's outer suburbs (JMOS), especially in Bekasi and Tangerang regencies, marked by large-scale industrial estate/park (LSIEP) and followed by new town developments. However, this process led to the emergence of "chaotic" urban-rural land patterns. This study sought to identify the extent to which LSIEP development has affected rural-urban land transformation (RULT). The primary data were land use/cover (LUC) data from 2005, 2015, and 2020 and the LSIEP distributions. The methods applied are the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model for 2025's LUC prediction and the RULT index approach, RULT index development using the analytical hierarchy process. These combined approaches were novel in Indonesia, which usually relies on Cellular Automata (CA)-Markov, overlay (spatial), and descriptive statistics analyses to describe the RULT phenomenon. It was found that the villages located around the LSIEP close to the Jakarta megacity toll road network and those adjacent to the municipality (city) had been transformed into urban areas, while villages far from those locations were still rural. This study's results help clarify the rural to urban transformation in Jakarta megacity's outer suburbs and could be used as input for spatial planning policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late New Order Indonesia, industrialization generated among Jakarta's intellectuals a sense of entrapment in an 'onrushing century' where the storm of progress had thrown their life into turmoil. What did it mean for them to find their urban experiences structured by this turmoil, which poet Afrizal Malna called an 'architecture of rain'? Sensing that corporeal and material history may hold the key to this question, I look into why a section of New Order Jakarta's intellectual class felt they were leading a hyper-fast, overheated life, and how they tried to come to terms with it. Focusing on thing-centred and embodied experiences, I use the tension between Jakarta's social history and Afrizal Malna's biography and literary work to spark a different understanding of contemporary Indonesian urbanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport development is widely recognized as one of the major drivers in shaping urban forms. While recent literature has documented the urban expansion effect of transport networks between cities, little is known about the effect within larger metropolitan areas. This study aims to find the causal relationships between highway expansion and two different aspects of urban development: urban expansion and urban sprawl in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). To obtain the causal effect, we employ historic transport infrastructure as instrumental variables. Our results show that improvement in highway access increases urban sprawl within the JMA, particularly within 40–50 km radius from the city centre. The results also confirm the existence of highway-led urban expansion in several districts within the JMA over the last three decades. This paper adds a piece of enticing evidence that highway expansion leads to a sprawling development of urban areas even within a large metropolitan area. • Urban development in the JMA occurs in two forms, the scattered development of the urban area and urban land expansion. • Highway expansion induces urban sprawl within metropolitan area. • Highway-led urban expansion exists in several part of Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). • This study points out that private transport strongly influences the development of urban areas within the JMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier explanations of Jokowi's rise to presidency in 2014 have mostly focused on his distinct qualities or the types of political support he received from Indonesian society. However, such explanations, albeit informative, pay insufficient attention to a key factor in Jokowi's rise: Indonesia's urbanisation. In this article, I first propose an urban analytical framework comprising three factors: urban-led national economic growth, decentralisation, and Jakarta-centrism in Indonesian media and politics. Then, I examine whether this framework can be applied to Jokowi's rise by drawing on existing scholarship and data. Finally, I argue that urbanisation has shaped several key constituencies and grievances in Indonesia, contributing significantly to Jokowi's rise. My argument concerns the following two ideas: first, the urban has become a new pathway to power in Indonesia for local politicians such as Jokowi; second, urban-centrism in Indonesia has made urban areas, especially Jakarta, important stages for political performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the most valuable resource available on earth. Although it is present in abundance, its usable volume is very scarce. This is the reason behind the existence of both floods and droughts around the world. However, human settlements face water scarcity issues that are primarily engendered by improper town planning measures. To create a balance between the available fractions of water, it is therefore imperative to have proper water planning and management. Numerous water management techniques in operation in ancient civilizations like the Mohenjo-Daro, Mesopotamian, Roman, and Chinese drainage system have been proven to be more efficient than the contemporary methods and can therefore be used to ameliorate the current scenario. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze water issues in three developing cities in the Asia Pacific region viz., Chennai, Kathmandu, and Jakarta by identifying the source of the problem and provide potential solutions based on the techniques followed in the ancient civilizations. Moreover, this study also aims to address the common issues in urban water planning and provide suggestions for a better and sustainable system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study describes happiness of preschool children in four Islamic kindergartens in the urban area of Jakarta, Indonesia. The participant involved 353 children, including 165 boys and 188 girls, within four to six years. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and face-scale, with the content. The result showed that children have high levels of happiness, with the majority considering play as a source of positive affect, followed by school performance, material issues, friendship, and family. In contrast, most reported sources of negative affect in children's daily lives referred to the following categories: material issues, none, family, illness or injury, and friendship. Further studies are needed to analyze the implication of children's happiness on parents, social workers, and teachers by focusing on play activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies in the 'world cities' literature tend to frame the global connectivity of cities in the context of a specific form of globalization that began unfolding in the 1970s (i.e. the 'new international division of labor'). In this paper, we argue for the need to frame the global connectivity of cities in long-term urban trajectories across different phases of globalization. To this end, we explore the trajectory of the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA) from the period prior to the arrival of Western merchants into Southeast Asia into its current role as being one of the major cities in the Global South. We find that the emergence and ensuing path-dependent evolution of the JMA into a strategic site of economic globalization is linked with its initial formation as the Dutch strategic base for securing and expanding its commercial system in Asia and the repeated explicit and implicit privileging of the city as a strategic site for engagements with the wider global and regional context by the national government. The character and function of the JMA in the current stage of global economy is, therefore, a product of a long-term evolutionary process with different phases co-producing Jakarta into what it has become today. • World city-ness as a historical phenomenon, also in the Global South: the evidence of the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA). • The JMA's globality can be linked to its initial formation as a Dutch colonial port established on 30 May 1619. • The character and function of the JMA as a product of a long-term evolutionary process of urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the capacity of Landsat imagery and landscape metrics to explore spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion in Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, over 23-year period (1994–2017). Results show that JMA's urban area has doubled in size with average expansion of nearly 40 km2 per annum, and urban area has grown into sparsely vegetated areas on the outskirts of Jakarta and along the east-west and southern corridors of JMA. Landscape metrics show that urban land cover has evolved into single-connected urban landscape in JMA's core while more fragmented urban pattern in the inner and outer municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water is a basic human need whose existence is getting smaller so that various water management efforts are needed, including from wastewater. DEWATS stands for is a decentralized wastewater treatment system. Three aspects must be considered when planning health facility provisions in urban areas, specifically: physical aspects related to the quality of the physical facilities, like the maintenance of the water supply and sanitation activities; social and institutional aspects related to the ability and willingness of the community to carry out the operations and maintenance of water supply and sanitation; and health and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When people inhabit a city, they situate themselves and are situated through the intersections of infrastructure and technical systems, and the particular domains and modalities of occupation – settlement and work – that are configured by them. At the same time, people are also inhabited by the city, as a kind of possession, endowment, and series of conundrums. People figure themselves out through figuring arrangements of materials, of designing what is available to them in formats and positions that enable them particular vantage points and ways of doing things. What it is possible for people to do with each other is largely a question of what it is that exists between them, and how this ‘between’ can be shaped as active points of reference, connection and anchorage. Infrastructure exerts a force – not simply in the materials and energies it avails, but also the way it attracts people, draws them in, coalesces and expends their capacities. If territory is a bundle of political technologies for measuring, administering and regulating the scope of what it is possible to do in the city, then other inventive political technologies are also at work in the making of urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editors discuss various reports within the issue on topics related to Jakarta, Indonesia including ruangrupa, leftover spaces, and urban access.